In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games was held here, and Dorian Klose won the 192.27 meter sprint. He became the first winner of the first event in the International Olympic Games. Later, the scale of the ancient Greek Games gradually expanded and became a grand event to show the national spirit. The winner of the competition can get a wreath of laurel, wild olive and palm. From 776 BC to 394 AD, after 1 170 years, * * * held the 293rd ancient Olympic Games. It was banned by the Roman emperor in 394 AD.
1875 ~ 188 1 year, Kutius in Germany excavated cultural relics in Olympic sites, which aroused the interest of the whole world. Therefore, Pierre De Coubertin, a French educator, believes that it is of great significance to restore the tradition of the ancient Greek Olympic Games to promote the development of international sports. Under his advocacy and active running, the first international sports conference was held in Paris in June 1894. The International Sports Conference decided to call the world-wide comprehensive games the Olympic Games. The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens, Greece, on April 1896, and it was held in every member country in turn every four years. By 1992, 25 Olympic Games have been held.
The ancient Olympic Games were basically held every four years, and this cycle was called "Olympiad". According to this cycle, from 776 BC to 394 AD, * * * should be held for 293 sessions; But in fact the number of meetings is much less. However, according to the ancient Olympic Games, one Olympic Games is one, whether it is held or not.
In the early days of the ancient Olympic Games, there were not many events, so the first 22 sessions only lasted for one day. Later, with the increase of incidents, it was extended to two days. From the 37th session, the juvenile competition was added, and the time was extended to 5 days. The first day is the opening ceremony, where sacrifices and oaths are held, the second, third and fourth days are the specific contents of the competition, and the fifth day is the closing ceremony, where prizes are awarded and sacrificial activities are held.
At present, the Olympic Games include track and field, swimming (including diving, water polo and synchronized swimming), shooting, weightlifting, cycling, archery, basketball, volleyball, football, handball, hockey, gymnastics (including rhythmic gymnastics), fencing, international wrestling (freestyle and classical), boxing, judo, rowing and kayaking.
The development scale and level of the modern Olympic Movement have attracted worldwide attention. The Olympic spirit has been widely spread. People see that Olympism, as a cultural phenomenon, closely links ethnic groups with different skin colors and cultural backgrounds in the form of competition, which has a far-reaching impact on human social activities and human civilization. As a sports phenomenon, the Olympic Games is the most fascinating stage for human beings to explore the limits of physical fitness. Olympic records and medals have become lofty goals pursued by athletes, and the Olympic movement has become a global activity with great attraction, penetration and cohesion in many participating countries and regions.
The origin of the ancient Olympic Games
On the peninsula, on the alfons River, at the foot of Crophius Mountain, it belongs to the Olympia village in Ilya area, and is considered as the place where the gods live together. Therefore, the temple of Zeus was built here, and its vicinity was called Altz. At that time, every city-state came here in July and August to worship Zeus. In addition to offering sacrifices and holding ceremonies, competitive sports are also listed as activities of offering sacrifices to gods. The leap year, which is held every four years, expanded the sacrificial ceremony and later formed a system, which is the origin of the Olympic Games held every four years. The four-year cycle of the ancient Olympic Games was called "Olympiad".
There are many myths and legends about the origin of the ancient Olympic Games. One of the most popular myths and legends is that Polosse, the son of Poseidon, defeated Oenomais, the king, in a racing car to marry Princess Hippodamia and won the princess and the throne. In order to celebrate the victory and thank the gods for their protection, Olympia held a competition.
Of course, the myth well is not history. In fact, the appearance of the ancient Olympic Games in ancient Greece is an objective historical phenomenon cast by geographical environment, economic life style, cultural customs, religious beliefs, values, aesthetics and other historical and cultural factors. Most historians believe that since 776 BC, competitive performances have appeared in the form of competitions, so people usually regard this as the beginning of the ancient Olympic Games.
The modern Olympic movement rose in the capitalist industrial age in Europe, but its origin can be traced back to the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The ancient Olympic Games was held every four years. From the first recorded Olympic Games in 776 BC to 393 AD, * * * held 293 sessions, which lasted165,438+069, and experienced several classes of emergence, development and decline.
First of all, the natural environment of ancient Greece and the formation of competitive sports customs.
The superior geographical location made ancient Greece a meeting point of various cultures, accelerated the process of social development, made outstanding contributions to mankind in various fields such as science, culture, art and sports, and became the birthplace of western civilization. Competitive sports is an important part of Greek life.
Second, the events of the early Olympic Games also reflected the development relationship between the war and the ancient Olympic Games. In the 500 years since 776 AD, the Olympic events have gradually expanded, from a single competition to wrestling, mixed martial arts, boxing, four-horse chariots, horse racing, wrestling, horse racing and pentathlon. Most of these events are related to military skills, which reflects the role of war in promoting the development of Olympic events. Although the events of the ancient Olympic Games had obvious military brand, the Olympic Games itself was a grand event of the whole Greek nation. Although there are frequent conflicts between the city-states, they are also closely related. Especially since the 8th century BC, with the rise of the ancient Greek colonial movement, a Greek civilization circle has been formed in the Mediterranean region.
Third, the religious customs of ancient Greece and the formation of the Olympic model.
The ancient Olympic Games is a pan-Greek religious celebration, which has the following three characteristics: first, the worship of the gods of Olympus; Second, there is a unique sacrificial system; Third, there are rich religious myths and legends.
Fourth, the rise and fall of the ancient Olympic Games.
It can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage (8th century BC-6th century BC) developed into a grand event attended by Greek city-states. The second stage (6th century BC-4th century BC) was the heyday of slavery in ancient Greek city-states, and the ancient Olympic Games reached its peak. In the third stage (4th century BC-4th century AD), ancient Greece was conquered by Macedonia and the Roman Empire, and the ancient Olympic Games entered a period of decline.
Second, the motivation of the Olympic movement:
In order to meet the needs of international sports development,/kloc-in the second half of the 9th century, with the development of international political and economic situation, modern sports showed two obvious development trends. One is the rapid development of competitive sports, and the other is the internationalization trend of sports. 188 1 year, the first international individual sports organization, the International Gymnastics Federation, was established. With the expansion of international sports exchanges, it has become an urgent need of the times to establish a comprehensive stage for international sports exchanges and an international sports organization that coordinates the activities of individual organizations and plays a management role.
Finally, at the suggestion of Coubertin 1893, the French Federation of Athletics Associations held an international sports conference. Discuss the revival of the Olympic Games.
1894 the international sports conference was grandly opened at the Sorbonne theological seminary in Paris. And adopted an important document-the resolution on "Resuming the Olympic Games". As the first Olympic Games will be held in Athens, Greece, the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games from 65438 to 0896, Kailas VI of Greece will be the first president and Coubertin will be the secretary-general. Congress stipulates which country's big cities hold the Olympic Games every four years.
Three. Comparison of Main Features between Modern Olympic Games and Ancient Olympic Games
1. The name "Olympic Games" has already been used.
2. Inherited the tradition of "Olympia" with a cycle every four years.
3. Learn from and develop some ceremonies of the ancient Olympic Games.
4. Absorbed and developed the traditional ideas of ancient Olympic Games. 4. The first Olympic Games was held in Athens, Greece from April 6th, 1996 to June 5th, 1996.
The second Olympic Games was held in Paris, France from May 20th to1October 28th. 1900.
The third Olympic Games was held in St. Louis, USA from July 1904 to1October 23rd.
The 4th Olympic Games was held in London, England from April 27th to October 3rd 1908.
The 5th Olympic Games was held in Stockholm, Sweden from May 5th to July 22nd on 19 12.
The 7th Olympic Games 1920 was held in Antwerp, Belgium from April 20th to September 2nd.
The eighth session was held in Paris, France, 1924.
The 9th Olympic Games was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands from May 1928 to August 12.
The 10th Olympic Games was held in Los Angeles, USA from July 30th to August 30th. 1932.
The 11th Olympic Games was held in Berlin, Germany from August 1936 to June 16.
The 14th Olympic Games was held in London, England from July 29th to August 1948. This is the first Olympic Games held after the interruption of World War II 12 years. London was once designated as the venue of the 13 Olympic Games, but it was closed because the war was still going on at that time (1944), so it was selected as the host again this year.
The 15th Olympic Games was held in Helsinki, Finland from July 1952 to August 3.
The16th Olympic Games was held in Melbourne, Australia from1October 22nd to February 8th, 1956+065438+.
The17th Olympic Games was held in Rome, Italy from 1960 to122 August.
The18th Olympic Games was held in Tokyo, Japan from June 1964 to October/0/0-24.
The19th Olympic Games was held in Mexico City from June 1968 to October 12 to 27.
The 20th Olympic Games was held in Munich, Germany from August 26th to September 60th.
The 2nd 1 Olympic Games was held in Montreal, Canada from July 17 to August 1976.
The 22nd Olympic Games 1980 was held in Moscow, Soviet Union, from July to August 3 in 19.
The 23rd Olympic Games1984 was held in Los Angeles from July 28th to August12nd.
The 24th Olympic Games/KOOC-0/September 1988/KOOC-0/7-/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0 was held in Seoul, Korea on October 2nd.
The 25th Olympic Games 1992 was held in Barcelona, Spain from July 25th to August 9th.
The 26th Olympic Games was held in Atlanta, USA from July 6th to August 4th, 1996.
The 27th Olympic Games was held in Sydney, Australia from September 6th to1October 6th, 2000.
The 28th Olympic Games was held in Athens, Greece from August 6th to August 29th, 2004.
The 29th Olympic Games was held in Beijing in 2008.
The 30th Olympic Games was held in London, England in 20 12.
List of host cities of previous Winter Olympics:
Host city for holding the session.
Chamonix 1924 1
1928 No.2 St. Moritz, Switzerland
No.3 Lake Placid, USA, 1932
1936 4 garmisch, Germany
1948 No.5 St. Moritz Street, Switzerland
Oslo 1952 6, Norway
1956 7 Italy
Squaw valley No.8 1960, USA
1964 No.9 Innsbruck, Austria
Grenoble, France
1972 1 1 sapporo, Japan
Innsbruck, Austria 1976 12
Lake Placid 13, USA
Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 1984 14
1988 15 Calgary, Canada
1992 16 albertville, France
Lillehammer, Norway 1994 17
1998 18 Nagano, Japan
2002 19 salt lake city, USA
20, 2006, Turin, Italy
20 10 2 1 Vancouver, Canada
Mascot:
Han Meilin, the head of the emblem design team of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, the logo creation team of Beijing Olympic Games, the expert group of mascot design of Beijing Olympic Games and the first graduate of Central Academy of Arts and Crafts, is not only a talented, diligent and prolific painter and sculptor, but also a writer. His studio also shows artistic charm like his works-Han Meilin Studio of China Artists Association, the first studio named after artists in China, and the only studio led by artists in China Artists Association.
Han Meilin said that the mascot design fully integrated the traditional culture of China. For example, in terms of quantity, as Jiang Xiaoyu revealed to the public, five mascots will be selected for the Beijing Olympic Games. Break through the number of mascots in previous Olympic Games. In Buddhist culture, "Five" represents perfection, and it also conforms to the "Five Elements (Golden Wood, Fire, Water and Earth)" in China culture, echoing the Olympic symbol "Five Rings" at a distance.
Han Meilin has created dozens of giant city sculptures for Atlanta and other American cities. 1996, after 17 the competition of top artists from all over the world, only three sculptures were finally selected as the landmark sculptures of the 26th Atlanta Olympic Games, among which Han Meilin's work, the granite bronze sculpture "Wulong Bell Tower", was permanently displayed in Atlanta Century Park. Today, leaders of many countries in the world have Han Meilin's art collections. Why does Beijing bid for the Olympic Games?
The Olympic Games is a world-wide sports event, which plays a unique role in maintaining peace, enhancing friendship and promoting civilization. As an important country in the world, China should make its due contribution to the development of the world Olympic Movement, and hosting the Olympic Games is the most concentrated embodiment of this contribution. Advocating the Olympic spirit, participating in Olympic affairs and hosting the Olympic Games are also the pursuits and ideals of all people in China, including Beijingers. In recent years, with the further deepening of reform and opening up and the sustained development of social economy, China's social stability, economic prosperity and comprehensive national strength have been greatly enhanced. As the capital, Beijing's bid to host the Olympic Games on behalf of China can more comprehensively reflect the development level and trend of China in politics, economy and culture, more fully show the image of China to the world, and at the same time establish the image of Beijing as a civilized, open and developed modern international metropolis, which is beneficial to Beijing's own development. Therefore, bidding for the Olympic Games again is an important event for the people of China and Beijing to enjoy the Olympic spirit, promote human civilization and promote cultural exchanges between the East and the West. It is also a good opportunity to show brilliant achievements, strengthen opening up and promote their own development.