By comparing the concepts and methods of subway engineering risk management at home and abroad, analyzing the development trend, combining the subway engineering risk management with the international common management system, it is proposed to establish clear standards and document systems for all key points that may lead to safety losses, and all staff are responsible for them, so as to realize highly integrated risk management (SRIMS) with high efficiency and cost saving. SRIMS tries to integrate the risk management of subway project into the system of "Great Quality View", and uses the collaborative management function of "Great Quality View" to control the key points that may lead to safety losses, thus forming a streamlined and efficient large-scale system, namely an integrated management system. According to this idea, the risk management mode of subway engineering is further enriched, and the construction mode with risk management information system as the core is put forward.
1 Introduction
Underground railway construction is a comprehensive project. It involves a wide range of specialties, a long construction period, many types of work, complex construction conditions and most of them pass through the city center, which requires a systematic study on the risk management of underground railway construction projects.
2 Comparison of risk management concepts and methods of subway construction at home and abroad
At present, the research on risk management of subway construction at home and abroad involves all levels and angles. Through a preliminary understanding of its concepts and methods, we can roughly sum up the main similarities and differences between them:
2. 1 similarity
From the same point of view, the management systems of the two companies have the same goal, and they all adopt various management means or measures to effectively reduce or control the formation and development of risks and the possibility of accidents, and establish corresponding management systems.
2.2 differences
2.2. 1 Different emphases.
Domestic risk management pays more attention to equipment and technology to achieve the purpose of risk management, which is more direct and effective. Foreign risk management also pays attention to human factors. For example, OHSAS 18000 management system is established to solve personal injury and labor protection in the production process, and it pays attention to people's behavior, technical quality and technical requirements. Its essence is to evaluate and control people's safety, health and environmental protection with a caring attitude from the perspective of people, so as to achieve the purpose of comprehensive risk management.
Different methods
Some domestic risk management backgrounds are based on a certain kind of safety and the lessons of an accident, which belong to passive management, and their formation adopts the "induction method" in management, which is very useful for avoiding the recurrence of accidents. In the process of the formation of foreign risk management system, in addition to induction, "deduction" is more used to study the laws and possibilities of things by modern scientific means. The management system formulated by this way of thinking can adapt to the changing actual situation and achieve the purpose of active management.
2.2.3 The degree of systematization of risk management is different.
In recent years, the theories and methods of system safety engineering and man-machine safety engineering have been gradually applied and popularized in China, and various evaluation methods such as FTA, FMEA, PHA, SCL and MORT have appeared. But it's scattered If we simply mix these scattered management methods together, the effect will certainly not be very good. Judging from its framework and leading concept, foreign management systems are more systematic and comprehensive. For example, 195 1 National Occupational Safety Association (NOSA) founded in South Africa, the concept of risk management has penetrated into the whole safety, health and environment (SHE) management system, and risk management is also the soul of NOSA system. NOSA predicts and controls the possible safety of employees in terms of safety, health and environment through scientific methods, and achieves very effective management purposes.
The proposal of 3SRIMS
From the comparison of ideas and methods of subway construction risk management at home and abroad and the development trend of economic globalization, systematization, standardization and integration are the inevitable development direction of subway construction risk management in China. The control and management of subway construction risk can integrate management themes such as quality, environment, safety and hygiene, combine the advantages of China's existing subway construction risk management system with the international common management system, establish clear standards and document systems for all key points that may lead to safety losses, and all staff are responsible for effective management. In order to achieve fast, efficient and cost-saving highly integrated risk management.
International management system standards, such as ISO9000 quality management system standard, ISO 14000 environmental management system standard and OHSAS 18000 occupational health risk management system, which are promoted by most countries in the world today, are modern enterprise management models summarized, refined and formed on the basis of decades of successful enterprise management experience in developed countries. They are widely applicable and advanced, and represent the requirements of internationally recognized management level at present.
Therefore, this paper puts forward that the risk management system of China's subway construction in the future should be a safety production, health and environmental quality management system, which is suitable for the reality of subway construction, takes risk control management as the core, and integrates the requirements of quality, environment and occupational safety and health management. The basic idea of establishing SRIMS is to follow the management principles and requirements of ISO 9000, ISO 14000 and OSHAS 18000, and combine the requirements of three international standards with the safety production management requirements of related construction industries in China into a whole, thus forming an integrated management system for safety production of underground railway projects. In this way, by forming a dynamic management system covering all aspects and fields of underground railway engineering, the safety evaluation of subway engineering is comprehensively promoted and standardized, and a long-term risk management mechanism is established [1].
4 Risk management model
There are many risks in subway construction. There are both risks caused by force majeure such as earthquakes and risks caused by man-made controllable factors; Risk distribution departments can be divided into survey and design, construction, construction, supervision and other units, and also exist in government departments such as planning, transportation, environmental protection, public security, water supply, gas supply, power supply, communication, drainage and other major pipeline cooperation units; From the perspective of risk distribution, it can be divided into pre-project, civil engineering, mechanical and electrical installation, completion acceptance, commissioning and operation, and final production. However, with the continuous application of new technology, new materials, new equipment and new technology in the project, the experience and management level of the participating units are uneven, and it is difficult to comprehensively analyze the risk standards in the subway construction process. Risk control expects to obtain the maximum safety guarantee at the minimum cost. This is also the purpose of establishing SRIMS. Based on the SRIMS standard, the risk of subway engineering can be defined as "the combination of possibility and consequence of deviating from the risk management policy, goal or index". According to IMS standard, the risk factors in subway engineering are classified and identified, and the corresponding risk management model is established. Its five core sub-processes, namely, determining the risk environment, identifying risks, analyzing risks, evaluating risks and controlling risks in SRIMS. According to the characteristics of quality risk, environmental risk and occupational health and safety risk, the applicable risk management technology is selected and expounded. At present, both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods are mature. Since the early 1980s, China has successively introduced system safety analysis methods and safety evaluation methods such as safety checklist, fault tree analysis, event tree analysis, pre-hazard analysis, failure mode and impact analysis, risk operability research, fire and explosion index evaluation method, and human reliability analysis. In the risk control stage, we can use the ideas and methods of QFD to optimize [2].
Construction of 5SRIMS Global Model
The risk management mode of subway project is the basis of subway risk management information system. In the overall framework of SRIMS, we should make full use of the advanced method theory of QMS, EMS and OHSMS to improve it systematically. The PDCA cycle principle of Deming principle and the goal of continuous improvement and promotion are the core of the integration and integration of universal three systems; System theory, cybernetics, information theory and their methods are the basic theories and operation methods to realize integration, and also the basic principles for planning, designing and formulating standards, guidelines and norms of integrated systems. These principles should be fully applied in SRIMS. Therefore, this paper puts forward the construction model of SRIMS (see Figure 2).
SRIMS model is based on the integration of quality management system, environmental management system and occupational health and safety management system. According to the requirements of ISO900 1:2000, ISO: 1400 1+0 and OHSAS: 1999, the typical problems and coverage of risk factors involved in the model include [3]:
5. 1 planning
5. 1. 1 policy
Senior managers fully consider the comprehensive policy of subway construction risk management; In order to meet the requirements of relevant parties and various laws and regulations, it is necessary to identify and give priority to those problems that must be controlled and improved, and determine the key problems that need to be solved emphatically.
5. 1.2 scheme
Formulate an integrated management plan including quality, environment, occupational health and safety, establish an integrated organization, and stipulate corresponding responsibilities and authorities. Plan the control of identified risks. Plan potential quality, environment and occupational health and safety accidents or emergency response to prevent or reduce possible hazards.
5. 1.3 division of labor
It is necessary to stipulate the responsibilities and authorities of all kinds of people involved and their relationship in the organization to ensure effective and efficient work. Conduct awareness-raising and training activities for interested parties and employees.
5.2 implementation
A complete and effective file system should be established according to the requirements of the three standards. The structure of the file system can still be composed of three levels, namely: SRIMS manual (including comprehensive policies and objectives), program documents, work instructions and various records. The documents required by SRIMS shall be controlled to ensure the adequacy, suitability and effectiveness of the documents. All kinds of records should be kept clear and easy to identify and retrieve, and the identification, storage, protection, retrieval, shelf life and control required for record disposal should be specified.
5.3 inspection
5.3. 1 Analysis data
Determine, collect and analyze appropriate data, monitor and measure the effectiveness and continuous improvement of various processes and systems in SRIMS. Monitoring and measurement can be carried out separately inside and outside the organization.
5.3.2 Establishment procedures
Establish and maintain a set of procedures to specify the relevant responsibilities and authorities, so as to ensure the identification, investigation and handling of nonconformities or potential accidents and emergencies, and take measures to reduce the resulting impact.
5.4 improvement
5.4. 1 corrective and preventive measures
In order to eliminate the existing and potential causes and prevent the occurrence of nonconforming products. Corrective and preventive measures must be adapted to the influence degree of the problem to be solved.
Management review
Top management should review IMS at planned intervals to ensure its continuous suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. The review should include opportunities to improve the international monitoring system and the need for change, including the integration of policies and objectives.
Continuous improvement
Make use of comprehensive policies and objectives, management plans, audit results, performance monitoring and measurement, data analysis, corrective and preventive measures and management review to continuously improve the effectiveness of IMS.
6 abstract
SRIMS is an attempt to integrate the risk management of subway projects into the "big quality concept" system. By using the collaborative management function of the "big quality concept", the key points that may lead to safety losses are controlled, thus forming a streamlined and efficient large system, that is, an integrated management system. At the same time, SRIMS is also a complex system engineering, which involves not only the adjustment of business processes and institutional functions, but also a lot of document revision and trial operation of programs, so it should be planned well.
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