In order to solve the shortage of engineering and technical personnel, Zhan Tianyou successively recruited several engineering students from Mou, Yan Deqing and other engineering departments and Shanhaiguan Railway School to work in Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway.
Regarding the road construction policy, Zhan Tianyou believes that the sooner the railway is built, the better it will crush the contempt of outsiders; Second, funds can be recovered as soon as possible; Third, we can train our own engineering department as soon as possible and support the construction of other roads.
1905 10, Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway started construction. In the spirit of innovation, on the one hand, Zhan Tianyou adopts new technical measures and introduces new foreign technology and equipment according to local conditions; On the other hand, in order to ensure the completion of highway construction tasks, many advanced management methods and systems have been formulated, which are imitated by other highways in China.
First, carefully select locomotives and carefully select lines.
1. When selecting the maximum gradient of the line, attention should be paid to the selection of locomotive types. From Juyongguan to Badaling in the south exit, the route is not long, but the height is quite different. And the mountains are surrounded by valleys, and there is no ground rotation. Although we tried our best to extend the route, we only got a slope of 30 feet and 1 foot. Zhan Tianyou resolutely chose one thirtieth of the maximum slope, which is a rare mountain railway line with large slope. At first, it was towed by a 2-6-0 twin-engine locomotive. After discussing with our classmate E.P.Lord, who is engaged in locomotive manufacturing in the United States, we decided to buy 0-6-6-0 Mallet locomotives from British Beiying Company, arrived at the construction site of Guangou section on 1908, and successively bought four locomotives, and then continued to buy them from Baldwin Factory (Ba 1dwin) in the United States. 1909 bought three Taishan Road locomotives and Shea gear-driven vertical cylinder locomotives produced by Lima factory in the United States, and 19 12 continued to buy three more.
When building Zhangjing Road, according to the needs of large-scale locomotive operation, locomotive equipment and locomotive maintenance workshop were set up. In addition, in order to solve the problem of using coal for locomotives, Jimingshan Coal Mine was specially established, and Jimingshan Coal Mine Branch Line and Mentougou Coal Mine Branch Line were built.
2. In order to solve the problem of Badaling Line crossing the mountain, Zhan Tianyou carefully selected and surveyed the surrounding area of Qinglong Bridge, and finally decided to go up the mountain from Shifosi, enter the Donggou of Qinglong Bridge, turn back and cross Badaling to form a zigzag line, and excavate Badaling Tunnel at 109 1 m, which is nearly half the length of the tunnel excavated from Shifosi to the west in the initial survey, and was successfully solved. However, he clearly pointed out that the zigzag route selection scheme was a last resort under the specific conditions of construction funds and construction period at that time, and it would be more advantageous if spiral loop lines could be used.
3. The 1/30 ramp is adopted in the ditch-sealing section, which is extremely important to ensure traffic safety. Therefore, the safety fork is set up, so that when a fault occurs, the train can enter the safety fork line of the reverse ramp to ensure safety. There are 12 safety forks in the Guangou section, including 4 in the station and 8 in the interval.
In addition, in order to ensure traffic safety, special traffic measures were formulated and implemented after opening to traffic.
4. At that time, the rails used by Zhang Jinglu were heavy rails, and 85-pound rails (42 kilograms per Mi Yue) were used for main lines and station lines. Special reinforced Sandberg-type rails are used in the closed part of the ditch. In view of the problem that rails are easy to crawl on large slopes, practical and effective anti-climbing measures have also been taken.
Second, adjust measures to local conditions and strive for fast and stable projects.
1. Badaling tunnel, with a length of 109 1 m, is the key project of the whole line and the first tunnel with a kilometer or more in China. In order to speed up the progress of manual excavation, the shaft method is adopted. According to reports, a big well and a small well were dug. "A big well was opened in the middle of the cave, and both ends went hand in hand." There is a ventilated building in the building, which is still in use today. The remains of the small well outside the west cave can't be found. Another key project, Juyongguan Tunnel, is 367 meters long. Two-end excavation method is adopted. The report said: "The sinking method was originally planned to be used in Juyongguan Cave. Later, the mountain was too high and too far away from the cave, and the construction was very difficult. Compared with the two, the method of digging at both ends is suitable. Therefore, although sinking is a good way to open long holes, we should also carefully examine the terrain and not stick to the rules. " "Juyongguan cave is the most difficult in the middle of five or six hundred feet. The reason is that it is located under the proper Guancheng. Soil and stones are brittle. Every time it rains, it's mud and water. Although there are explosives, there is nothing we can do. Take the generous wood as the branch, cross the small track at the wrong time and gradually attack. "
Badaling Tunnel was completed in only 18 months, which opened the curtain for China to build a long tunnel independently. The explosive used in tunnel excavation is Laclau explosive, which has strong explosive power but stable performance. For the sake of construction safety, this mine explosive was first used in Zhan Tianyou tunnel excavation.
2. For bridges, houses and other projects, try to use local materials to save. There are 20 bridges in Guangou section, including concrete arch bridge 13, in order to save the cost of ordering steel beams from abroad. In order to save cement, the measures of adding flaky to concrete were taken. Housing construction also pays attention to thrift.
Third, determine the standard, the first-order engineering specifications.
Zhan Tianyou attached great importance to engineering standardization, and presided over the compilation of the first set of engineering standard drawings of China Railway, Jing-Zhang Railway Standard Drawing. Including bridges and culverts, tracks, lines, tunnels, garages, water towers, cranes, houses, buses, vehicle clearance and other 49 standards. The project management was strengthened in the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, which ensured the project quality and provided a good reference for other railway construction in China. In view of the confusion of China's early railway engineering standards, when he presided over the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, he also wrote to the Qing government and put forward specific suggestions for unifying the national railway engineering standards. He insisted that the national standard gauge should be 4 feet, 8 inches and a half (i.e. 1.435 meters), and China should learn from the experience of western countries and not take the detour of adopting narrow gauge. He also stipulated the standards of line slope, bridge load, subgrade width, minimum radius of line, restricted slope, platform height, vehicle clearance, locomotive load and coupler installation. Subsequently, the Qing government formulated the National Technical Standards for Railway Construction, and Zhan Tianyou was appointed as the road affairs committee member and consultant of the Ministry of Commerce, Posts and Telecommunications of the Qing government.
In the above proposal to the Qing government (submitted to the Ministry of Commerce), Zhan Tianyou also suggested to adopt the most advanced automatic coupler in the world at that time, namely Janney Cou-pler. This kind of coupler is still full of vitality in China's railways, which brings great benefits to railway transportation. Zhan Tianyou's insight will benefit future generations.
Fourth, innovate management, and be the pioneer of highway construction in China.
1. Streamline the organization, strengthen management and improve efficiency.
Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Administration was originally located in Jiajiaqiao, Xinma Road, Hebei Province, Tianjin. In order to reduce the work level and personnel expenses and facilitate the construction, Zhan Tianyou moved the General Administration to Beijing, merged the railway bureau originally located in Beijing into the General Administration, and set up the Beijing-Zhangjia Railway Bureau in Fuchengmen; Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Engineering Bureau is located outside Fuchengmen, and is responsible for transportation and construction respectively. At the construction site, according to the construction site, designate the engineering department. In order to grasp the progress and solve the existing problems, he held regular teleconferences on the construction site, which was the first teleconference of China's own railway. Although the bureau was very busy, he went deep into the site inspection work.
2. Establish personnel assessment management system and formulate reward-centered management measures.
Zhan Tianyou thinks it is particularly important to train talents in our engineering department. To this end, the Charter of Promotion and Transfer of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Engineering Office was formulated, which clearly stipulated the moral character, working ability and performance requirements that the Engineering Office should have, and it was regularly assessed and strictly implemented. In the process of road construction, a large number of young engineers in China have been trained. This exam promotion regulations, other domestic railways are following suit. Zhan Tianyou thinks that the working ability of engineering department in China is not lower than that of foreigners, and insists that the salary standard should not be lower than that of foreign engineering departments. At the beginning of the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, he formulated the salary standards for engineering departments and engineering students at all levels, and combined with the implementation of the assessment system, which promoted the growth of engineering departments and was conducive to the completion of construction tasks. During the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, in order to reduce absenteeism and improve work efficiency, he formulated the Regulations on Vacation, which stipulates: "Business personnel are allowed to take two months off at the expiration of four years, and if they have never taken a vacation at ordinary times, they will be combined for two months." The formulation of this charter was advanced and enlightened at that time. While implementing the system, he also paid attention to strengthening education, advocating self-denial and devotion to duty, and advocating the unity of engineering departments.
3. Strengthen the management of material supply and strictly control the use of funds.
In order to solve the transportation difficulties in mountainous areas, the original post road transportation materials were considered at the beginning of selecting the Guangou route. After the project started, the construction of Fengtai Material Factory was first strengthened, and then Nankou Material Factory was established as a material supply base.
When ordering materials and equipment from foreign companies, Zhan Tianyou directly negotiates with foreign companies, formulates strict quality standards, abolishes the material rebate system, and prevents waste and corruption in the use of materials and funds. In the construction, strengthen fund management, pay attention to economy, and strictly control the use of funds by contractors.
At the beginning of the construction, it was scheduled to be completed in the seventh year. After two years of construction, the Qing government changed the period to four years, so the project for the next two years was originally planned to be four years. All the road builders, under the leadership of Zhan Tianyou and with the concerted efforts of Qixin Qi Xin, finally successfully completed the project and saved the construction cost. 1September, 909 19 completed the road inspection and held a tea party in Zhangjiakou; On October 2nd, 65438/kloc-0, a grand opening ceremony was held in Nankou. The construction cost of the whole railway is 729 1860 of the original budget. The Qing government actually allocated 7,223,984 taels and actually spent 6,935,086 taels, saving 356,774 taels compared with the original budget.
The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was successfully completed and opened to traffic with good quality. After the postal department of the Qing government accepted the inspection, it was deeply felt that "the success of this road not only increased the great reputation of our engineering department, but also helped people engaged in engineering to be firm, confident and enterprising!" At the opening ceremony, Zhu Qi, the representative of Guangdong Province, was most excited when he delivered a speech. He said: "The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway has been successfully built, and foreigners have read about it. The engineering department that built this road in China has not yet been born, and it is a joke on five continents. Today, Zhan Jun has created this road, which is true for foreigners. All road construction and management are done by China people. Hey, honey! Zhan Jun, for example, can be said to be able to exhale with China people! ..... China can build its own railway projects, and all the mining machinery manufacturing and other things in the future can be done by China people themselves. Today, I hope to have railways as well as mines, forests, machinery and factories. If you have to drive first, what is the name of today's Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway? "
During the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, Zhan Tianyou was sent to Zhengzhou Yellow River Bridge site for investigation on 1907. 1908 send the design scheme of Jinan Luokou Yellow River Bridge for approval; 1909 sent to Jiangsu Hu Jia railway project for acceptance. After the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was opened to traffic, he continued to build the Zhangjiakou-Suiyuan Railway. /kloc-in the winter of 0/909, invited by Henan-Shanghai Luotong Railway (more than 230 kilometers from Luoyang to Tongguan), he worked as an engineering consultant and made a field survey of this railway line with accompanying engineers. The determined route scheme can save the construction cost.