Nine-headed bird-details
Because people have different views on the popular proverb "Nine birds in the sky, Hubei guy in the underground", the supplement of Hubei Daily has also had something good in recent years. If you want to give Chu culture an image symbol, I'm afraid there is nothing more suitable than the "nine-headed bird". What is more vivid, well-known and widely accepted than the proverb "Nine birds in the sky, Hubei guy in the ground"? However, what is a nine-headed bird? What's the special relationship between it and Hubei guy? What is the deep cultural connotation under its magical image? These will not only arouse our strong curiosity, but also be of great value to understand the special nature of Chu culture as a part of China culture.
Nine-headed bird-details
Because people are popular with the saying that "the nine-headed bird is in the sky and the Hubei guy is underground"
From Bird God to Bird
Jiu Feng in Shan Hai Jing is undoubtedly a bird god or a divine bird. However, since then, Jiu Feng has mysteriously disappeared from China's literature. Instead, the nine-headed bird with various other names has completely lost its divinity, and has gone from bad to worse with the passage of time, becoming a complete bird monster.
From the late Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, the "nine-headed bird" in ancient literature has various names, mainly including:
Another name for the nine-headed bird
A "nine-headed bird" was first seen in Taiping Magnolia (Volume 927), quoted from A Brief History of the Three Kingdoms;
There are nine-headed birds in Qihou Garden. ...
However, the nickname of the nine-headed bird is very complicated in ancient books. "Zheng Zitong" cloud:
Wood tiger, ghost car bird, nine-headed bird, ...
Youyang Zaju (Volume 16) Feather:
The Map of Bai Ze is called a pale bird, and The Book of the Emperor is called a rebellious bird.
Song Zhou Mi "Dong Qiye words" Volume 19:
Ghost car, commonly known as the nine-headed bird, ...
As can be seen from the above, there are different names such as "tiger", "reverse tiger", "ghost car bird" and "ghost car". If you search these synonyms, you will find many other names. For example, it is the name of a bird, but in Guo Pu's Fu Jiang, there is a strange bird with nine heads, which is also a bird with nine heads. We will see many other synonyms of the nine-headed bird from the following article.
basic feature
1, "nine heads" or "ten heads"
The basic feature of a bird with nine heads is that it has nine heads. But there are many different opinions about these nine heads. Some people say it has ten heads. Such as "Youyang Miscellany" Volume 16 "Feather": Ghost Car Bird, it is said that this bird once had ten songs ... one was bitten by a dog.
Song Zhou Mi's History of Dong Qiye (Volume 19): Ghost car, commonly known as nine-headed bird ... It is said that there were ten such birds in the past, and one of them was eaten by a dog. So far, people have been blaming the disaster. ..... Round as a dustpan, there are ten rings, nine of which have heads and one has no blood, which is handed down from generation to generation.
Ghost Car in Yang Mingshen's Safe Collection (Volume 81): Duke Zhou lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. He hated this bird and ordered the imperial court to shoot it, killing nine people.
Others said that it had only nine heads, and one of them was injured, and the blood never recovered. For example, the History of the Three Kingdoms quoted earlier:
There are nine-headed birds in Qihou Garden, and … all the nine-headed birds are singing.
There are nine clouds in Liu Yao's Records of Different Ridges in the Tang Dynasty: a ghost car, … or a cloud, one of which was bitten by a dog and often bled.
Among the above legends, the appearance of "ten heads (neck) and nine heads" recorded in Dong Qiye's dialect is the most frightening. Imagine, besides the nine heads, there is a bird's neck dripping blood there. How terrible is that?
Other appearance characteristics
"The color is red, like a duck." (Introduction of Three Kingdoms)
"It looks like a stork, and the big one has only one wide wing." (Zhengzitong) Example: The stork is an owl. Jin Zhanghua's "Natural History" is lost: "An ostrich, a cormorant, has nothing to see during the day, but has a clear view at night."
"Coat hair is a bird, and hair removal is a woman." ("Fuyang miscellaneous?" Feather ","Xuan Zhong Ji ")
"The body is round like a basket, with ten clusters ... each cluster has two wings. When flying eighteen wings, Huo Huo competed and did not use each other until there was a dispute between the injured. " (Qi Dong Yu Ye)
"It is shaped like a big butterfly." (Song and Zhu Yi's Jue Zaji, Volume 2)
Drop blood for disaster
"This thing loves to spot its clothes with blood, just to take care of the children." ("The Ancient Novel Hooks and Sinks" is quoted from "The Story in the Metaphysics")
"For birds, or for blood." ("Fuyang miscellaneous?" Feather ")
"Often drop blood. The home of blood drops is fierce. " (The Record of Different Ridges, Volume I)
"Blood drops are the chief culprit of this disaster." ("Qi Dong Yu Ye" Volume 19)
It's ugly at night.
"There is nothing to see during the day, but it is bright at night." (Lost of Natural History)
"There will be many ghosts and birds at the full moon." (The Story of Jingchu Times)
Nine-headed bird/intelligent bird
"Between spring and summer, when I met a little gloomy clouds, I flew over." (The Record of Different Ridges, Volume I)
"Day and night are blind." (Zheng Zitong)
"Fly at night and hide during the day." ("Fuyang miscellaneous?" Feather ")
"Qin Zhongtian is cloudy, sometimes there is noise, and the sound is like a car or a water chicken." ("Fuyang miscellaneous?" Feather ")
"Duke Zhou lives in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and he hates this bird." (Yang Sheng Safety Collection, Volume Bayi Ghost Car)
Dropping blood or hair is harmful to children.
"It was the bird that fell into the child's clothes and made the child sick." ("Water mirror note? Jiang Shui ")
"The hair falls in the clothes, it's a bird, or it's ambition to spot its clothes with blood." ("Fuyang miscellaneous?" Feather ")
"Birds have no children, and they like to raise human children, thinking that they are children." (Xuan Zhongji)
"When you see your child's clothes and fall on them, your child will get sick." (Jue Jue Liao Za Zhu, Volume II)
Other functions
"Love is amazing for people." (The Record of Different Ridges, Volume I)
"I saw the fire." (Zheng Zitong)
About the characteristics of the nine-headed bird, Song Mei Yao Chen's poem "Antique" is more detailed, which is recorded as follows:
There used to be a Duke of Zhou in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. He hated this kind of bird.
Call Ting's family in the evening and bend the arc to drive them out of Kyushu.
If you miss three shots, the dog will be thrown from the sky.
Since the dog bit a song and broke his head, the blood has been clear.
In recent years, they are separated by three centuries, hiding during the day and coming out at night, like snipes.
Every time it is cloudy and dark, at first glance, the fire is scary.
Sometimes the rest of the blood will be dirty and every family will be broken.
On the Folk Taboo of Nine-headed Birds
Because the nine-headed bird is a fierce bird, people are afraid of it, so there are various taboos and methods to defend it.
1, taboo
"yu zhang raises children and keeps quiet." ("Water mirror note? Jiang Shui ")
"The sons of mortals should not be exposed, and the clothes of children should not be exposed." ("Fuyang miscellaneous?" Feather ")
"Children's clothes don't want to be exposed at night." (Xuan Zhongji)
Step 2 decompose and drive away
"So, when you hear about it, scold the dog and turn off the light, so that you can cross Zeguo quickly." ("Qi Dong Yu Ye" Volume 19)
"I hate this bird, so I ordered Shi Ting to shoot it." ("Yang Sheng Safety Collection" (August 1, Ghost Car, quoted from the novel)
"Every family knocks on the door of the bed, hits the dog's ear, and puts out the lights and candles." (The Story of Jingchu Times)
Nine-headed bird-legend source
The legend of the nine-headed bird originated very early and spread widely. In the long spread, there are many differences in different times and regions, and it is difficult to trace its original origin. From the existing ancient books, we find several origins.
From "Kyubi no Youko Bird"
Guang Yun: "Humble", Han Shi says: Confucius crossed the river, and many people can't correct their names because of differences. Confucius tasted the folk songs on the river and said,' I am a bird, I am a bird, I am a bird, and I am Kyubi no Youko.' "
Confucius once saw this bird in Kyubi no Youko's costume. At that time, few people knew its name, only thought it was strange. Later, some people called it "horseshoe crab", that is, owls and other birds. The nine-headed bird may be a legendary raptor evolved from the Kyubi no Youko bird.
Originated from the legend of the wandering girl of the Emperor of Heaven.
"Ancient Novel Hooking and Sinking" series "Mystery Story": Birds fly at night and hide by day, covering ghosts and gods. Clothing hair is a bird, and hair removal is a woman. A fairy, a night girl. ..... stealth fighter. Birds have no children and like to raise human children, thinking that they are children. Nowadays, children's clothes don't want to be exposed at night, so they love to use blood to point clothes, that is, to take care of children. The dead are called ghost birds, and there are many in Jingzhou. Yesterday, the man in Zhang Yu saw six or seven women in Tanaka, and ... he climbed over and took the sweater untied by one of them, that is, he went to find the birds, and the birds went to find their sweaters and clothes and flew away. One bird can't go alone, one man is a woman. Give birth to three girls. Her mother's maid asked her father that she knew the clothes were under Jimmy, so she took them and flew away. Then I greeted my three daughters with clothes, and the clothes of my three daughters also flew away. It's called a ghost car.
This is the earliest fairy tale. After the fairy came down to earth, it was a bird in a sweater and a woman who took off her sweater. After she married yu zhang and gave birth to a daughter, she returned to heaven and later took away three daughters. The so-called "birds have no children, and they like to take care of them" means that when she flies back to the sky and can't get her daughter, she goes to earth to find her daughter. In order to prevent her from treating other people's children as her own daughters, the people formed this taboo against it. This legend has continued, and each era has its own different version. For example:
"Searching for God" Volume 14: A man in Xinyu County, Zhang Yu saw six or seven women in Tanaka, all wearing sweaters, but I didn't know they were birds. Crawling to get a sweater untied by a woman, holding it and hiding it is to go to the birds. Birds fly in the clouds, and only one bird is not allowed to go, and men are women. Give birth to three girls. Her mother's maid asked her father that she knew the clothes were under Jimmy, so she took them and flew away. Then I greeted three girls, and the girls were going to fly.
"Zhu? Jiang Shui: There are many female birds in Yangxin County. " Xuan Zhong Ji said that Yang Xin, a new human being, got it in the water, so he had two daughters with * * *, and left after learning about his clothes and feathers. In Zhang Yu, children are raised without clothes. It is said that many birds fall into children's clothes and make them sick. So it is also called flying around the girl at night.
Dunhuang change anthology? There is a short cloud in the sentence "Searching for God" by Daoxing: Once upon a time, there was Tian Kunlun, and his family was poor and unmarried. When the millet was ripe, I saw three girls taking a bath in the pool, and the second girl flew away with her clothes. Kunlun took the clothes of Xiaoyi, took them as concubines, and took them back to her mother. After giving birth, his name is Zhang Tian. Kunlun was ordered to go west and did not return for three years. The woman looked at her mother's clothes. After repeated entreaties, her mother couldn't bear to kiss her and hid. The woman took off in the sky wearing clothes. Although her mother was crying, she didn't care. But when I miss my son, I play games with my second sister, hoping to see her son. At that time, Zhang Tian was five years old, and Mr. Dong Zhong taught him to find his mother. The three girls were then taken to heaven by the children with their heavenly clothes. God felt sorry for his nephew, so he taught him magic. After four or five days, I am fifteen years old. God sent eight volumes of documents to the world. All three talents know it, and the son of heaven hears it and calls it the prime minister. After committing the crime, I went to the wilderness. ……
Originated from "female ambiguity"
"Chu Ci?" Tian Wen: "if there is no harmony between women, how can a husband have nine children?" "
Wang Yi's note: "A woman is a goddess, and nine children are born without a husband."
Ding Yan wrote: "Women are neat, or nine children and nine women."
This is the legend of the goddess of the ancient Chu State. A woman without a husband gave birth to nine sons, so how did her nine sons come from? Of course, it is "taken from people", so the people are jealous of her, thinking that she will often come down to earth to take the son of others. It also evolved from the "nine sons" to the "nine-headed bird" theory, and then mixed with legends such as "Heaven around the girl" or ancient birds to form the legend of the nine-headed bird.
Maternal fear
This theory of origin can only be found in Yu, Volume 16 of Youyang Zayu.
As a long-standing legend, the legend of the nine-headed bird is definitely a multi-source distributed legend. To fully understand its origin and evolution, further textual research is needed.
Nine-headed bird/intelligent bird
related data
1, "Chu Ci? Tian Wen: See the previous quotation.
2, "Taiping Magnolia" Volume 927 quotes "A Brief Introduction to the Three Kingdoms": There are nine-headed birds in Qihou Garden, red, like ducks, and all nine heads are singing.
3, "Selected Works" Jin (Pu) "Fu Jiang": If it is a corner of the dragon carp, it would be strange.
4, Zhang Hua's "Natural History" essay: ostrich, cormorant, can't see anything during the day, and the night is bright.
5. Lu Xun's "Ancient Fiction Hooking" series "Xuanzhong Ji": see the previous quotation.
6, Jin Gan Bao's "Search for the Gods" Volume 14: See the previous quote.
7, the northern wei dynasty Li Daoyuan "water by note? Jiang Shui: See the previous quotation.
8. The Story of Jingchu Years in the Southern Dynasties: There are many ghost birds on the full moon night, and every family beats the door, hits the dog's ear and turns off the candles.
9. Guang Yun? Squid: See the previous quotation.
10, Dunhuang bian anthology? Daoxing's "Search for God" sentence: See the previous quotation.
1 1, "Orthography": ostrich, ghost car bird, nine-headed bird, like stork, the big one is widely spread, blind day and night, see the fire.
12, section "Youyang Miscellany", Volume 16 "Feather": a night traveler, a fairy, a star fisherman, flying at night and hiding by day, like a ghost, wearing a bird's hair, a shed for a woman, childless, fond of taking care of children, and having milk on her chest. Mortal children should not be exposed to the sun, nor should children's clothes be exposed to the sun. Hair falling in clothes is the worship of birds or the ambition to spot their clothes with blood. Or what the victim said.
13: ghost car bird. According to legend, this bird once had ten songs that could collect people's souls, and one of them was eaten by a dog. Qin Zhongtian is cloudy, sometimes there is sound, and the sound is like the sound of a car or a water chicken. ..... "Bai Ze Map" refers to the pale bird, and "The Book of the Ancient Emperor" refers to the inverse bird.
14, Yao's "Different Records of the Ridge Table" said: Ghost cars, between spring and summer, when they encounter a little gloomy clouds, they will fly by. There are many outside the ridge. Loving others is inspiring. Or cloud nine, once bitten by a dog, often dripping blood. Home of blood drops, there are monsters.
15, Song Mei Yao Chen's poem "Antiques": see the previous quotation.
16, Song Dynasty's Qidong unofficial history Volume 19: Ghost Car, commonly known as Nine-headed Bird ... There were ten birds that were circulated in the world in the past, and one of them was eaten by a dog. So far, blood drops are blamed on people. So everyone who hears it will scold the dog, put out the light and hurry over Zeguo. ..... Round as a dustpan, there are ten rings, nine of which have heads and one has no blood, which is handed down from generation to generation. Each branch has two wings. When flying eighteen wings, Huo Huo competed with each other and did not use each other until there was a dispute over injuries.
17, Song Dynasty's Miscellaneous Notes, Volume II: There are insects outside the ridge at night, and when you see children's clothes, you will get sick. It is shaped like a big butterfly.
18, Yang Shen's Complete Works of Ming 'an, Volume Bayi Ghost Car: Duke Zhou lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and hated this bird, so he ordered him to shoot it, one with blood and the other nine with blood.
Why are Hubei people called "nine-headed birds"?
Chu nationality is a nation that worships dragons and phoenixes. Zhu Rong, the ancestor of Chu people, is the embodiment of phoenix bird. "White Tiger Tong Wu Zhu Pian" says that Zhu Rong is "a bird and a phoenix." Luan is a phoenix. Therefore, the Chu people have deep feelings for Zong Feng. They especially like to use the phoenix to compare people. Legend has it that when Chu Zhuangwang first acceded to the throne, he played all day without asking about state affairs. Wu Ju remonstrated and said, "There are birds in the hills. What kind of bird is it that doesn't bark for three years? " King Zhuang replied: "After three years of silence, my reputation has soared; If you don't sing for three years, the song will be amazing. " Wu Ju compared Zhuang Wang with birds, and Zhuang Wang also compared himself with birds. This bird can fly to the sky, naturally associated with the Dapeng admired by Chu people, that is, "I don't know its thousands of miles" and "flying in anger, wings hanging like clouds." Peng, Feng Ye. There is a phoenix in the back view, hidden in the top view, and clouds in the front view. In the concept of the ancients, the phoenix was a kind of divine bird. Shan Hai Jing said: "In the fire-there are nine gods, with a human face and a bird's body, named Jiu Feng. Phoenix birds fly day and night ","Phoenix wings fly high with wings ","Three phoenixes show their voices and make the gods cry "and" Three phoenixes with nine heads ","Its ambition is great, but its Hui Yuan is great. " In ancient times, Chu ruled Hubei and Hunan. Since ancient times, talents have come forth in large numbers, and Jingchu land is the center of Chu culture. Hubei people are hardworking and intelligent, which is well known throughout the country. So there is a saying: "There are nine birds in the sky and Hubei people in the ground."
"The nine-headed bird in the sky, the Hubei guy on the ground, and the three Hubei guys are not worth an Anqing guy." The origin of?
"Nine birds in the sky and three Hubei guys on the ground are not worth an Anqing guy." It is said that this sentence originated in the Qing Dynasty and has a history of two or three hundred years. It was also at that time that Anqing people were really good, and the overlord Tongcheng school was born in the literary world. "World articles, Tongcheng people!" The story of father and son prime minister Zhang, "Tongcheng surname, accounting for half of the gentry" and "Liuchi Lane" is well known to women and children. In a sense, an Anqing cultural history is also an Anhui cultural history, an Anqing development history and an Anhui development history.
Nine-headed Birds and Law —— American Courts
The original Supreme Court of the United States sentenced nine justices-"Nine-headed Birds"
Nine judges are equal, one person, one vote. So the nine judges are like a bird with nine heads. It is possible to fly in the east, west, south and north, and navigate by simple majority.
Nine-headed bird-why is it called Hubei nine-headed bird?
The popular proverb "Nine birds in the sky, Hubei guy underground" has different views and understandings. In recent years, several authors have expressed their opinions in the supplement of Hubei Daily, which is quite lively. Taiwan Province folklorist Zhu, whose ancestral home is Wuhan, also wrote the Legend of the Nine-headed Bird with 20,000 words. He quoted nearly 100 China classical documents, including many local chronicles, and made a detailed evaluation of the ancient and modern evolution and social and cultural connotation of the nine-headed bird proverb. Originally published in Oriental Magazine, it was later selected into the series of China Folklore edited by the author. Rereading this article recently, I feel that it is not only the most quoted, but also a rare work with clear, reasonable and convincing analysis. The author specially wrote a short article to comment.
Mr. Fan Jie believes that the legend of the nine-headed bird comes from some ancient myths in The Songs of Chu and The Classic of Mountains and Seas. "Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing" contains: "In the desert, there are mountains in the Arctic, and the sea is in the north. There are nine gods, people and birds named Jiu Feng. " This nine-headed phoenix is the earliest saying of the nine-headed bird. It can also be said that the nine-headed bird originated from the nine phoenixes in Shan Hai Jing. Phoenix is the divine bird of China, and the Phoenix with nine heads is even more magical. There are not only nine phoenixes in Shan Hai Jing, but also nine foxes, nine sheep, nine tigers and Kyubi no Youko. Moreover, in ancient China, which paid attention to the harmony between Yin and Yang, nine was the number of Yang, which meant auspicious and sacred, so the nine-headed bird did not contain evil spirits at first.
Infected by evil spirits, the nine-headed bird evolved into a disgusting villain in China folk customs, which began with the novel "The Duke of Zhou hated this bird in the East Pole and ordered the court to shoot it, leaving nine pieces of blood", and was later described in books such as Jingchu Sui Ling, Sheikh Yang Za and Qidong Wild Talk. Ouyang Xiu, a famous writer in the Song Dynasty, left a poem "Ghost Car Poetry", which has the most vivid and complete description: "Once upon a time, there was a Duke of Zhou who hated this bird. He told the court to take it at night, and the curved arc went out of Kyushu, so he couldn't shoot three times. The sky sent the tengu into the sky. Since the dog fell in front of its head, its head was beheaded and its blood flow was clear. You have been separated by 3,000 years, hiding during the day and coming out at night. " Every time the sky is cloudy, at first glance, the fire is shocking. Sometimes in blood shed, every family will be broken. When I heard this, I was surprised and suspicious, but I hope it didn't hurt me. I thought about the vastness of the world, and I didn't elaborate on all the details. The murderer is lucky at both ends when he is away. ..... "Here, the hatred of the nine-headed bird began with the Duke of Zhou who was defeated by the Chu people in the Spring and Autumn Period. Later, after the bird was bitten off by the dog, a lot of blood was shed at the broken head. People think it is unlucky to be defiled by blood drops, so the nine-headed bird has become an evil thing. However, Ouyang Xiu did not believe this, but advocated that "bad luck lies in people, not things". This shows that the life span of the demon has little to do with the morphological habits of the nine-headed bird.
Mr. Fan Jie took the nine-headed bird as a symbol of personnel and cited two historical examples. One is related to Zhang, a native of Hubei in the Ming Dynasty. There are two views here. First, when Zhang was in power, he reorganized his official management and his reputation grew. When he was ill, officials and gentry all over the country built temples for him, which was almost extravagant. They fought tooth and nail in the Do, but Zhang's position did not waver, and the Do was purged by Zhang Yiyi. Therefore, on that day, the folk gave birth to the rumor that "the nine-headed bird in the sky is an underground Hubei guy", thinking that the nine-headed bird is not much better than the Hubei guy. The nine-headed bird in this statement refers to nine suggestions, not Hubei people. Secondly, Zhang sponsored nine censors during the political reform, all of whom were his fellow villagers in Hubei. He severely punished corrupt officials, reformed the political style, and achieved remarkable results. Those corrupt officials who were reorganized were dissatisfied and cursed "nine birds in the sky and Hubei guys underground". It can be seen that the rumor of the nine-headed bird was originally used by political opponents to attack Zhang that day.
On the other hand, this proverb originated from the curse and hatred of Manchu towards Hubei people in the early Qing Dynasty. According to relevant historical records, Huang Qi, Hubei Province once fought to the death with the Qing Dynasty according to the rock. After the overall situation was established, those adherents who could not forget their motherland refused to cooperate with the Qing court. If it was used by the Qing court, it was abandoned by the public. Those who were indignant were those who made Manchu an official in Hubei. In desperation, this proverb was invented because there is a legend of nine-headed birds in Jingchu. Later, the success of the first meaning of Xinhai in Wuchang once again confirmed the vitality of this proverb. Therefore, a poem in Hubei Literature published by Taiwan Province Province sang: "Birds fly overnight in Wuchang, and the Manchu regime cannot protect itself. The emblem of Jiutou is called Hubei bird, and Hubei people are not worried. "
As for the folk, this proverb of the nine-headed bird has another meaning. Mr. Fan Jie believes that this is related to the gap between foreigners and Wuhan natives formed by Wuhan as a north-south land and water transportation center. Where transportation is convenient, people's knowledge develops earlier, there is more competition in social life and more cunning in communication. People from other provinces outside the three towns of Wuhan often hate and fear them. Wuhan is also the representative of Hubei. It turned out to be "a bird with nine heads in the sky and a Wuhan guy underground". Because the word Wuhan was relatively strange in the early days, it later became a Hubei guy.
It can be seen from this article by scholars in Taiwan Province Province that the nine-headed bird was born out of the phoenix image worshipped by Chu people, and it was only in the Middle Ages that it was infected with evil spirits and entered the folk life. It was only after the Ming Dynasty that it became related to Hubei people. However, it does not have a clear and stable meaning. Sometimes it is used to symbolize the rich wisdom of Hubei people and their strong resistance to evil and violent forces, and sometimes it is used to ridicule the cunning in interpersonal communication. These meanings and usages are all formed by history. In that case, there is no need for us to define a fixed explanation for the bird itself today. With the rich development of Hubei people's local character and historical position, the nine-headed bird proverb will naturally have new meanings.
Proverbs have different opinions and understandings, and they are all good in the supplement of Hubei Daily in recent years.