1. Underwater pump
A versatile water treatment tool. Different from ordinary pumps, it works underwater, while most pumps work on the ground.
Working principle of submersible pump
Before starting the pump, the suction pipe and the pump must be filled with liquid. After the pump is started, the impeller rotates at high speed, and the liquid inside rotates with the blades. Under the action of centrifugal force, it flies off the impeller and shoots outward. The speed of the liquid sprayed from the diffusion chamber of the pump shell gradually slows down, the pressure gradually increases, and then it flows out from the pump outlet and the discharge pipe. At this time, because the liquid is thrown around, a vacuum low-pressure area with neither air nor liquid is formed in the center of the blade. Under the action of atmospheric pressure on the pool surface, the liquid in the liquid pool flows into the pump through the suction pipe, so that the liquid is continuously pumped up from the liquid pool and continuously flows out from the discharge pipe.
Basic parameters of submersible pump
Including flow, head, pump speed, matching power, rated current, efficiency, pipe diameter and so on.
Main uses and application scope of submersible pump
Including building drainage, irrigation and drainage of water conservancy and agriculture, industrial water circulation, water supply for urban and rural residents, and even emergency rescue and disaster relief.
2. Centrifugal pump
Let's start with centrifugation.
Centrifugation is actually a manifestation of the inertia of an object. For example, when the umbrella rotates slowly, the water droplets will follow the umbrella, because the friction between the umbrella and the water droplets plays a centripetal role in the water droplets. But if the umbrella rotates faster, the friction is not enough to make the water droplets move in a circle, so the water droplets will move away from the umbrella to the outer edge. It's like pulling a stone around with a rope. Too fast, the rope will break and the stone will fly out. This is the so-called "circle"
Centrifugal pump is designed according to this principle. High-speed rotating impeller blades drive water to rotate and throw it out, thus achieving the purpose of transportation.
There are many kinds of centrifugal pumps, which can be divided into civil and industrial pumps in use, fresh water pumps, impurity pumps and corrosion-resistant pumps in conveying media.
The basic structure of centrifugal pump consists of six parts, namely: impeller, pump body, pump shaft, bearing, sealing ring and stuffing box.
1, the impeller is the core component of centrifugal pump, and its rotation speed is higher than the force, and the blades on the impeller play the main role. The impeller must pass the static balance experiment before assembly. The inner and outer surfaces of the impeller should be smooth to reduce the friction loss of water flow.
2. The pump body, also known as the pump shell, is the main body of the pump. It plays a supporting and fixing role, and is connected with the bracket for mounting the bearing.
3. The function of the pump shaft is to connect with the motor through the coupling and transfer the torque of the motor to the impeller, so it is the main component to transfer mechanical energy.
4. Bearings are components that are sleeved on the pump shaft to support the pump shaft, including rolling bearings and sliding bearings. Rolling bearings should be properly coated with butter as lubricant, generally 2/3 ~ 3/4. If the volume is too large, it will generate heat, and if it is too small, it will generate noise and heat! Plain bearings use transparent oil as lubricant. Add oil to the oil level. Too much oil will seep out and drift along the pump shaft, and too little bearing will overheat and burn out, causing accidents! During the operation of the water pump, the maximum temperature of the bearing is 85 degrees, and it usually runs around 60 degrees. If it is high, it is necessary to find out the reason (whether there are impurities, whether the oil is black, whether it is flooded) and deal with it in time!
5. The sealing ring is also called leakage reduction ring. The gap between the impeller inlet and the pump casing is too large, which will cause the water in the high pressure area of the pump to flow to the low pressure area through this gap, which will affect the water output of the pump and reduce the efficiency! If the clearance is too small, the friction between the impeller and the pump casing will cause wear. In order to increase reflux resistance, reduce internal leakage and prolong the service life of impeller and pump casing, a sealing ring is installed at the joint between the inner edge of pump casing and the outer edge of impeller, and the sealing gap should be kept between 0.25 ~ 1. 10 mm.
6. The stuffing box is mainly composed of packing, water seal ring, packing cylinder, packing gland and water seal pipe. The function of the stuffing box is mainly to seal the gap between the pump casing and the pump shaft, to prevent the water in the pump from flowing outward and the outside air from entering the pump. Always keep the vacuum in the water pump! When the pump shaft and the packing are heated by friction, it is necessary to cool the packing by putting water in the water seal ring by the water seal pipe! Keep the water pump running normally. Therefore, special attention should be paid to checking the stuffing box when the pump is running for inspection! After running for about 600 hours, the packing should be replaced.
Working principle of centrifugal pump
The working principle of centrifugal pump is: depending on the impeller rotating at high speed, the liquid gains energy and increases pressure under the action of inertial centrifugal force. Before the pump works, the pump body and inlet pipe must be filled with water to prevent cavitation. When the impeller rotates rapidly, the blades urge the water to rotate rapidly, and the rotating water flies away from the impeller under the action of centrifugal force. After the water in the pump is thrown out, the central part of the impeller forms a vacuum zone. Under the action of atmospheric pressure (or water pressure), the water in Shui Yuan is pressed into the water inlet pipe through the pipe network. In this way, continuous pumping can be realized. It is worth mentioning that the centrifugal pump must be filled with water before starting, otherwise it will cause the pump body to heat and vibrate, reduce the water output, damage the pump (referred to as "cavitation"), and cause equipment accidents! Cavitation refers to the phenomenon that when a centrifugal pump is started, if there is air in the pump, because the density of air is very low, the centrifugal force generated after rotation is very small, so the low pressure formed in the central area of the impeller is not enough to suck the liquid with the liquid level lower than the pump inlet into the pump, and the fluid cannot be transported.
There are many kinds of centrifugal pumps, and the common classification methods are as follows.
1, according to the impeller suction mode: single suction centrifugal pump and double suction centrifugal pump;
2. According to the number of impellers: single-stage centrifugal pump and multi-stage centrifugal pump;
3. According to the impeller structure: open impeller centrifugal pump, semi-open impeller centrifugal pump and closed impeller centrifugal pump;
4. According to working pressure: low-pressure centrifugal pump, medium-pressure centrifugal pump and high-pressure centrifugal pump;
5. According to the position of the pump shaft: horizontal centrifugal pump and vertical centrifugal pump.
ISG domestic feed water pump, domestic pump, domestic water pump and domestic water supply and drainage equipment are all designed according to the performance parameters of IS and IR centrifugal pumps and the unique structural combination of vertical pumps, and are manufactured in strict accordance with the requirements of ISO2858. They are designed with domestic high-quality hydraulic models and are the most ideal new generation of horizontal pump products. This product adopts cemented carbide mechanical seal. Application scope: ISW pump is suitable for industrial and urban water supply and drainage, such as high-rise building pressurized water supply, garden sprinkler irrigation, fire pressurization, long-distance transportation, HVAC refrigeration cycle, bathroom pressurization and equipment matching, and the use temperature is not more than 85℃. ISWR pump is widely used in boiler heat source water pressurization, transportation and urban heating system in metallurgy, chemical industry, textile, paper making, catering and other industries. The working temperature of SGWR pump shall not exceed 120oC.
09-07- 1 1 | Add a comment
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A feasibility study report is a written report that makes a concrete, in-depth and detailed technical demonstration and economic evaluation on its possibility, effectiveness, technical scheme and technical policy before carrying out a construction or scientific research project, so as to determine the technically reasonable and economically optimal scheme and the best opportunity.
The main content of the feasibility study report is to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed project with a large number of data with comprehensive and systematic analysis as the main method, economic benefits as the core and various factors affecting the project. Put forward the comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the whole feasibility study, and point out the advantages and disadvantages and suggestions. For the conclusion, it is often necessary to add some attachments, such as test data, demonstration materials, calculation charts, drawings, etc. To enhance the persuasiveness of the feasibility report.
The composition of the feasibility study report mainly includes: 1. Introduction. The general introduction is the basic situation of the project. This part is particularly important in the preparation of feasibility study report, which mainly depends on project approval, loan application and cooperation object attraction. The general contents generally include the background, history, summary and undertaker of the project. Second, research on basic issues. The research on the basic problems of feasibility study report is a more principled and systematic summary after summarizing, unifying and balancing various special research reports. The main contents are: market situation and enterprise scale; Resources and raw materials and cooperation conditions; Site selection scheme; Technical scheme of the project; Environmental protection program; Factory management organization and employee plan; Project implementation plan and schedule plan; Financing; Economic evaluation; Conclusion.
The requirements for compiling the feasibility study report are as follows: 1. Design scheme. Second, the content is true. Third, the forecast is accurate. Fourth, the argument is rigorous.
The main purposes of the feasibility study report are: first, the relevant government departments set up projects. Second, the procedures for land purchase by land and resources management departments. Third, commercial bank loans or other financing methods. Fourth, the environmental management department's EIA approval.
Outline of feasibility study report
Chapter I Project Overview
Section 1 Project Background
I. Overview of the Project
Second, the construction conditions
Section II Basis of Feasibility Study
Section III Research Purpose and Significance
The fourth section feasibility study conclusion
Chapter II Analysis of Project Environment
Section 1 Social and Economic Environment
Section 2 Technical Feasibility Analysis of Market Investment
Section III Analysis of Industry-related Policies
I. Relevant national policies
Second, the role of local governments.
Three. protect intellectual property rights
Chapter III Industry Investment Analysis
Section 1 Analysis of Industry Investment Benefit
I. Industry profitability
Second, the industry solvency
Third, the industry growth prospects
Section 2 Investment Opportunities in Industries
Section III Major Investment Risk Factors in the Industry
I. Risk of investment environment
Second, the risks of resources and raw materials.
Third, technical risks.
Fourth, market risk.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) financial risk
Security risks of intransitive verbs
Chapter IV Market Analysis
Section 1 Market Survey
I. Market size and use
Second, the existing production capacity of the market.
(a) the existing production capacity and utilization rate
(2) Capacity utilization rate of major manufacturers
(3) The existing production capacity of the region
(four) the production capacity of the project under construction and its regional distribution
(five) the production capacity and expected production time of the approved construction project.
Third, the market product production and sales volume
(A) the total output and its changes
(B) regional output distribution structure
(c) Comparative analysis of domestic ownership and foreign ownership in relevant countries.
(four) the import volume, import price and import source of products in recent years.
(5) The export quantity, export price and export destination of products in recent years.
Fourth, the market product price.
(A) product pricing management measures
(two) the product sales price and its changes.
(3) analysis of the highest price and the lowest price
Verb (abbreviation of verb) market substitute product
(1) Performance, quality, advantages and disadvantages of substitute products
(two) the production capacity and output of domestic substitute products
(3) the market price of substitute products
(four) the import possibility and price of substitute products.
Section 2 Market Analysis
First, the market product life cycle analysis
Second, the market product market supply and demand analysis
Third, market segmentation analysis
(A) market segmentation
(B) Select the target market
(3) product pricing
Demand analysis
Fourth, market consumer analysis.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) market development forecast
(A) analysis of market prospects
(B) product demand forecast
(3) product price forecast
The third quarter marketing strategy
First, product sales methods
Second, the promotion price system.
Third, marketing strategy.
Fourth, the sales expenses forecast
Chapter V Enterprise Competition Analysis and Project Scale Selection
Section 1 Development of Industrial Enterprises
Section 2 Analysis of Major Competitors
First, the market performance of competitors
Second, the strength and advantages and disadvantages of competitors
Third, the market competition strategy
Section 3 Analysis of Enterprise Competitiveness
I. General situation of the enterprise
Second, the financial situation of the enterprise
Three. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of enterprises
Fourth, the competitive strategy of enterprises.
Section IV Product Scheme and Project Scale
I. Product Scheme
(A) product selection basis
(2) Product name and specifications
Second, the project scale selection
(1) Total project scale
1, annual output of main products
2. Annual output of main by-products
3. Main equipment and devices
(2) Analysis of economic scale of the project
(3) Method and content of project construction
Chapter VI Project Organization and Implementation
Section 1 Infrastructure and Equipment
I. Utilization of infrastructure and equipment
Second, the cost estimation and depreciation
Section 2 Supply of Raw Materials and Fuel Power
First, the amount and supply of raw materials and main auxiliary materials.
Second, the supply of fuel, electricity and other public facilities
Three, the main raw materials, fuel power cost estimation
(a) the main raw materials, fuels and auxiliary materials and their quantity, specifications, quality and power sources.
(two) the name, specification, dosage and source of the main industrial products and semi-finished products to be used.
(3) Names, specifications, annual consumption, sources and necessity of imported raw materials and industrial products.
(4) Cost estimation
Section III Staffing
I. Form of production organization
Second, labor ability and training.
Third, salary and cost estimation.
The fourth quarter implementation schedule and time control
I. Project implementation stage
Second, the project implementation progress
Third, the project implementation cost
Section 5 Safety Measures
First, the security risk analysis
Second, the main safety and health facilities
Third, fire control measures and suggestions
Section 6 Environmental Protection
I. Current situation of regional environment
Second, the main pollution sources and pollutants of the project
Third, environmental governance programs.
Chapter VII Investment Estimation and Fund Raising
Section 1 Basis for Investment Estimation
Section 2 Project Investment Estimation
I. Investment in fixed assets
Two. Investment in intangible and deferred assets
Third, the reserve fund.
Fourth, the investment direction adjustment tax.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) interest during construction.
Intransitive verb asset liquidity
(A) the composition of funds
(2) Capital estimation
Section III Sources and Financing of Funds
I. Sources of funds
Second, the financing plan
Section IV Use and Management of Funds
I. Plan for the use of funds
Second, the repayment plan
(a) the source of repayment funds
(II) Method of repayment
(3) Repayment plan
Chapter VIII Economic Feasibility Analysis of the Project
Section 1 Prediction and Analysis of Project Achievements
Section II Cost-benefit Analysis
First, the production cost.
(1) Total cost
1, purchased raw materials and auxiliary materials
2. Purchased fuel power
3. Wage and Welfare Fund
4. Depreciation of equipment
(2) Unit cost
Second, cost estimation.
(1) Sales expenses
(2) Management expenses
(3) Financial expenses
Third, income estimation.
(1) revenue estimation
(2) Tax estimation
Four. Comparative analysis of cost and benefit
Section 3 Project Financial Analysis
I. Profitability
1, investment profit rate
2. Payback period of investment
3. Internal financial rate of return
4. Financial net present value
Second, debt repayment ability.
1, asset-liability ratio
2. Loan repayment period
Third, the project financial evaluation
The fourth quarter uncertainty analysis
First, sensitivity analysis.
Second, break-even analysis.
Third, risk factors and countermeasures
Section 5 Analysis of Social Benefits
Section VI Conclusion
Chapter 9: Conclusions and Suggestions (CMRN- Zhongjing Zongheng)
According to the results of previous research and analysis, make a comprehensive technical and economic evaluation of the project, summarize the construction plan, and put forward conclusive opinions and suggestions.
The first section feasibility analysis conclusion
Section II CMRN Suggestions
First, product positioning.
Second, the price strategy
Third, marketing strategy.
Appendix:
Analyze and evaluate financial indicators according to cash flow statement, income statement and balance sheet.
Plate:
First of all, put the basic situation of your company on. . . Date of establishment. . . Scope of business. Wait a minute. . . Type whatever you can. . . More will look good. . . Finally, it is very important: write clearly how many financial personnel you have. . What kind of account to set up. . . How complete the office equipment is. . . How do financial personnel handle the accounts of their own enterprises? . . Can pay taxes on time. . . Wait a minute. . . Finally: I hereby apply. . Stamp with official seal. . . ! !
Fan Wen:
XXXX IRS:
Our company is XXXXXXXXX, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise invested and established by Hongkong Jie Bao Industrial Co., Ltd., and its legal representative is XXXXXXXXX. The registered capital of the company is HK$ 7.8 million and the total investment is HK$ 8 million. The company mainly produces XXXXXXXXXX. All the investments are in place and have been verified by Guangzhou Dagong Certified Public Accountants. The company bought 300 mu of land in XXXXXXXXX, worth 6 million. The company's workshops and workshops have been completed and put into operation. Supporting hydropower facilities have been completed, and the value of fixed assets is about 5.76 million yuan, which is now in place. The company started production and operation in September 2006, and the product sales in that month was RMB 3,654,380+0.3 million (tax has been declared). It is estimated that the annual production and sales of products can reach 3 million yuan. The company has a set of standardized production processes: incoming inspection → folding nonwovens → process inspection → injection workshop → injection molding → peak cutting → packaging → testing → finished product inspection → finished product warehousing → final audit. The company has standardized management and is equipped with qualified accountants and full-time tax collectors. It has established a financial management system that conforms to national norms, established a complete accounting book, and has the ability to accurately calculate input tax, output tax and tax payable. In order to better carry out production and business activities and reduce the tax burden of enterprises, we are now applying to your bureau for temporary recognition as a general taxpayer of value-added tax, please approve it!
Salute!
XXXXXXXXXXXXX