International construction supervision is a technology-intensive and intelligent organization composed of many disciplines and specialties, which plays an important role in the implementation of construction supervision system in urban construction and engineering construction. This effective construction management system has been admired by many countries and regions in the world, especially developed countries, for hundreds of years.
The United States, Britain, Germany, Japan, Hong Kong and Macao. It has brought new vitality to construction supervision in construction legislation, working procedures, technical standardization, scientific management and organizational modernization. China's construction supervision system began in 1988, and its theory and practice developed rapidly, initially forming a new framework of project management, which promoted the reform of project management system and the improvement of management level. China's supervision industry has made great achievements in team building, rules and regulations construction and business practice. Practice has proved that the implementation of construction supervision system is conducive to controlling project quality, construction period and cost; Can realize the construction speed and benefit at the same time; It is conducive to improving the combination of teaching quantity and quality, and is a way to carry out capital construction quickly, well and economically. It is an important task to actively explore the integration of construction supervision with international standards and improve the construction supervision system with China characteristics.
First, it is the general trend for construction supervision to be in line with international standards.
China's national policy of reform and opening up has attracted the attention of the whole world, attracting investors, partners and 34 international financial institutions. Of course, its engineering contracting market has also become an important part of the international market and an important force in the international cycle. It is imperative for China's construction supervision to be in line with international standards for the following reasons.
(1) development needs. As we all know, in recent years, the momentum of foreign joint ventures, especially investment projects in Hong Kong and Taiwan, is still good. It is reported that 1996 foreign investment in real estate development, infrastructure and start-ups has reached about 40 billion US dollars, and the owners require supervision according to international standards. The loan projects of international organizations such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and relevant United Nations agencies have increased substantially. Supervision is one of the basic conditions for the implementation of the above-mentioned projects, which must be implemented in accordance with the contract terms, project management agreement and consulting agreement compiled by FIDIC.
(2) competition needs. International colleagues pay attention to us, and we need to be in line with international standards. There are more than 650 international engineering or consulting companies registered in China with foreign operation rights.
(3) the need for reform. Supervision system is indeed an advanced, scientific, successful and popular international practice, which has been accepted and implemented by most developed and developing countries in the world. It is worth learning from and popularizing vigorously, and summing up, perfecting, modifying and practicing on the basis of the first eight years of our implementation, so as to make international practices closely integrated with China's national conditions and more distinctive.
(4) Institutional requirements. No matter from the understanding of the nature, function and role of the construction industry, from the perspective of management rules and supervision benefits, or from the perspective of internationalization and specialization, it fully illustrates the necessity of organizing a strong, high-quality professional and socialized supervision team to comprehensively implement and vigorously promote the supervision system.
Second, the main characteristics of foreign supervision companies Looking at the operation of supervision companies in developed countries in the international engineering contracting market, there are the following characteristics:
(1) High-quality talents. They have accumulated rich management experience in engineering practice. In some supervision companies, the proportion of personnel with high technical titles is as high as 30% ~ 40%. They can skillfully use the authoritative international templates and international practices formulated by FIDIC, and they know the law, management, technology and economy. Supervision engineers in Europe and America are identified according to strict procedures, and generally go through five stages: study (3-5 years), internship (more than 3 years), examination or interview defense, engineering practice and certificate issuance.
The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors issues RICS certificates, and France seems to have higher requirements for its qualifications. For example, in addition to the above procedures, the applicant must be a graduate of the Higher Civil Engineering College with more than 65,438+00 years of engineering experience, and must be confirmed by the "Technical Supervision and Review Committee" of the French Ministry of Construction. Through the above-mentioned strict certification procedures, the quality of its supervision engineer has reached the level of being proficient in law, mainly in economic contract law and FID 1C, good at management, mainly proficient in modern management science and means, with technical expertise, various professional knowledge of construction and installation, rich experience in technical and economic analysis, high intelligence and strong ability. American engineering management expert Johnson believes that one of the important reasons for the failure of engineering project management is the inexperience of supervision engineers.
(2) breadth and depth of business. The British and American consulting and supervision industry has a history of more than a hundred years, and its business development has reached a wide and deep level, and it has truly undertaken all-round supervision (consulting) tasks, covering the whole construction process. Whether it is the Q.S system implemented in Britain, the CM method developed in the United States, or the PM system widely adopted in the United States, Germany, France and Japan since the 1960s, its core is to legally and economically fix the status, qualification, responsibility, obligation, working method of the supervision engineer and its relationship with the owner. Their specific service scope has gradually expanded to provide owners with investment planning, investment estimation and value analysis, provide cost control for design units and construction units, and conduct contract management, progress, quality, cost control and payment approval during project implementation.
Engineering claim, information management, organization and coordination, final accounts audit, etc. The scope of supervision is mentioned in the introduction and appendix A of IGA——80PM, which is still widely used at present, and its depth and breadth reflect the high-level operation of the international supervision industry. The prophase and extension of supervision work make the specific business content of supervision complicated and responsible, from feasibility study, financial planning, project engineering design, procurement and contracting, construction management and trial operation to 38 sub-items of engineering supervision. Including the pre-demonstration of the project and its supporting work, fund raising, general control of project objectives, project implementation management and acceptance, project commissioning and post-evaluation. Since the 1980s, some projects in the Middle East and North Africa, especially private projects, have adopted this method, that is, the owner entrusts an engineering consulting company as an agent to carry out all-round supervision, and settle accounts at the end of the year or after the final delivery of the project to return profits. For example, countries such as Saudi Arabia have already carried out this approach.
(3) The supervision organization is modeled. The regulatory organizations and on-site regulatory agencies in Europe, America and economically developed countries and regions have formed models, which are generally linear regulatory structure, functional regulatory structure and matrix regulatory structure. At present, matrix is the most popular model in the world. The following regulatory organization modes in Europe, America, Japan and Hong Kong are mainly matrix. This model combines linear function and function function, optimizes their combination, and makes full use of their strengths and avoids their weaknesses, which is more distinctive:
It can be seen that the matrix supervision organization has few command sources, is easy to manage and improves work efficiency;
(2) Give consideration to functions, which will not only help experts and engineers to play their specialties, but also play the role of functional departments;
(3) The model has strong applicability, and it is fully competent for the supervision of engineering projects, and can also be used for the supervision of large and medium-sized projects with multiple contracts;
④ It embodies the nature and characteristics of high intelligence, high efficiency and high energy, such as engineering consultation, engineering consultant and architect affairs. This paper lists the resident supervision institutions and the resident supervision team set up on site. Usually, under the direct leadership of the site director (resident engineer), administrative, technical and contract management departments are set up to perform on-site supervision tasks.
For example, the supervision of Hacim Palace project in Jordan is entrusted by the owner to Japanese Danxia Design Consulting Company to supervise, inspect, control and manage the implementation of the project contract. The total construction area of this project is about 20,000 ㎡, the total contract cost is 34 million US dollars, and the total contract duration is 900 days. It is undertaken by Shanghai Zhong Jian Engineering Company, and the design is undertaken by Japanese Ge Tan Design Office. According to the contract, the company sent supervision engineer representatives to perform supervision functions on site, with three rooms: two rooms, responsible for secretarial, correspondence and archives; (Supervision) There are 8 engineers in the engineer room, including architecture, structure, machinery and electrical appliances, who are responsible for on-site supervision and technical work; There are 2-3 appraisers in the appraiser's office, mainly engaged in contract and budget management. PM construction supervision is very popular in America and Britain. For example, some large development groups, such as Hong Kong Sun Hung Kai, Beihengji and Cheung Kong, all have their own PM teams to coordinate and balance the development of the company.
The scale of international supervision companies is roughly as follows: large and medium-sized (consulting) supervision companies generally have 25 to 130 people, and small (consulting) supervision companies generally have about 5 to 25 people. American small supervision companies account for about 75%; Large and medium-sized people account for about 25%. The supervision facilities of foreign supervision companies are relatively complete. In addition to the necessary facilities provided by the owner or contractor free of charge according to the site needs, they also have their own fixed equipment assets, including office equipment, laboratories, survey equipment, transportation and communication equipment.
According to the spirit of FIDIC document, the site supervision engineer should do the following eight specific tasks:
(1) In the management of general contracting and subcontracting, it has the right to supervise its project managers, inspectors and operators, and demand the dismissal of any incompetent person, including the project manager, such as 1. 1(A)iv and16.2 in FIDIC;
(2) In terms of engineering coordination, it has the right to standardize and approve the general contractor, subcontractors and general contractors designated by Party A and the general contractor, etc. Such as clauses 15. 1, 4. 1 and 2, etc.
(3) In engineering technology, be responsible for the management, approval and recognition of changes in drawings and technical data, such as Clause 6.4 and Clause 7. 1 in FIDIC;
④ As the first mediator in handling relevant laws, handle disputes between the owner and the contractor in a neutral, fair and reasonable way according to contracts, such as FIDIC clauses 67. 1, 67.2 and 67.3;
⑤ As the agent of the owner's position and role in the contract, according to the scope of the owner's authorization, carry out on-site practical work such as claim management, financial payment and various visas. Such as clauses 5 1, 52, 53, 60 and 69 in FIDIC.
For more information about project/service/procurement bidding, and to improve the winning rate, please click on the bottom of official website Customer Service for free consultation:/#/? source=bdzd