Analysis on the factors of drinking water difficulty in rural areas
The people who drink high fluorine water in China are mainly distributed in some provinces (autonomous regions) in North China, East China, Northeast China and Northwest China. Drinking high fluoride water for a long time can cause endemic fluorosis, including dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis, which directly threatens people's health. People who drink high arsenic water are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jilin and other provinces (autonomous regions). Drinking high arsenic water not only harms human health, but also causes long-term changes, mutations and distortions, such as tumors and malignant diseases. The rural population drinking brackish water is mainly distributed in North China, Northwest China and East China. Drinking bitter salt water for a long time will lead to hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases.
Due to the vast territory and special terrain, some areas are vulnerable to erosion, serious soil erosion, serious soil erosion in rural areas, and great difficulty in drinking water for people and livestock. The uneven distribution of water resources in time and space leads to seasonal and regional water shortage, and villagers can only carry water in the distance in dry season. Due to the shortage of water resources and the lack of necessary water supply facilities, it brings great inconvenience to rural residents' lives, and it is more difficult to build rural drinking water safety projects. For example, in the southwest central and western regions, the three-dimensional climate is obvious, and because the rivers are cut all the year round, the mountains are high and deep, and the gullies are criss-crossed, forming a strong eroded mountainous terrain, with flat terraces of different sizes, and the valleys are V-shaped, with a drop of several thousand meters, which is difficult to develop.
In the past, the water quality of most drinking water exceeded the standard in sensory and bacteriological indexes. At present, due to industrial pollution, the quality of drinking water is chemical or even toxicological, so it is difficult to ensure the health of rural residents by drinking surface water and shallow groundwater directly. In some rural areas near the industrial zone, the wastewater discharged by factories directly enters the villagers' drinking water through various channels, and the waste gas enters harmful substances from plants in rainwater drinking water.
According to preliminary statistics, the tap water penetration rate of more than 900 million rural residents in China is about 40%, including about 50% in cities and towns and only about 30% in rural areas. The centralized water supply rate in rural areas is low. In most areas, water is directly taken from rivers, ponds, springs, reservoirs and shallow groundwater. Simple water supply facilities, almost no water purification facilities, low construction standards of drinking water projects and imperfect management facilities have led to serious problems such as bacteriological indicators pollutants and harmful mineral components exceeding the standard in drinking water. The water quality monitoring of rural drinking water sources is still basically in a blank state, and there are some problems such as unclear base and serious shortage of monitoring power.
To solve the problem of drinking water in rural areas, we must first implement the new idea of water control put forward by the party group of the Ministry of Water Resources, and promote the sustainable development of social economy through the sustainable utilization of water resources? In the near future, we should focus on solving the problem that people in poor areas have water to eat, and adopt different investment policies and solutions for different regions and levels. In the long run, it is to improve the quality of domestic water and the guarantee rate of water supply, popularize and develop rural tap water, and realize the coordinated development of rural water supply and rural economy.
Strategies to solve the difficulty of drinking water in rural areas
Strengthen the prevention and control of industrial pollution. It is strictly forbidden to develop polluting industries near rural drinking water sources, strictly control the total discharge of pollutants, accelerate the implementation of cleaner production, and put an end to direct discharge of industrial wastewater. Take active and effective measures to strictly control the pollution of agricultural water sources. It is necessary to change the mode of agricultural production, develop circular agriculture, guide farmers to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides rationally, and prohibit the use of highly toxic and residual pesticides. Promote the treatment of livestock manure and the renovation of village ponds, and carry out rural environmental management.
The work does not mean that all the work after the construction of drinking water supply facilities has been completed. If there is no later management and maintenance, it is not a successful drinking water supply facility.
Regularly supervise infrastructure such as water supply pipelines and pumps, and severely warn those who destroy water supply facilities. Regular inspection and maintenance of water supply infrastructure, eliminate hidden dangers, and ensure continuous and safe drinking water supply.
Set up a professional water quality monitoring team, implement the organization composition, personnel, task completion, responsibility, equipment, capital investment and other issues, regularly test the water quality of water sources, and ensure that people drink non-toxic and harmless water. Form a benign operating system and management mechanism with unified responsibilities and rights and safe use.
Accelerate the construction of small and micro water storage projects focusing on rainwater collection and utilization.
At present, some effective methods to solve the drinking water problem in rural areas of central and western China have been explored by using small and micro water storage projects such as rainwater collection pits. In northwest China, the "12 1" rainwater collection cellar project, represented by Gansu, is to solve the drinking water problem in rural areas by building artificial catchments to collect natural rainfall and building two cellars for each household, and to build some water source projects with high guarantee rate in a certain range to ensure that people have water to drink in particularly dry years. The "12 1" rainwater harvesting project started from 1995 in this province, and it only took two years to solve and improve the population with draught difficulties of 13 10000; The "manna project" implemented in Shaanxi Province from 1996 has solved the drinking water problem of 4120,000 people in three years.
In southwest China, the "Wish Project", represented by Guangxi and Guizhou, mobilized farmers to build pools and tanks in front of and behind their houses to solve the drinking water problem, and also achieved very good results. The "Wish Project" implemented in Guizhou Province from 1997 has solved the drinking water problem of 3 million people in three years. Practice has proved that collecting and storing rainwater is an effective and good way to solve the problem of drinking water in rural areas.
Strengthen coordination among departments. Local governments should coordinate relevant departments to form a mechanism to combine the report of rural drinking water safety engineering construction project plan with local new rural construction and community construction, make overall planning and rational layout, adjust project plans in time, use limited funds in places in urgent need, and prohibit funds from being idle for a long time.
Change the existing fund allocation model. The allocation should be made according to the actual expenditure of the project construction, so as to avoid the low quality or long-term shelving of the project due to the shortage of funds. In order to prevent the project expenditure from being falsely reported, we can audit the final accounts of the project, allocate funds according to the audited amount and control the project expenditure.
Strengthen fund management. Finance at all levels should set up a special account for rural drinking water safety project construction funds, manage the income and expenditure of special account funds, ensure earmarking, and avoid misappropriation of funds; The funds transferred between the superior and the subordinate are directly transferred through the special account, which reduces the intermediate links of financial internal fund transfer and avoids the phenomenon of fund retention caused by inter-departmental coordination.
Increase publicity. The water conservancy department should intensify propaganda, use various media to increase the popularization of rural drinking water safety knowledge, so that farmers can truly realize the necessity of drinking "safe water" and the harm of drinking "natural water" and actively cooperate with the project implementation. At the same time, the water conservancy department should increase cooperation with relevant departments, and relevant departments should investigate the responsibility of individuals or organizations that obstruct normal construction.
Establish a benign operation mechanism and do a good job of post-construction management and protection. First, further expand the construction scale, build more centralized water supply projects, increase the number of beneficiaries, reduce the amortization cost of tons of water, and establish a virtuous cycle operation management mechanism of "paid water supply and water conservation"; The second is to improve the reasonable water price formation mechanism to keep the rural water price within a reasonable range, so as to gradually establish a local water price formation mechanism; The third is to improve and implement various rules and regulations to strengthen the maintenance of pipe network, implement post-construction management and paid services, and ensure that rural drinking water safety projects are completed, managed, affordable and long-term.
In a word, the drinking water problem has brought many difficulties to the health, production and life of rural residents. Therefore, it is necessary for the state to attach great importance to and support the construction of rural drinking water safety projects and increase the construction of rural drinking water supply facilities. Only in this way can the rural drinking water problem be completely solved.