10 3, Gordon Moore was born in a small town on the south coast of San Francisco. The family environment has not brought much influence on his growth. At the age of eleven or twelve, he suddenly became interested in chemistry and decided to become a chemist. This hobby has realized his great dream of becoming a scientist in the future. After graduating from high school, Moore got his wish and was admitted to Berkeley University, a computer town, to study his long-cherished chemistry major. 1950, Moore got his bachelor's degree and continued to study at California Institute of Technology. 1954 received a doctorate in physical chemistry. As the first college student in the family, this is undoubtedly an unexpected honor for the Moore family.
After two years of quiet university research life. Moore is ready to give up irrelevant basic research. Coincidentally, shockley, the inventor of the transistor, is also hiring. He wants to set up a semiconductor company in California and needs a chemist.
From 65438 to 0956, Moore joined shockley's laboratory in Wangshan, working with robert noyce, the inventor of integrated circuits. Later, Noyce and Moore resigned and founded Fairchild Semiconductor, a famous semiconductor company in the history of semiconductor industry. Moore started as the manager of the technical department and later took charge of the R&D department. At that time, the newly rented house had not been finally completed, and it was not even electrified. Everyone, like farmers, works at sunrise and rests at sunset.
1968, Moore and Noyce quit Fairchild and founded Intel, which was devoted to developing the data storage field that was undeveloped in the computer industry at that time. At first, Moore served as executive vice president. 1975 became the president and CEO of the company. 1979, as the company's chairman and CEO. Among them, the title of CEO remains until 1987, and the position of chairman remains until 1997. Intel is committed to developing the data storage field that was not developed in the computer industry at that time. The first important product, Intel 1 103 memory chip, was listed in the early 1970s.
Intel's history
Introduction of various models of Intel CPU The CPU used in personal computers is mainly Intel brand, and the development history of PC CPU is equal to the history of Intel company. Now, introduce the development of Intel's CPU. Intel CPU model development: 4004:1969 (4bit4bit) 8008:1972 (8bit8bit) 8080:1974 (8bit8bit) 8085:1976 (8bit 65438+ 0979 (CPU internal 16bit, external 8bit) 80186:1980 (16bit) 80188:198. 06 bit) 80386: 1985 (32 bit) 80486: 1988(32 bit) Pentium: 1993 (32x2 = 64 bit) Pentium Pro:1995 (32x2) 1997 (32x2 = 64bit), Pentium II: 1997 (32x2 = 64bit), Pentium II is the main product of 1998. Deschutes: 1998 introduced the follow-up products of Pentium II, which adopted 0.25um process and had low power consumption. Katmai: MMX2 product of multimedia extension format of Katmai Slot 2 (K2SP), which is used for servers and workstations. The external frequency is 100MHz, and the internal frequency has several versions of 40O/450/500 MHz. L2 cache is 4 MB, and 1998 is introduced. Willamette: P6 and P7 products with code name P68 are twice as fast as Pentium II. Merced: 786 CPU, or P7 for short, was jointly developed by Intel/HP and HP, which revolutionized the processing speed of multimedia instructions. Appears at the end of 1997, and is introduced at 1998- 1999.
886 series: 886 products, the processing performance is twice as high as P7. 1286 series: the indicator products of Intel Corporation's 20 1 1 plan. CISC CPU and RISC CPU ◎ CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) Complex Instruction Set CPU is used to decode complex instructions and divide them into several microinstructions for execution. Its advantages are many instructions and easy to develop programs. However, due to complex instructions, poor execution efficiency and slow data processing speed. At present, the structure of 286/386/486/ Pentium is CISC CPU. ◎ RISC (reduced instruction set computer) RISC is to simplify the instruction set CPU, remove complex instructions, keep simplified common instructions, and cooperate with internal fast instruction processing circuits to speed up instruction decoding and data processing. However, it must be processed by the compiler to play its efficiency. Power PC is the structure of RISC CPU. ◎ Improved CISC CPU: In view of the advantages of RISC, the structure of CISC has been partially improved and developed, such as Intel's Pentium-Pro(P6), Pentium-II, Cyrix's M 1, M2, AMD's K5, K6 and so on. Working Clock of CPU Each CPU has a pin called clock and a barrel called CLK, which is the working clock provided for CPU to process data. Sometimes we call it frequency. The frequency provided to the CPU is in MHz (megahertz), which involves the frequency multiplication or frequency division of the CPU. After internal frequency multiplication or frequency division, the internal frequency is the working clock (or working frequency) for CPU to execute instructions. The frequency of CPU, the internal structure of CPU and the way of instruction processing are all related to the speed of CPU processing instructions, such as the processing structure of instructions in superscalar pipeline, the capacity of internal cache, instruction decoding, program compilation, and the processing of complex instruction set (CISC) or reduced instruction set (RISC). Generally, the working clock of CPU is expressed by its model, such as 166MHz of Pentium -l66 and 200MHz of Pentium -200. Under the same structure, the higher the value of the CPU model, the faster its speed, of course, the higher the price. The clock generator provides processing time for CPU, that is, the working frequency provided for CPU, which will change with different CPU models and specifications. In the early 286/386 CPU, the external frequency was twice the working frequency of 286/386 CPU because of the internal frequency division circuit. Divided by 2, it is the working frequency used by CPU, such as 80286-20, 80386-20. The clock generator outside the CPU will provide the CPU with a frequency of 40MHz and divide it by 2 inside the CPU, that is, 80286. However, from 486DX2, 486DX4 and Pentium CPU, the internal CPU appears in the form of frequency doubling. The internal frequency doubling of CPU does not affect peripheral devices, and the CPU can be upgraded to L.5/2/3/3.5/4/4.5 frequency doubling. As long as the material, temperature, frequency and technology of CPU can work stably, it can be mass-produced, so different types of CPU have different frequencies. The motherboard can withstand the frequency in the range of (120 ~ 200) MHz to match different numbers of CPUs. When updating the CPU, as long as the chipset of the motherboard meets the functions of the CPU, a faster CPU can be updated. Klamath CPU what is klamath? Klamath is geographically a river name in the United States. On personal computers, it has many names. Some people call it P6C, others call it Pentium Pro MMX, and some people call it 686 multimedia instruction set CPU. Its name is dazzling, but most people call it Pentium II, because Pentium and Pentium Pro are synonymous with 586 and 686. Anyway, it is the latest model of the sixth generation Intel CPU. It combines Pentium Pro CPU and MMX (Multimedia Extensions Instruction) technology, and is the highest performance CPU of Intel Corporation at present. It has the following different features: ◎ It is an expansion card box design, in which the CPU and L2 cache are packaged in a box and inserted in an expansion slot named Slot 1. ◎ Pentium II box CPU*** includes CPU+ 1 cache control chip +4 cache chips. ◎ High processing speed. At present, there are six models, Pentium II-233, Pentium II-266, Pentium II-300, Pentium II-333, Pentium II-350 and Pentium II-400. ◎ It provides general integer operation, multimedia operation of graphics and images, and floating-point operation of three-dimensional drawing. It is a new generation visual computing center. ◎ It is applied to small and medium-sized enterprises, computer servers/workstations, government agencies, schools and families, and is suitable for the transmission of data such as e-commerce, graphics and images, education and entertainment. ◎ The innovative double independent bus (DIB) structure is adopted to accelerate the data transmission between the cache and CPU. ◎ The L 1 cache inside the ◎CPU is increased to 64KB(32KB instruction /32KB data). ◎ The L2 cache in the ◎CPU external card box is increased to 256KB or 5 12KB. ◎Slot 1◎ The card slot of Pentium II * * has 242 legs, and there is a large heat sink or fan on the card. MMX MMX is the abbreviation of Yingli multimedia extension, and Chinese is multimedia extension instruction set CPU. These consoles can speed up the processing of graphics, images, sounds and other applications. MMX Pentium CPU strengthens the shortcomings of Pentium CPU in multimedia processing. It can use its built-in multimedia instructions to simulate the processing of 3D drawing and the compression/decompression of MPEG. Stereo sound effects, etc. As long as the software supports MMX CPU, it can replace these hardware interfaces to achieve multimedia effects. The pins of MMX Pentium CPU are the same as those of Pentium CPU, but the internal structure is different from the voltage used by CPU. In addition to providing MMX multimedia circuits, the voltages used must be 2.8V and 3.3V Therefore, some chipsets and BIOS of the motherboard must also cooperate with each other to support MMX, so as to upgrade the computer and make it play the role of MMX.