I read 200 words about politics in grade one, 1
This semester, our administrative management major opened the course "Introduction to Administrative Management", and gave a systematic and detailed introduction and lecture on the concept and theory of public administration. As a supplement to classroom knowledge learning, I chose Politics and Administration as an extracurricular reading.
Politics and Management was written by Frank, an American political scientist. Goodnow's works. Goodnow is the main founder of the American Institute of Political Studies. He studied municipal institutions and management from a legal perspective, as well as American urban politics in the early 20th century. He is also one of the advocates of the theory of separation of politics and administration. Among them, Politics and Traveler is divided into two parts, which are introduced in detail in Goodnow's Politics and Administration.
After reading the book Politics and Administration, I roughly divided the book into three parts. The first part is the first three chapters, which tells the functions and politics of the country and the relationship between the central and local politics. The second part, from chapter four to chapter seven, introduces the functions of administration, the relationship between administrative system and government system and politics and political parties, and the characteristics and shortcomings of the governments of the United States and Britain. The third part is the content of political parties, including the concept of party leaders and the responsibilities of political parties. When reading this book, I focused on two aspects: politics and administration, and the content of political parties.
Regarding the separation of political affairs, in fact, this concept had been discussed before Goodnow. For example, Wilson, the 28th President of the United States, published the article "Research on Administrative Management" in 1887, and put forward the concept of separating government from enterprise for the first time in view of the situation of political parties sharing fat in the American government at that time. On the other hand, Goodnow put forward a new understanding and development of this concept on the basis of Wilson and others.
Goodnow mentioned in his book that the reason why politics and administration should be separated is the need to solve urban problems. He mentioned that in Britain and Germany, because this concept has been accepted by many people, these countries are more comfortable in dealing with urban problems; Secondly, Goodnow thinks that many links in administration, especially technology, have little influence on politics. For example, those semi-scientific and semi-commercial activities in administration have little to do with political activities that formulate policies and express people's wishes.
This is Goodnow's analysis of the causes of the dichotomy between politics and administration, and Goodnow's contribution to this theory lies in clarifying the possible misunderstanding of this concept, that is, the degree of the dichotomy between administration and politics. Goodnow believes that the dichotomy between politics and administration is not complete, but should be kept in touch. He said:? The function of politics is first related to the expression of national will, and then to the implementation of national will. ? This sentence actually reflects his point of view. The expression of national will is the main content of political activities, but this does not mean that politics has nothing to do with the implementation of national will. This is actually very easy to understand. If the feasibility of the policy is not considered when implementing it, then even the best policy will become meaningless because it cannot be implemented.
Since administration and politics cannot be completely separated and still need to be linked, how to coordinate the relationship between administration and politics has become the key. In Politics and Administration, Goodnow put forward three viewpoints to coordinate the relationship between them. First, the political institutions in the government system must control the administrative institutions. This is because if the political organization controls the administrative organization too little, it will make the administrative organization work in a relaxed state, which will inevitably lead to low administrative efficiency and unable to effectively express the will of the state. On the other hand, the control of political institutions over administrative institutions should also be kept within a certain limit, and political control should not be excessively strengthened.
On the contrary, this system will undermine two principles. The second is the moderate centralization of administrative organs. This is because the political party fat distribution system at that time seriously affected administrative efficiency. In order to overcome this problem, a certain degree of centralization is needed. In addition, the special relationship between the central and local governments in the United States is also one of the reasons for strengthening centralization. Because the central government has limited control over local governments, conflicts often occur between the central government and local governments, which will inevitably lead to the reduction of administrative efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the centralization of administrative agencies. Third, it is to borrow the extra-legal adjustment mechanism, that is, with the help of political parties. There is an old saying in China called? The authorities are confused, but the bystanders are clear? . To solve the relationship between administration and politics within the government, we should not only find ways from within the government, but also rely on external forces. The existence of political parties makes it possible to solve this problem. Political parties not only shoulder the responsibility of choosing the members who express the will of the state in the theory of government, but also shoulder the responsibility of choosing the people who carry out this will. In this way, the contact problem between administrative institutions and political institutions is solved from the personnel aspect.
I think how to coordinate the relationship between politics and administration is Goodnow's greatest contribution to the dichotomy between politics and administration. Because it is not difficult to separate the two, it is difficult to separate the two to the most appropriate degree. Absolute separation will lead to the deviation of will execution; The separation is not enough, and the purpose of dichotomy cannot be achieved. Therefore, from this perspective, Goodnow's contribution to public administration is enormous.
With regard to political parties, Goodnow supports their existence. He believes that political parties are the contact point between politics and administration, and bear the mission of conveying and implementing the will of the country. Political parties play a very important role in national politics. He also proposed ways to make political parties accountable to the people by holding a referendum, formulating rules and regulations, and making public the accounts of political parties. Thereby reducing the possibility of irresponsibility of political parties. In addition, Goodnow mentioned in the book? Party leader? The concept of. This is what I am interested in. A leader of a political party, especially one who manipulates the party machine in a capitalist country.
The main character. ? Party leader? What's the difference with party leaders? Party leader? There is no official position in the party, and the authority is not clearly defined. However, party leaders have official positions in the party, and their activities are open and supervised. Because political parties control the legislative and administrative organs in the government system, and? Party leader? It also controls political parties, so from this perspective, party leaders? Essentially, it controls the internal system of the government. ? Party leader? Its existence has advantages and disadvantages. First of all, the party leader? Through the reform of parliament and its accountability to the people, more people will get the right to vote, thus better expressing public opinion; Second,? Party leader? The appearance of administrative system will promote centralization within the administrative system, which will help the government improve administrative efficiency, which is consistent with the original intention of administrative politics. But? Party leader? For example, once the leaders of political parties are irresponsible, it will inevitably affect the function of political parties to prevent anarchy.
The above is an introduction to what I am interested in in the book Politics and Administration. I will make a statement on my own feelings during reading.
First of all, regarding the relationship between the central and local governments, Goodnow mentioned in his book that the government should strengthen centralization in administration, but I think this view is not completely in line with the current situation in China. I think whether the central government is centralized or decentralized depends on the specific situation of a certain government function. For example, China's real estate and housing prices have formed a tripartite confrontation. The central government and the masses hope to reduce prices to improve their lives, local governments hope to rely on real estate to maintain their income, and real estate developers hope to raise prices to gain benefits. The central government has repeatedly introduced policies to reduce housing prices, but the results have been minimal. The important reason is that local governments are unwilling to fully implement the instructions of the central authorities. There are policies above and countermeasures below? . In this regard, the central government should take back part of the land power of local governments, that is, centralization; For other government functions, there is no need to concentrate power. Taking the recent reform of the industrial and commercial quality inspection department as an example, it is a kind of decentralization. This reform devolves the personnel rights and financial rights of industrial and commercial quality inspection departments at all levels below the provincial level to local governments, and vertical management is no longer implemented within the industrial and commercial quality inspection system, but only the business guidance relationship between superiors and subordinates is maintained. This division of labor is conducive to the coordination among various departments within local governments and to solving the increasingly serious food quality and safety problems in recent years. Therefore, from the above two examples, the central government should not simply decentralize or centralize power, but should analyze it according to specific problems.
Secondly, regarding the dichotomy between politics and administration, I think that the current China government is not doing well enough, or at a very low level. Take the quality supervision system of Shaanxi Province as an example. It can be divided into two categories: government agencies and institutions. Government agencies and institutions working in the provincial government are part of policy making, that is, they are responsible? Politics? Function; Its institutions work in Xianning West Road and are technically responsible for different functions, that is, responsible for? Administration? Function. But many times, the staff of government agencies and units will participate in specific technical issues, and the staff of public institutions will also participate in the formulation of some policies. From this perspective, the boundary between politics and administration is not clear. This phenomenon is also common in other government departments. Therefore, there are still many problems in the division of government affairs in China.
Thirdly, regarding the role of political parties, the discussion on the role of political parties mentioned in Goodnow's book or how to avoid irresponsible political parties is based on the two-party system in the United States, which is not suitable in China where the Producer Party is in power. Goodnow believes that political parties are the link between administration and politics and should play a role in preventing anarchy. This point need not be emphasized in China. Most people in the China government, whether in the political system or the administrative system, have the identity of * * * party member. Because of the strict discipline and strict organization within the party, so
The relationship between these people is very close, so there is no need to emphasize the issue of strengthening ties. In addition, Goodnow mentioned that political parties are irresponsible, but what is the purpose of producing the party? Serve the people? What is the working principle of the government? Responsible to the people? The need to maintain the ruling position inevitably requires the * * * production party to be responsible to the people. Therefore, there is no need to particularly emphasize irresponsible situations. Although there are some mismatches between Goodnow's exposition on political parties and the present situation in China, his solution on how to avoid irresponsibility of political parties is worth learning, which will help our party to strengthen its own construction and supervision and maintain its advanced nature.
The above is my introduction to the general content of politics and administration and the elaboration of some of my own opinions. Many viewpoints have many defects due to the lack of knowledge and information, which still needs me to improve in the future study.
In a word, Politics and Administration is of great reference value to the study of public management, and it is worth reading carefully!
Reflections on reading 200 words of politics in the second day and the first day of junior high school
Marxist socialist methodology
The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China embodies the will of the whole party and the people of the whole country, and it is a programmatic document reflecting the latest achievements of Marxism in China.
Keywords: socialist methodology reported by the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
Hu Jintao's The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China Report on The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. This report is profound in thought and rich in content, reflecting the will of the whole party and the people of the whole country, and it is a programmatic document reflecting the latest achievements of Marxism in China.
The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China systematically expounded Socialism with Chinese characteristics's theoretical system, and pointed out the significance of unswervingly adhering to and developing Socialism with Chinese characteristics in promoting the socialist cause in China. The report expounds the scientific connotation and spiritual essence of Scientific Outlook on Development, and points out that Scientific Outlook on Development is in the same strain as Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory. Theory of Three Represents theory? The scientific theory, whose important thoughts come down in one continuous line and keep pace with the times, has the first essence of development, its core is people-oriented, its basic requirement is comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable, and its fundamental method is overall consideration. Scientific Outlook on Development pointed out the harmonious development between people and between people and the environment. The development of human beings is to pay attention to human values, rights and dignity, so that human values can be brought into play in society, rights and dignity can be guaranteed. The development of human and environment means that the economic development should be based on objective laws, and protect the environment and save resources while pursuing the economy. All these reflect the humanization of Scientific Outlook on Development. Therefore, to fully implement Scientific Outlook on Development, we must adhere to the people-oriented principle. Serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of the party, and we should always take the realization and maintenance of the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as the starting point and the end result of all the work of the party and the state.
Apart from Scientific Outlook on Development, what impressed me the most in the report of the 17th National Congress? Harmony? This word. From the report? Building a harmonious society? Is one of the important contents of this meeting. Harmony theory, like Scientific Outlook on Development, is of great significance to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and Deng Xiaoping Theory. Theory of Three Represents theory? The inheritance and development of the important thought coincides with that of Scientific Outlook on Development in the past. In ancient times? And then what? For you, at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games, will it also be? And then what? This idea was conveyed to people all over the world, so? Harmony? The proposal of this purpose not only embodies the nature of our party, but also closely follows the theme of developing productive forces. Develop productive forces on the premise of respecting the law of human social development.
Now, we have entered the stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way and creating Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Harmonious society? It also reflects the economic, political and cultural interests of the broad masses of the people in the stage of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and promotes the improvement of Socialism with Chinese characteristics's system. To build a well-off society, we must focus on economic construction, coordinate the development of material civilization, political civilization and spiritual civilization, and make the society progress in an all-round way. And then what? Harmony? This requirement has undoubtedly deepened the theoretical height of the construction of the three major civilizations, which is more obvious? Harmonious society? Theoretical innovation of.
Harmonious society is our common goal, and people's livelihood is an issue that cannot be ignored in building a harmonious society. In the report of the 17th National Congress, people's livelihood is also a key issue. This report emphasizes and pays attention to people's livelihood for the first time. In recent years, People's livelihood is a high-frequency word. Everything is related to people's livelihood, from ordinary people's daily necessities to medical care and school education. Specific; Take a look, we will find that we still face many problems and difficulties. Economic growth is at the expense of excessive consumption of environmental resources. Urban-rural and regional economic and social development is unbalanced. It is still very difficult to stabilize agricultural development and the sustained growth of farmers' income. Employment, social security, income distribution, education and health, residential housing, safety and health, judicial order and other issues related to the vital interests of the masses are still many. The life of some low-income people is still quite difficult. Therefore, paying attention to people's livelihood means paying attention to these problems and improving and solving them, so that the broad masses of people can live a high-quality happy life.
As for how to solve people's livelihood problems, the report highlights the overall layout of socialist modernization. The report pointed out that we should always take solving the "three rural issues" as the top priority of the whole party's work, narrow the regional development gap, realize the equalization of basic public services, adhere to the equal protection of prices, regard people's democracy as the life of socialism, ensure the fundamental right of the people to be masters of their own affairs, and insist that all state rights belong to the people. Improve the restriction and supervision mechanism, let the rights run in the sun, and ensure that the power entrusted by the people is always used for the benefit of the people. It is necessary to raise a new upsurge of socialist cultural construction, so that people's basic cultural rights and interests can be better guaranteed, social and cultural activities will be more colorful, and people's spirit and style will be more high. We should regard education equity as an important foundation of social equity, employment as the foundation of people's livelihood, and a reasonable income distribution system as an important embodiment of social equity. The relationship between efficiency and fairness should be properly handled in the initial distribution and redistribution, and the redistribution should pay more attention to fairness. It is necessary to create conditions for more people to have property income, speed up the establishment of a public health service system covering urban and rural residents, ensure people's basic livelihood, establish a basic medical and health system, adhere to the public welfare nature of public health, and build a public health service system covering urban and rural residents.
In addition, the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China focused on combating corruption and promoting honesty, which also attracted the attention of the broad masses of the people. Corruption is not only a simple moral problem, but also a serious political problem. It has also restricted the development of China, seriously damaged the interests of the country and the people, and damaged the image of the Party's advanced nature. At the same time, the CPC Central Committee is fully aware of the long-term and arduous nature of anti-corruption work, consciously puts anti-corruption construction in a more prominent position, strives to improve the punishment and prevention system, earnestly strengthens the anti-corruption construction, implements the strategic policy, and establishes and improves the punishment and prevention system. The reason why the CPC Central Committee attaches so much importance to anti-corruption work is because anti-corruption construction is an important guarantee for our party to maintain its advanced nature and is the need of socialist construction in the new period. It is hoped that after this, the relevant departments will intensify the investigation and punishment of corrupt elements, intensify the handling of cases, improve the handling ability and policy level, and finally win the support and support of the people of the whole country.
Generally speaking, the report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China emphasized the people's interests, put forward the concept of a harmonious society, and paid attention to the issues of democracy, people's livelihood and corruption, which included both macro-national policies and micro-problems in solving people's lives. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China shows the purpose of the Party: serving the people wholeheartedly and adhering to the mass line.
Listen to the voices of the masses and truly reflect their wishes. The true feelings are related to the sufferings of the masses, emphasizing that power is used by the people. Please bind with the people and benefit the people. I hope our country will become stronger and stronger on this basis, and people's lives will be stable and happy.
refer to
[1] Ma: What should be the logic in political life? On the Foundation and Methodology of Political Philosophy [J], Journal of Zhengzhou University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 04, 2004;
[2] Wang Nankun and Wang Xinsheng: From ideal to reality? The road to the construction of Marxist political philosophy in contemporary China [J], China Social Sciences, 0 1, 2007;
[3] Tang Xiaoding: Dual relationship between social individual and social economy [J], Journal of Southwest Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),198602;
[4], Liu Rongjun: On the theory of civil society and its contemporary value [J], Journal of Southwest University (Social Science Edition), 20 10 04.
[5][ English] Thomas (with), Gu Su, (translated): Introduction to Political Philosophy [M], Renmin University of China Press, 2006, 1 month.
Reflections on 200 words of politics in the first day of junior high school 3
Twenty-six years ago, a new teacher came to Hobert Primary School in Los Angeles. His name is Rafe? Asquith, a very ordinary young man. Facing a small and shabby classroom and a group of poor and naughty children, Rafe began his teaching career. Twenty-five years later, this teacher has been highly recognized by all walks of life. The New York Times called Rafe a genius and a saint, and Washington post called him the best teacher in America. The president of the United States gave it to him? National Art Award? ; The Queen of England also awarded him the Imperial Medal, and Oprah, the queen of media, awarded him? Be kind to life award
What did Rafe do? What kind of miracle happened in classroom 56? Rule number one:? Looking forward to success? How's it going? Godchild adult?
Nine times out of ten, China's parents belong to families that want their children to succeed. Rafe won the highest honor in American education precisely because he gave a completely different answer:? Education is better than education? . He put it this way: almost 48 weeks a year, 6 days a week, one day 12 hours, my fifth-grade students and I crowded into our poor and narrow classroom, immersed in the world of Shakespeare, algebra and rock. For the rest of this year, my children and I are traveling. ?
Isn't the best education to expect success? But? Godchild adult? . In this regard, Class 56 gave the best comment: what we need is not only the cradle of knowledge, but also the garden of individuality.
In retrospect, that kind? Educate people and not educate people? Cradle, often? Shake, shake, shake to Naihe Bridge? . Let the love of parents shed blood.
Lu Gang, a 28-year-old doctor said. High flyers, Department of Physics, Peking University. Passed the overseas exam of Dr. Li Zhengdao and came to the University of Iowa. Because I am so excellent, I can't tolerate others surpassing him, my incompetence, and the teacher's preference. So, one day, he shot and killed his doctoral supervisor, Goelz, the best professor of physics at the University of Iowa. He killed his old enemy, Dr. high flyers Shan Linhua of China University of Science and Technology; Killed the innocent vice principal Anne and others, and then shot himself. As the saying goes: the spirit of talent, six deaths and one injury.
Lu Gangcheng? Only? have you finished? It can be said that it is; But they became? People? have you finished? The answer is no, no, in the elite-oriented education atmosphere, the college entrance examination will trigger every year? Champion fever? College entrance examination has become an industry, and the improvement of intelligence has replaced the cultivation of personality. Many parents of child prodigies have become priests in the industrial chain, preachers are earnest, and people who listen to the truth are fascinated?
What is so hot? It must be disgusting! Talent is the core of talent. If you are not an adult, becoming a talent is also a nightmare. It's a miracle that Rafe can remain unusually sober when everyone is drunk. Did you get a look at him? Here, character is cultivated, efforts are respected and modesty is carried forward. This is the miracle of classroom 56.
Rule number two:? Little red flower? It is best to distinguish right from wrong.
Since kindergarten, teachers have inspired us with little red flowers, which have become red scarves in primary schools, scholarships in universities and red envelopes or bonuses in the workplace. Motivation is a magic that has always been effective. Have we never doubted that this kind of incentive is healthy? In Rafe's view, as far as moral behavior is concerned, this is only the initial stage. If there are six grades of moral behavior, the little red flower is only in the second grade. In classroom 56, the children's level far exceeded the stage of Little Red Flower and reached the sixth grade. So Rafe borrowed the educator Lawrence? Kohlberg s roadmap for moral growth;
In the first gear, I don't want to get into trouble, so I'll be punished at work.
Second gear, I want a reward? Work through bribery;
Third gear, who do I want to please? Work by charm;
Fourth gear, I have to follow the rules? Work by self-discipline;
Fifth gear, can I understand? Work with goodwill;
Sixth gear, I follow the established standards? Act according to the realm;
Who are the students in the sixth stage? Rafe used an example of a student helping others not to be named: the highest state is not external praise, but inner pleasure.
Rule 3: It is better to take a detour than to take a shortcut.
Our generation has wasted too much time to let children take less detours. Therefore, we continue to coach and correct, so that children can walk straight. You may not know that we have entered another misunderstanding.
Once, a group of teachers from other schools visited classroom 56, and the students were installing rocket models. Although a group of students did it seriously, they made a mistake in the missile part, so the visiting teacher frequently went to the group of students to show the children the correct installation method, a hidden mistake. Teacher Rafe stopped them decisively and politely, and they had this conversation:
Visitor: (quietly) Rafe, you don't even know. They did something wrong.
Rafe: I know.
Visitor: The wings are crooked.
Rafe: Yes, it's crooked.
Visitor: The launcher is stuck too close to the rocket head.
Rafe: That's true.
Visitor: But you're just sitting here?
Rafe: Yes.
Visitor: But their rocket can't fly.
Rafe: I'm sure I won't be able to fly for a while?
Visitor: But?
Rafe thought about it for a long time: they had to find out why the rocket couldn't fly, and they had to go back to the classroom and think for themselves. Isn't this what we scientists do all day?
Failure is up to us as teachers. In classroom 56, the rocket that can't fly is not a failure, but only when the students stop trying to solve the problem. As parents, we have suffered too much and suffered too many setbacks, trying to make our children walk more smoothly. When we let the children approach the road, they avoided setbacks, but also lost the fun of exploration. Therefore, the best teaching is not all teachers and parents talk all the time, but like Rafe, I don't want to talk about it, I am sober. Let children spread their wings of exploration and let them experience confusion, distress, surprise and understanding. Although the distant road is too sad, such children will know how to take care of themselves better, and such successors will be more challenging.
Rule 4: It is better to earn flowers than to save money.
Children are facing an economic society. Do you want to cultivate your child's economic mind?
In Room 56, every student will apply for a job on the first day of school, and Rafe will give a job list. There are classroom administrators, banks, toy administrators, office messengers, shop assistants, police officers and other occupations. , which has a description of the work content. Every job has a different salary. If you have a job, you have a monthly salary, and virtual salary can be stored in the bank. So what's the money saved for?
The first is to pay for the use of tables and chairs. Room 56, the more seats in the front row, the higher the cost. If the deposit is three times the rent, you can buy the property right of the seat. If enough, you can also buy a classmate's seat and collect rent every month to make money.
The second is to buy stationery at the class auction. Let them share their efforts. So: the children in classroom 56 have experienced their parents' hard work to make money and learned to be frugal and cherish;
The children in the classroom have learned what ownership and use right are and how to invest and manage money. The children in the classroom experienced the impulse and regret at the auction. Learn to save restraint, delay enjoyment, and one day step into society, and the best things will be left to those who know how to wait.
Children in the classroom can also learn about the financial system and auditing. Since the first day of school, the teacher has given each student an account book. The page will be marked with date, transaction name, income, expenditure and savings. Generally, there are 4 students in the class as banks, and each bank manages about 8 copies of student accounts. Whoever has a problem with his account will find it right.
Our children have been singing. Are you ready? Always ready? In fact, in the face of a commodity society full of temptations, educators are at a loss and ignorant. How should children prepare? For the children coming out of classroom 56, they are always ready.
Education is a huge ship, carrying countless dreams and dying in the sea. When most people are scrambling to enter the field of education. Titanic? At that time, Rafe built classroom 56 into Noah's Ark. This is not easy: it is not easy for a big man to deal with fifth-grade pupils for 26 years; It is not easy to stick to one's educational ideal and become a mainstay in the torrent of elite education. If we ask stroop Bookstore to award the prize, I think we should award the prize to Room 56? Noah's Ark Education Award? The acceptance speech is like this:
Here we support exploration and encourage failure.
Here, trust replaces fear, and consciousness replaces discipline.
Here, exam-oriented education ended its rule and all-round development was encouraged.
Here you are, okay? Read thousands of books? , ok? Wan Li Road? .
Here, the students are happy, and they have found their own home.
Here, teachers are happy. They sow this knowledge in spring.