Children's Psychological Counseling Paper 1 Principles of Children's Psychological Counseling
Children's psychological counseling should not only follow the general principles of psychological counseling such as sincerity, respect, equality and value neutrality, but also follow the characteristics of children's physical and mental development, including the principle of uniqueness, the principle of attaching importance to the relationship between counseling and visiting, the principle of system theory, the principle of development and the principle of environmental importance. This paper discusses the theoretical basis and application of these principles in children's psychological counseling.
Keywords: children; Psychological counseling; principle
Children's psychological counseling, also known as children's psychological counseling, refers to the process in which a professionally trained psychological counselor uses psychological principles and methods to help, inspire and coach visitors (children and teenagers) so that they can open themselves, develop their potential, know their own experiences, solve practical problems, accept and appreciate themselves and overcome psychological obstacles. The theory of modern psychological counseling is generally based on adult counseling practice, and its counseling ideas, methods and skills cannot be directly applied to children, so it is necessary to point out the uniqueness of children's psychological counseling. This paper focuses on the special principles that children's psychological counseling should follow from the theoretical level.
1. Unique principle
The principle of uniqueness of counseling refers to seeing the difference between children's psychological counseling and adult psychological counseling, including the following five aspects. ① Different counseling motives. Adults are usually aware of the existence of problems, while children are not aware of or admit that there are problems. Children are unlikely to take the initiative to seek treatment, and parents or other guardians usually decide whether to receive treatment for them, so the first step of counseling is to establish a relationship with children and stimulate their motivation (Brown, 2002). ② Different understanding of consultation. Children may not know what psychological counseling is at all, so psychological counselors need to simply introduce psychological counseling to children to dispel their doubts. ③ The goals of consultation are different. Different schools have different understandings of the purpose of counseling. It is generally believed that the purpose of psychological counseling is to improve the personality of visitors. The main goal of children's psychological counseling is to alleviate the psychological troubles and obstacles in children's development and help them achieve normal development (Samuel Kwok, Guo Cheng, Li Xiying, 2005). ④ The content of consultation is different. Compared with adult psychological counseling, children psychological counseling is different in quality and quantity. Children's psychological problems are mostly developmental problems, such as learning difficulties, interpersonal difficulties, etc., and the degree is also light, which is easy to correct after discovery. ⑤ The ways of consultation are different. Due to the limitation of children's cognitive development, their speech function is relatively weak, which makes children unable to understand the meaning of counselors' questions and express their thoughts and emotions properly in language. Therefore, more nonverbal skills are used in children's psychological counseling, such as game therapy and art therapy.
2. Attach importance to the principle of consultation-visiting relationship.
Winner pointed out that it is very important to establish a therapeutic relationship with children quickly for the success of children's psychotherapy, which is far more important than psychotherapy at other ages (Brown, 2005). Adults usually take the initiative to seek counseling and have a certain understanding of their own problems and counseling goals. Even if you have concerns in the early stage of psychological counseling, you will gradually cooperate with psychological counselors with the deepening of the relationship between counseling and visiting. Adults usually enter automatically during the consultation process? Patient? Function, and produce the corresponding? Patient expectations? , form a relatively stable doctor-patient alliance, and promote the process of consultation or treatment (Samuel Kwok, Guo Cheng, Li Xiying, 2005).
3. Adhere to the principle of system theory
System theory is the study of the general mode, structure and law of the system. According to system theory, integrity, correlation, hierarchical structure, dynamic balance and time sequence are the basic characteristics of all systems. The core idea of system theory is the overall concept of system.
In children's psychological counseling, we should still adhere to the viewpoint of system theory. Thompson prout put forward the polymorphic principle of children's psychotherapy. The multi-modal principle of treatment means that children should choose various intervention methods and angles for joint intervention in psychological counseling. The more forms of treatment, the more likely it is to achieve the purpose of treatment. Multi-modal therapy refers to letting psychological counselors from different schools participate in the treatment at the same time, let the treatment penetrate into different living environments, and let the children's knowledge, feelings, intentions and actions be touched at the same time. The effect of treatment is more effective than single treatment.
4. Adhere to the principle of development
Adhering to the principle of development means looking at children's psychological problems from a developmental perspective. Because children's physical and mental development is immature and their personality is unstable, there are often some behavioral deviations in the normal development process, which may be normal within their age range. Douglas T.Brown pointed out that apart from some extremely serious mental problems or behaviors, many seemingly problematic behaviors are actually only deviations in the normal development process. Levitt (197 1) pointed out that because children are developing and changing, some symptoms may disappear naturally with development, such as losing temper, enuresis, special fear and sleep disorder will disappear naturally with time. Adult psychological or behavioral problems may be normal in children, and age is an important factor to distinguish normal from abnormal.
5. Principle of environmental importance
The principle of environmental importance is embodied in two aspects. The first aspect is that children will have some psychological problems in order to adapt to the bad environment. The second aspect is that the family environment is of great significance to children's psychological counseling. Levitt (197 1) pointed out that although children were identified as patients in clinical research, in fact, people other than children should be the direct targets of treatment.
According to the clinical observation of children in different situations, it is found that most children's psychological problems or abnormal behaviors are mostly to adapt to bad environment. Children are the responders, not the initiators, of changes in living environment. They have little power to take action to eliminate or prevent environmental pressure, and they can only react passively (Brown, 2005). Children's psychological disorder may be a normal response to environmental pressure, because children are more dependent on the environment, so it is very important to incorporate the living environment into psychological counseling.
Most children's behavior problems are directly related to their family structure, parenting style, parents' behavior habits and emotional expression (Fu Hong, 2007). At first, the family was the environment for children to grow up, and children were greatly influenced by it. Now many families have many problems themselves, so the family environment must be included in the system of psychological counseling. In order to fundamentally solve children's psychological problems, there must be family intervention therapy, otherwise it is easy to relapse or turn into other obstacles.
6. Principle of confidentiality
The principle of confidentiality means that the consultant has the responsibility to keep the personal situation, evaluation results and consultation contents of the child confidential. The most basic professional ethics of children's psychological counseling and therapy workers is to be responsible for visitors and put the interests of visitors first, among which the principle of confidentiality is very important (Chen Yixin, 2009). The American Psychological Association's code of ethics (1992) stipulates that the information of the client should be kept confidential unless the client allows it. But in practice, children are generally forced to consult, and the children themselves are not necessarily the parties. Counselors often share children's information with their teachers, parents or other psychologists because of treatment needs, but this practice is only agreed by the parents or other guardians of the children, not the children themselves. But according to common sense, the most important thing to share this information is the child's permission. Although the purpose of confidentiality principle is to protect children's privacy, it is very difficult to achieve this goal. The ideal situation is to explain the confidentiality in words that children can fully understand before psychological counseling. Therapists have the responsibility to treat children and their parents as clients and try their best to meet the requirements of both parties (Gelfand Hartman,1984; Ross, 1980).
References:
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[6] Chen Yixin. Psychological counseling and treatment for children [M]. Peking University Medical Press. 2009.
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