The Forbidden City was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420). How long did it take to build the whole palace? The author has another article, 1, so I won't elaborate here. As far as three of them are concerned, in addition to the initial construction, the Ming Dynasty has been rebuilt three times, once in the Ming Orthodox Dynasty, once in the Ming Jiajing Dynasty, and once in the Ming Wanli to the Apocalypse Dynasty.
According to records, in April of the 19th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (142 1), disasters occurred in the three halls of Fengtian, Gai Hua and Shenshen. Because there is no detailed record, it is not clear to what extent the three halls were burned by fire. It took a huge amount of financial resources to build Beijing, and the three newly built halls were destroyed by fire, which made the DPRK-China theory boil and "Taiwan protested." Emperor Yongle of Daming died in Yumuchuan for three consecutive years from the 20th year of Yongle (1422), 21st year of Yongle (1423) and 22nd year of Yongle (1424). The Three Great Halls failed to start construction again during the Yongle period of Daming, but it took 2 1 year for Daming to become orthodox.
As for the reconstruction of the three halls, it is recorded in the Hall of Minghui: "In the first year of the Ming Dynasty (1436), eunuch Ruan 'an was sent to supervise the construction of the three halls of Fengtian, Gai Hua and Shenshen." But this record has not been proved by the records of Ming Yingzong Ruidi. On the contrary, according to the records of Emperor Rui of Ming Yingzong, the actual situation of Ruan 'an and others' appointment was: In October of the first year of Ming Dynasty, "Xin Mao ordered eunuch Ruan 'an, governor and minister Wu Zhong of the Ministry of Industry to lead the army to build the Jiumen Building in the capital." This city wall project includes many aspects, and the issuance of construction instructions has certain intersection. The original order was issued mainly because "Yongle slightly renovated the capital in the early days, but the system of Yuecheng and Loupu was not prepared, so it was ordered to be repaired". According to the records of Ming Yingzong Ruidi, in October of next year (1437), Jia completed the construction of the gatehouse and watchtower in Beijing, and sent officials to tell Xie Sigong's god that the project was basically over. However, on the afternoon of the third day of the first month of the second year of this period, "Wu Zhong, the minister of the Ministry of Works, and Shao, the right assistant minister, returned to offer sacrifices to the gods of Pingze and the West, and the towers and moats were damaged and needed to be repaired" .5. Taking this as a starting point, the renovation works of the gatehouses were started, and the "Jiujiu Wooden Bridge" and "Easy Demolition" were not finally completed until April of next year (1439). Therefore, the later project "A Record of Ming Yingzong Ruidi" is recorded as "since the first day of the first month of the second year of orthodoxy, the golden soup is enough to shrug the eyes of all countries". Only in the way of recording, at the same time, it will be described in words, such as "Moon City" which started before this time.
According to the records of Ming Yingzong Ruidi, the reconstruction of the Three Great Halls was actually in February of the fifth year of the Orthodox Church (1440). In February, Chen Geng "sent more than 30,000 supervisors and shift craftsmen to build palaces, and 36,000 soldiers served in the army". In July and March, Wu Shen "built Fengtian, Gai Hua and three halls; The second Gongganqing and Kunning are a prosperous day "8; In September 2006, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, "Fengtian, Gai Hua, Shenxin Hall, Gan Qing and Kunning Palace were built respectively" .9. Because the records of the appointment and actual reconstruction time of the three halls in the works such as Ming Hui Dian are different from those in Shi Lu, some studies take the first year of orthodoxy as the start time of reconstruction and five years as the completion time, so the author only makes some necessary explanations on related issues according to his own investigation. According to the records of Ming Yingzong Ruidi, the orthodox period, including the renovation of the two palaces, was only used for reconstruction for one and a half years. Why can the orthodox emperor complete the reconstruction project of the three halls in such a short time? According to the author's investigation, on the one hand, the fire was not as serious as the two subsequent fires, on the other hand, the reconstruction was different from that when Yongle Dynasty was just built, and it was based on the remaining materials and the acquisition of Hongxi and Xuande emperors. What caused this difference is exactly what this article is going to discuss, but before discussing it, we should first look at the relevant situation and content of the subsequent two burns and reconstruction.
In the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing in Daming (1557), "fifteen doors in three halls on the second floor were completely destroyed" was 10. Coincidentally, this fire also happened in April. On that day (Shen Bing), "a thunderstorm and a fire broke out suddenly. The canopy was burned by the Fengtian Temple, and the body was saved (the blue note said "Dear, Dear"). Because of the heavy burning, Emperor Jiajing at that time had to issue the imperial edict of "temporarily setting up the imperial palace at the end of the gate" 12, but he couldn't make up his mind about how to rebuild it, whether to build the imperial palace or the three halls first. Because the ministries of the Ming Dynasty practiced the system of pilgrimage once every three years, the next year was the year of the Great Dynasty, when all the officials in the world would come to the DPRK. Considering that "ten thousand people will make a pilgrimage tomorrow, and it is rather unsightly to pay homage at the end gate" 13, and the construction of the three halls is "heavy and costly" 14, I decided to make the pilgrimage gate first. In fact, this can make an already desolate foreign land, that is, have a place to live, and cover up the wilderness. Therefore, at that time, the door-urging and building-urging projects were urgent. However, the retained construction record is: In October of the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing in Daming, Ding Wei "rebuilt the construction project of Dachaomen and appealed to the Temple of Heaven" 15. In June of 37, Xinmao completed the construction of the new gate, the afternoon building, the east and west corner gates, the left and right gates and the left and right gates. Until forty-one years (1562), at noon in September, "the three halls were completed, and Zhu, Hou, Xu Zongcheng, Kun, Fang Chengyu, Shangshu and Zhu were ordered to report to the northern and southern suburbs, ancestral temples and the state" 17. In the meantime, due to the urgency of the temple gate project, although there is a saying that "the temple fair work should be delayed" 18, there is no record of when the construction of the three main halls itself will start.
According to the ancient Harmony Draft, the time of Liangsan Hall was April 2, 39 (1560), which was nearly two and a half years before its completion in September, 4 1 year. According to the engineering operation procedure, the rest should be rafters, nail boards, roofs, hanging backs, tiles and walls. However, in the Ming Dynasty's Records of Emperor Shizong Su of Daming, it was recorded that in April of Jiajing forty years, "Ji Hai welcomed Liang Santang and sent Hou from the town far beyond the forbidden gate" 20. It can be seen that "the beam was erected on April 2 (thirty-nine years)" in the Ancient River Draft should actually be the time when the beam was erected in Fengtian Temple recorded in the Records of Emperor Shizong Su of Daming. This is basically consistent with the reconstruction from Wanli to Apocalypse, that is, the three halls themselves also adopted the method of secondary construction. According to a passage from Wang Danian, the first year of Daming Apocalypse (1620), "When Chad was in Jiajing, the door work was completed in one year and the temple work was completed in four years" .21. Judging from the fact that the doorman was indeed completed in the thirty-seventh year of Daming Jiajing, the three halls were completed in forty-one years, which are exactly the same as those built by Wang Danian and the "doorman" built first.
In June (Wuyin), the 25th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, a fire broke out again in the three halls, "starting at Jimen and extending to the Imperial Palace". Except for the area such as Wumen, which was not destroyed, other situations were similar to that of Jiajing Dynasty, including "Zhao Wen and Wucheng Pavilion, and the surrounding cloisters were all burned out at one time". Make the scope of the foreign exchange "self-closed, until the door of the palace is clear, and it looks ridiculous" 23. However, the reconstruction has been delayed for a long time, from 1 1 month (1603) when the foundation of the three main halls was cleared on June 6 to August (16 15) when the three main halls and arch towers were started. In the meantime, for various reasons, it was intermittent. After the Tai Chang Dynasty, the work of building the temple was not suspended until the first month of the second year of the Daming Apocalypse (1622), and it was not resumed until the 23rd day of the fifth year of the Daming Apocalypse (1625). Then, in September of the sixth year of the Apocalypse, the Emperor's Hall was completed. It was not until August of the seventh year of the Ming Dynasty (1627) that 29 swords were "hung" in the relay hall and the construction hall, and 30 swords were reported to have been completed that day, and the reconstruction of the three halls was finally completed.
From the "Qing Ji", the reconstruction of the three halls has gone through a long process of nearly 24 years from the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the Apocalypse Dynasty. If it was built in the forty-third year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, it would be 12 years; After deducting the three-year shutdown during the apocalypse, the actual construction time has reached nine years.
Judging from the different situations of the above three burning and reconstruction, the loss of the last two fires is much greater than that of Yongle Dynasty. Although the Wumen Gate and other areas of Wanli were not destroyed, the reconstruction time was much longer than Jiajing. Although the three halls rebuilt from Wanli to the Apocalypse Dynasty are not as good as Jiajing, the contents of the reconstruction project are similar to Jiajing, that is, they all include the restoration of the three halls themselves. The orthodox period can be completed quickly in such a short time, not only because of the storage of all old materials (Nanjing is the word "goods"), but also because of the corridor.
The Qing people were amazed at the Forbidden City in the Ming Dynasty, and there was no big change in its reconstruction. There are some minor changes, such as
Yikun Palace (one of the six western palaces). In the 10th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1884), the 50th birthday ceremony of Cixi was rebuilt, and it was connected with Palace of Gathered Elegance into four courtyards. Born for concubines in the Qing Dynasty. There is a plaque of "Gong Yi Wanshun" in Qianlong Imperial Pen in the front hall. When Empress Dowager Cixi was in Palace of Gathered Elegance, she accepted the worship of concubines here on major festivals. "Justice" means escort and assistance. Empresses of Ming and Qing dynasties lived in the palace. When the Queen Mother of the West lived in Palace of Gathered Elegance, they all accepted the worship of concubines in various festivals. On Cixi's 50th birthday, they accepted congratulations from ministers here.
Modern Times
During the period of 100 after 1840, the Forbidden City never underwent large-scale maintenance.
1949 after the founding of new China, the Palace Museum conducted the first five-year management and emergency plan in the history of the renovation of the ancient buildings of the Forbidden City through the general survey of the buildings, which fundamentally changed the desolate and broken face left by the old society and made it present a magnificent scale.
From 65438 to 0973, according to the instructions of the Central Committee, the Palace Museum formulated the second five-year plan "Five-year Renovation and Protection Plan of the Palace Museum". In addition to strengthening the renovation of ancient buildings, the plan mainly involves various and multi-professional protection schemes such as heating pipeline installation, cable engineering, sewage pipeline engineering and lightning protection devices.
The "centennial overhaul of the Forbidden City" began in 2002 and is expected to be completed in 2020. It is the largest restoration project of the Forbidden City since 19 1 1. In recent years, the restoration work has focused on the central axis and its two wings. The first phase of the renovation project was completed before the Olympic Games, mainly aimed at all the ancient buildings on the central axis of the Forbidden City. In 2008, the first phase of the overhaul of the Forbidden City, which cost more than 400 million yuan and lasted for five years, was completed. After the overhaul, the three major buildings on the central axis of the Forbidden City-Taihe Gate, Taihe Hall and Shenwumen-will be re-dressed. In addition, for the convenience of the disabled, vertical elevators will be installed on both sides of the three halls of the Forbidden City.
As the tower in the middle of the meridian gate has been repaired, the 20 10 construction will be the swallow wing towers on both sides of the meridian gate. National Cultural Heritage Administration has transferred tens of thousands of cultural relics stored in the East-West Swallow Wing Building at the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City to the National Museum to make room for renovation.