The other side of reality is that, like "pig's foot rice", street shops with fireworks are formed in cities, and notices of closing and subletting can still be seen everywhere. Especially since the second half of last year, the epidemic has repeatedly appeared in many parts of the country, making the survival dilemma of many small and micro enterprises more prominent.
Undoubtedly, a large number of small and micro enterprises play an important role in China's economy and employment. Why are the living conditions of many small and micro enterprises still difficult to improve while the total amount of inclusive loans aimed at helping small and micro enterprises is growing rapidly?
What's the problem?
Zhong Wei de Xiao Wei
According to the data of China Banking Regulatory Commission, the loan balance of inclusive small and micro enterprises has increased rapidly in the past three years, from 9.97 trillion yuan at the beginning of 20 19 to 19.07 trillion yuan at the end of 202 1 9, nearly doubling. Among them, large state-owned banks contributed the most, and the loan balance increased from 2.58 trillion yuan to 6.56 trillion yuan in the same period, with a growth rate of 154.3%. This also makes the proportion of state-owned banks in the balance of Pratt & Whitney; Whitney's microfinance increased from 27.9% at the beginning of 20 19 to 34.37% at the end of 200219, ranking first among all banks.
In contrast, the rural financial institutions represented by rural commercial banks, which had the highest proportion before, have been increasing the inclusive microfinance in the past three years, but the speed is much slower than that of big banks, increasing from 3.92 trillion yuan to 6.05 trillion yuan in the same period, with a growth rate of 54.3%, giving up the top spot. Such loans of city commercial banks and joint-stock commercial banks have also maintained a growing trend, but the growth rate and proportion are not as prominent as those of big banks and rural financial institutions.
Generally speaking, Pratt &; Amp Whitney microfinance has nearly doubled in the past three years, and the main driving force is policy. Especially the big banks that were not good at small and micro loans before, can expand so fast. It is precisely because the "Government Work Report" set a hard target on 20 19, that is, the growth rate of Pupu; Whitney's small and micro loans have been no less than 30% for three consecutive years. Under this pressure, major banks have increased their investment in such loans.
The policy promotion is remarkable. Only the nearly 4 trillion loans increased by state-owned banks in the past three years can alleviate the financial pressure of millions of small and micro enterprises and help them tide over the difficulties.
In that case, why are small and micro companies still complaining and suffering from poor living conditions? Didn't the money borrowed from the bank reach them?
To answer this question, we must first make it clear that in the statistical caliber of the central bank and the China Banking Regulatory Commission, Pratt & Whitney; Whitney small and micro loans refer to small and micro enterprise loans, individual industrial and commercial households and small and micro enterprise owners' operating loans with a single household credit line of less than 6.5438+million yuan. For example, a small company with an annual income of tens of millions borrows 9 million from the bank and 654.38+10,000 from the mom-and-pop shop selling cigarettes and alcohol at the entrance of the community. They all belong to Preite company. Whitney micro-credit loans.
For large state-owned banks that are used to granting loans of 1 100 million yuan to large and medium-sized enterprises such as state-owned enterprises, they naturally prefer small and micro enterprises with relatively larger scale, higher quality and higher loan amount, rather than husband and wife shops on the street.
This can also be seen from the data. Taking China Construction Bank as an example, its inclusive microfinance is the largest; Take Whitney of a large state-owned bank as an example. Wind and bank financial report data show that at the end of 2002 1.87 trillion yuan, the loan balance of CCB was1936,700 households, with an average loan amount of 965,600 yuan. In contrast, the average loan amount of all commercial banks. In the same period, the number of small and micro households in Whitney was 43 1.600 yuan, which was 2.2 times of the average level of CCB.
In fact, city commercial banks
In other words, although official statistics do not further classify Pratt & Whitney's microfinance; Whitney is less than 654.38+million. In reality, self-employed individuals and small businesses are obviously not of the same order of magnitude. Self-employed people are small and micro, so it is still difficult to get loans from banks, especially big banks.
Objectively speaking, we can't be too demanding about the practice that some banks deliberately ignore the "pig's feet" in the process of actually issuing small and micro loans. These small ones do not conform to the traditional risk preference and risk control management of big banks. Under the premise that it is difficult to control risks or reasonably control costs, blindly asking for sinking will increase financial risks.
This can partly answer the questions raised at the beginning of this paper: in the past few years, the actual loans of the largest state-owned banks in inclusive microfinance; Whitney flows to small enterprises with high loans and relatively large scale, making the seemingly large-scale Pratt & Whitney; Whitney's loan actually went to "pig's feet rice", and the money was no more than before. In addition, the repeated impact of the epidemic has further aggravated their survival dilemma.
What is the solution to this worldwide problem?
It is a worldwide problem that financing is difficult and expensive for small and micro enterprises.
Take the catering industry where "pig's foot rice" is located as an example. According to statistics, the average life cycle of the catering industry is about 3 years, and more than 80% of restaurants will not live for 3 years. In addition, its financial data is incomplete and irregular, so it is difficult to get the risk control of banks. At the same time, from the perspective of bank cost, it takes more time for business managers to put in such a loan of several hundred thousand yuan than to operate a single loan of several hundred million yuan, and the input-output ratio of manpower alone is very low. Without the vigorous promotion of policies, big banks that are not short of big customers naturally have no motivation to do this kind of business.
After years of development, the industry also realized that to further effectively promote inclusive finance, we should not only rely on strong policies, but also achieve sustainable business development according to market rules.
In this regard, rural financial institutions, such as small and micro rural commercial banks, which have been deeply cultivated for many years, have positioned themselves in place and done relatively better.
Because of its weak background, small scale and high capital cost, rural commercial banks have little advantage over other types of banks in the competition for high-quality customers. On the contrary, small and medium-sized banks, including rural commercial banks and city commercial banks, have the advantage of localization and can sink to focus on microfinance.
Take the representative behavior of Changshu Rural Commercial Bank as an example. It is one of the earliest banks in China focusing on microfinance. According to its annual report data, 2
At the end of 20021,the average loan amount of Changshu rural commercial bank was 32 17000 yuan, which was only one third of the above-mentioned CCB in the same period. In addition, 93.6% of the bank's loan customers have loans of less than RMB 6,543.8+0,000, accounting for 465.438+0.87% of the total loan amount, with an average loan amount of RMB 6,543.8+0,873 million.
Like Changshu Rural Commercial Bank, there are many banks that have made great achievements in the field of microfinance. For example, Taizhou Bank and Tailong Bank, Shunde Rural Commercial Bank and Zhangjiagang Rural Commercial Bank, which have been widely studied, all set their strategic focus on small and micro businesses many years ago, and formed a mature model after continuous exploration and development.
There has been a lot of discussion and research on these models. In short, they are basically improved on the basis of German IPC model and Singapore credit factory model. One of the major characteristics is that the risk assessment of small and micro customers mainly depends on the account managers who run in the front line. Due to the scattered small and micro customers themselves, the loan officers of these banks are also very large. For example, Taizhou Bank has nearly 10,000 employees, half of whom are account managers.
Generally speaking, the risk of small and micro enterprise customers is high, and the overall non-performing loan ratio of rural commercial banks with small and micro businesses is also the highest among all banks. Wind data shows that at the end of 20021,the NPL ratio of rural commercial banks was 3.63%, much higher than that of state-owned banks and joint-stock banks 1.5% and city commercial banks 1.9%.
Those rural commercial banks with excellent small and micro businesses are not. The NPL ratio of Changshu Rural Commercial Bank was 0.94% at the end of 20021,Shunde Rural Commercial Bank was 0.93% at the end of 20021and Zhangjiagang Rural Commercial Bank was 0.95% at the end of 20021,which was not only far below the average NPL ratio of rural commercial banks, but even lower than that of state-owned banks.
To some extent, these banks took over the "dirty work" that big banks didn't want to do, and made money by the crowd tactics of salesmen shuttling through the streets.
On the other hand, with the rapid development of financial technology in recent years, technologies such as mobilization and big data risk control can be applied to microfinance. Combined with the off-line sea tactics, the information collection efficiency and risk control ability have been improved, and it has become another standard weapon for leading rural commercial banks.
Gong Guangxiang, a researcher at Guangzhou Rural Commercial Bank, said that in 20 17, Changshu Rural Commercial Bank put forward the concept of technology leading business. The account manager took the mobile device to collect information on the spot, and the approval was transferred from the desktop to the palm. It took only one or two days for small and micro loans from investigation to lending, and the efficiency was tripled.
From the perspective of loan types, compared with loans from large and medium-sized enterprises, financial technology plays the most obvious role in improving the efficiency and risk control ability of small and micro loans. The industry also regards financial technology as the key to break through the difficult problem of micro-finance world, and the digital transformation of banks with financial technology as the core has become the general trend.
The hidden worry of digital transformation
When it comes to financial technology, we can't avoid the impact of the Internet platform on the traditional banking industry in the past decade. Especially in the field of micro-finance, relying on the ants and JD.COM of e-commerce ecology, they have achieved something that banks can hardly do. Relying on technologies such as big data risk control, they can issue loans to small customers within seconds online.
Seeing this trend early, most of them are national joint-stock commercial banks and state-owned banks. For example, Industrial Bank and Ping An Bank set up the first batch of domestic financial technology subsidiaries at the end of 20 15, and CCB, ICBC and BOC also set up Jinke subsidiaries on 20 18 and 20 19. New recruits in the banking industry, private banks represented by online merchant banks and Weizhong banks, have taken financial technology and online as their core features since their establishment.
In contrast, most small and medium-sized banks such as city commercial banks and rural commercial banks are far behind in this key technology that can improve the efficiency of small and micro loans.
Since 20 17, the Internet Finance (Shenzhen) Alliance of Small and Medium-sized Banks has published a research report on the financial technology development of small and medium-sized banks every year. These reports surveyed a large number of small and medium-sized banks, from which we can see that although the importance and strategic position of developing financial technology are constantly improving, in practice, small and medium-sized banks are obviously behind big banks and joint-stock banks.
This is also easy to understand. The application of financial technology is a systematic project, which needs to invest a lot of money and manpower in research and development, and can bring benefits in a short time. Big banks have enough resources to promote it. According to the statistics in the above report, in 20 19, the number of employees of ICBC Financial Technology has reached 34,800, which is more than the sum of nine joint-stock banks in the same period. In that year, CCB invested the most in the financial technology fund, reaching 654.38+07.633 billion yuan.
Compared with the above-mentioned behavior representatives of Changshu Rural Commercial Bank, according to its annual report, the bank's annual operating income in 2002/kloc-0 was 7.655 billion yuan, and the total number of employees was 6,849, including 26/kloc-0 technicians. No matter which data, it is far behind the big banks.
Yu Baicheng, dean of Zero One Finance and Economics Research Institute, said that under this circumstance, most small and medium-sized banks cannot complete the digital transformation alone, and they all need to cooperate with third parties to promote the landing of financial technology.
There are three main types of cooperation between banks and third parties: one is the financial technology SaaS platform represented by Ping An Financial Account, which provides system-level financial technology construction and use solutions for small and medium-sized banks; Second, third-party companies that provide professional services in specific links such as big data, corporate credit reporting, anti-fraud, intelligent marketing, and collection; The third is the loan-assisting platform transformed from the previous P2P and cash lending platforms, such as 360, Lexin and Xinyi Technology, the three major companies in China Stock Exchange.
Before 2020, the joint loan model represented by the flower buds and borrowing buds of Ant Financial Services was most favored by small and medium-sized banks. The bank is only the investor, and the customer acquisition, risk control and other links are all completed by Ant Financial, and the two parties share the profits according to the agreement. However, after the supervision noticed the risks and restricted them, the scale of joint loans declined rapidly.
In other words, after the tide recedes, those banks that mainly rely on external platforms but lack the ability to serve small and micro businesses will be more difficult to survive in the increasingly fierce competition. This also makes the competitiveness of banks such as Changshu Rural Commercial Bank and Shunde Rural Commercial Bank, which have been deeply cultivated for many years, more prominent.
However, on the whole, small and medium-sized banks, especially rural financial institutions, have made relatively slow progress in the promotion of financial technology due to their own scale and resource capacity, which is related to their core competitiveness in the future. Even because of stricter supervision in some areas, small and medium-sized banks have regressed in key data governance and other links. At the same time, rural financial institutions are also restricted by the provincial association mechanism, and the autonomy of financial science and technology innovation is limited.
Back to the original question of this article, small and medium-sized banks, especially rural commercial banks, are the main force serving small and micro "pig's feet". Although many banks have been successful in this respect, their scale and geographical operation restrictions determine that these banks are "small and beautiful" in isolation, but they are not enough to meet the needs of larger small and micro enterprises.
At this point, the road to inclusive finance, China, which has been called for many years, has a long way to go.
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