If there is no special agreement in engineering, the longer direction is called vertical and the shorter direction is called horizontal. This statement can also be understood in this way, unifying the statements in life. If a longer side is set, the longer side is up and down (vertical).
Because people habitually understand the forward and backward direction of the observer as intuitive up and down (the front and back direction of the crab), and the crab crawling left and right is understood as the crab walking sideways.
Most of the plates on the market are of standard size, with the long side (length) called vertical and the short side (width) called horizontal.
Question 2: What do the horizontal and vertical topics of university professors mean? Horizontal mainly refers to other related topics based on this topic. Vertical refers to the in-depth study of this topic, not the development.
Question 3: What are the concepts of "vertical scientific research projects" and "horizontal scientific research projects" formed after the reform and opening up?
Planned products are also market-oriented, that is, vertical and horizontal.
There is no strict definition now, and this formulation has no practical significance.
Generally, the projects supported by the * * * department are vertical (for example, the local science and technology bureau sent by the Fund Committee of the Ministry of Science and Technology).
Other projects, especially those funded by enterprises, are called horizontal projects.
At present, some research institutions still adopt this distribution.
Question 4: What is a horizontal project in scientific research? Horizontal project is the abbreviation of horizontal science and technology project, which belongs to a kind of science and technology project.
Science and technology projects include vertical and horizontal science and technology projects.
Horizontal scientific and technological projects refer to all kinds of scientific and technological development, scientific and technological services, scientific research and other projects entrusted by enterprises, institutions and brother units, as well as projects issued by * * * departments through unconventional reporting channels.
The undertaker of the application documents does not have a vertical project signed by the unit, and the undertaker transfers its sub-projects or outsourced funds, which is generally treated as a horizontal project.
Because horizontal projects are not mainly issued by * * * departments (or entrusted by * * * departments), they are widely available and easy to obtain. Therefore, although their research content may be closer to the social needs and more research funds, in the scientific research evaluation system, the weight value of horizontal projects is often significantly lower than that of vertical projects.
Question 5: What does the horizontal contract fund mean? Are you talking about scientific research projects? Projects are divided into horizontal projects and vertical projects. Vertical projects are formulated by departments at all levels, and horizontal projects are formulated by other enterprises and institutions. When the research is commissioned, it belongs to the horizontal contract fund if there is financial support.
Question 6: What is the difference between horizontal and vertical projects in fund projects? Horizontal project refers to the research topic related to the entity organization to solve practical problems.
Government-funded research
Refers to the research projects funded by the Ministry of * *, including special funds and special funds.
Question 7: What are the horizontal and vertical topics? Horizontal scientific and technological projects refer to scientific research projects supported by enterprises [except * * * departments at all levels and related departments]
Science and technology projects and school fund projects approved by the school foundation, all by the school authorities and
Four skills undertaken by scientific researchers in enterprises and institutions (technology transfer, technology development, technology consultation and technology)
Services) projects and other cooperative research projects]. It mainly solves the application technology or technical problems urgently needed by enterprises themselves, and the horizontal subject is an important part of scientific research work in schools.
Give full play to the advantages of science and technology to serve economic construction and social development.
Generally speaking, horizontal projects in science and engineering colleges account for 75%-90% of the total funds, and vertical research refers to research projects supported by * * *, with emphasis on basic theory and applied basic research.