According to the research report of Boston Consulting Group for 20 14 years, the average cost of goods made in the United States at that time was only 5% higher than that in China. The production of 20 16 in low-cost areas of the United States has become as economical as that in China. Even more shocking is that by 20 18, the manufacturing cost in the United States will be 2-3% cheaper than that in China.
Why has the manufacturing cost in China become so high? The following is a comparative cost analysis given by a Zhejiang boss who is familiar with Chinese and American manufacturing industries.
Zhejiang Cixi Jiangnan Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd., established in 2000, is the earliest enterprise among its peers to open up overseas markets, and has been ranked among the top two exporters of domestic peers. At present, the company covers an area of 79,000 square meters, has 500 employees and five automated production lines, with an annual output of 654.38+10,000 tons.
Last year, "Jiangnan Chemical Fiber" invested and built a factory in South Carolina, USA, becoming the first China enterprise to establish a recycled polyester staple fiber manufacturing factory in the United States. The first phase of the project plans to invest 25 million US dollars, and the second phase plans to invest 20 million US dollars. "Jiangnan Chemical Fiber" reflects that the main reason for going to the United States to invest and set up a factory is that the domestic comprehensive cost has been rising year after year, which is quite difficult. "Jiangnan Chemical Fiber" calculates and compares the cost of establishing enterprises of the same scale between China and the United States, and provides a comparative table of some cost components.
1. Land cost: China is 9 times that of the United States.
Domestic land price is nine times that of the United States, which is a permanent property right. We have 50 years of property rights. For example, in 2000, the price of industrial land in Cixi City, Zhejiang Province was 6.5438+0.8 million yuan/mu, while the current land price in the United States is only 20,000 US dollars/mu, equivalent to 20,000 yuan/mu. If the industrial land in many counties is 6.5438+0 million yuan/mu, it is 50 times that of the United States.
2. Logistics cost: China is twice that of the United States.
The cost of domestic logistics is twice that of the United States. Take the oil price as an example. China's oil price is twice that of the United States. High oil price means high logistics cost. What's more, there are rare tolls and bridge tolls in China. Can the logistics cost be low?
The logistics cost in the United States mainly consists of three parts, one is inventory cost, the other is transportation cost, and the third is management cost. Comparing the changes in recent 20 years, we can see that the proportion of transportation cost to GDP is basically unchanged, and the main reason for the decline in the proportion of total logistics cost in the United States is the reduction of inventory cost.
3. Bank borrowing costs: China is 2.4 times that of the United States.
The cheapest borrowing cost in China, with an annual interest rate of 6%, is 2.4 times that of 2.5% in the United States. According to the turnover of 7,000 RMB per ton or 65,438+065,438+000 USD for 4 months, the annual interest rate of domestic borrowing cost is 6%, and the annual interest rate of American cost is 2.5%, so the financial cost of the company's working capital is 7,000 RMB * 4 * 0.06/65,438+02 = 65,002 respectively. The United States is 1 100 USD *4*0.025/ 12=9 USD, which is 1.5 times higher than the United States.
Or a normal bank loan. If the funds come from bank wealth management products with an annual interest rate above 10%, private equity funds with an annual interest rate of 15%, or even private usury with an annual interest rate of 20%, the enterprise will be overwhelmed.
4. Electricity/natural gas cost: China is more than twice that of the United States.
The domestic energy cost is more than twice that of the United States. Except Hawaii, the electricity price in the United States is very expensive (island areas can't help it), and the electricity prices in other States are not expensive. Take Texas as an example, its electricity price is only 20 cents RMB.
Due to the direct pricing of electricity and natural gas in China, the prices of electricity, gas and oil used by enterprises remain high. Based on the domestic electricity consumption of 450 kWh per ton and the electricity price of 0.76 yuan/kWh, the unit production cost is 342 yuan, equivalent to 55. 16 US dollars. The equipment automation in the United States is relatively high, and the unit power consumption is correspondingly increased by 10%, from one ton to 500 kwh. According to the electricity price of 0.05 USD/kWh, the unit production cost is 25 USD, which is 1.2 times higher than that of the United States.
5. Steam cost: China is 1. 1 times that of the United States.
As for steam, the domestic steam used in thermal power plants is calculated according to the steam consumption 1.6 tons and the unit price 190 yuan/ton, and the unit production cost is 304 yuan, equivalent to 49.0 US dollars. American-made steam used in natural gas boilers is calculated at the natural gas price of 0.48 USD/ton and the unit price of 14.52 USD/ton.
6. Parts cost: China is 3.2 times that of the United States.
The cost of domestic parts is 3.2 times that of American parts. The performance of domestic equipment is slightly poor, and the workers' operating habits are not good. The cost per ton of spare parts is about 100 yuan, equivalent to 16. 13 dollars, while the performance of production line equipment in the United States is better and workers have good operating habits. The cost per ton of spare parts is 5 dollars, which is 3.2 times higher than that in the United States.
7. Tax cost: The United States has strong tax incentives.
In China, various taxes are constantly pressing on enterprises. A logistics company in Guangzhou delivered a batch of goods to Hainan, with a total income of 6,543.8+0.9 million yuan, but a profit of only 2,654.38+0.6 yuan, of which 6,543.8+0.260 yuan needed to be taxed.
American state governments attach great importance to employment and often give preferential tax policies to enterprises. For example, the property tax concession is valid for 30 years, and if the enterprise reaches production capacity, it will be given a tax reduction of 30 million US dollars within 30 years.
8. Customs clearance fees: The United States does not have to pay import and export customs clearance fees.
There is no need to pay import and export customs clearance fees to invest and set up factories in the United States. All domestic enterprises import raw materials, assuming that the cost of the import link does not include inland freight, customs duties and value-added tax, and the cost of various procedures is about 3,500 yuan/container. If each container contains 20 tons, it is 175 yuan/ton, which is equivalent to $22.58/ton.
For the export of finished products by domestic enterprises, it is assumed that the cost of export links does not include land transportation, and the cost of various formalities is about 1.600 yuan/container. If each container contains 20 tons, it is 80 yuan/ton, equivalent to 12.9 USD/ton. If freight is added, the cost will increase greatly.
9. Labor cost: China's cost advantage is weakening.
Although the labor cost of the United States is 2.57 times that of the domestic labor force, the United States has a high degree of automation and a small labor force. Two domestic production lines with a monthly output of 4,500 tons employ 250 people, and the equipment in the United States is improved. There are only two production lines with the same capacity, employing 180 people.
According to the current upward trend of domestic workers' wages, if domestic wages double in five years and quadruple in 10, then China will not have any advantage in labor costs.
10, depreciation cost: the United States is 1.7 times that of China.
American depreciation cost is 0.7 times of 65438+ domestic depreciation cost. For the equipment and land workshop with the same capacity, the domestic production line investment is 90 million yuan, and the American production line investment is 25 million US dollars. According to the annual depreciation of 50,000 tons 15, the annual depreciation cost is 90 million tons/150,000 tons/year = 120 yuan/ton, equivalent to 65438+. $25 million/15/50,000 tons/year = $33/ton, which is 1.7 times higher than that in China.
1 1. Construction cost: the United States is four times that of China.
The construction cost of American factories is four times that of domestic factories, but the price of second-hand factories for more than ten years is 1/8- 1/2 of new factories, and the general performance is good.
To sum up, with the increasing domestic environmental costs and labor costs, China's manufacturing costs are already comparable to those of the United States, and will exceed them in some industries. "Jiangnan Chemical Fiber" is an example, but it is an indisputable fact that domestic manufacturing costs have risen sharply year after year. China manufacturing has become "high before strong", so we must be highly vigilant, try our best to reduce manufacturing costs, and strive to enhance the competitiveness of "Made in China".