Wen | Zangbo
In today's daily life, "platforms" are everywhere. Shopping, payment, games and even marriage and love are all inseparable from various "platforms". The origin, definition, organization and operation mode of "platform" and related issues such as competition, monopoly and supervision have become branches of economic research and business model research.
A dazzling array of platform economy and its industrial forms can be regarded as an innovative market operation mode formed on the basis of bilateral or multilateral markets, and many brand-new economic phenomena derived from it have become important samples of economic research, and have also become the focus of public attention because they directly involve people's daily life and vital interests. The book list of this issue has collected and screened the works related to "platform economy", showing the complexity of related industrial forms from many angles and the multiple challenges to existing supervision and user interests.
Regarding the basic theory of "platform economy", the representative research is the "two-sided market" platform research by Nobel Prize winner Tirole. He believes that the important source of the emergence of the platform is to save transaction costs. This theory can be found in many examples in today's platform economy. For example, while e-commerce platform brings a lot of convenience to buyers, it also helps to reduce transaction costs, especially search costs. Through the platform, bilateral and multilateral users can trade according to the rules, which can significantly reduce the transaction cost between users.
Domestic theoretical works on "platform economy" are represented by Xu Jin's "Platform Economics". The book gives a concise definition of "platform economy", and through the mutual invention of the two concepts of "platform" and "market", the basic research system of "platform economy" is constructed, which has had a wide influence in China. Scholars and business people talk about "platform economy", and there are many quotations from books. Xu Jin pointed out that the essence of the platform is marketization. In essence, a platform is a trading space or place, which facilitates transactions between two or more customers and charges appropriate fees to obtain benefits. The continuation platform is a specific market. Starting with the classic exposition of "invisible hand", the author calls the new market of platform economy "money-making hand". Changing from "invisible hand" to "money-making hand" is the most important feature of platform economy.
Digital Survival is the masterpiece of Negroponte, the godfather of digitalization, which predicts that the leap from atom to bit is inevitable and irreversible. In addition, he exposed the problem of "platform" as early as the 1990s, and linked digital existence with "platform", thinking that digitalization is a platform for people living and living in real society to provide information dissemination and exchange. Therefore, the word "platform" frequently appears in the information industry all over the world. With the further development of Internet industry and the great progress of digital technology, "platform" has been introduced into industrial economy as an organizational concept. Looking back on "platform economy" and related research, Negroponte's "Digital Survival" is a landmark work and is regarded as the Bible of information technology and concept development in the 20th century.
(The author is the cultural editor of this magazine)
Innovation, Competition and Platform Economy —— Essays by Nobel Prize Winners in Economics
(French) translated by jean tirole and Kou Zonglai.
Law Press, July 20 17.
In the research field of "platform economy", the definition and origin of platform is an important topic, and many scholars have explained it. Among them, the widely cited research comes from jean tirole, a French economist and Nobel laureate in economics. Tirole and others pointed out that the important source of the emergence of platforms is to save transaction costs. This angle is not difficult to understand, because the transaction efficiency of the bilateral market is higher than that of the unilateral market.
This book is a collection of Tirole's essays, with eight articles discussing the related issues of bilateral markets, including the competition between platforms in bilateral markets, which can be an important reference for a deeper understanding of platform economy. In addition, these articles also discuss platform design and pricing, intellectual property rights, telecommunications, payment platforms and related antitrust issues, which provide a reference paradigm for the policy research and practice of supervising large-scale platform enterprises and antitrust. The new economic market is different from the traditional market, and its multilateralism may make the traditional wisdom no longer effective. Tirole believes that a middle ground must be found between laissez-faire and excessive intervention, which depends on careful economic analysis.
The whole history of the business model
(Japan) The book of Mikuya Yuji, translated by Ma et al.
Jiangsu Phoenix Literature and Art Publishing House, 20 16 1
"Business model" is the key to reveal the development law and characteristics of economic platform. This concept is especially frequently used in the era of mobile internet, and it has also become one of the main directions of business innovation of a new generation of technology entrepreneurs. The author believes that the key to the popularity of this concept lies in its two functions: one is to answer the question of "the sustainability of competitive advantage"; The second is to answer the question of "innovative methods". The book lists many vivid business model cases, such as Gillette's "blade+tool holder" model, and also takes into account the business model developed by China enterprises such as Alibaba.
The whole history of business model presents the history of business model changes in all directions, just like the slogan of this book: "Let you read the history of business model changes in one breath." The book discusses 70 business models, including 200 companies and 65,438+040 reform pioneers and business leaders, and fully discusses the true significance of business models as a source of reform and innovation. Although the author wrote earlier and has not touched the latest concrete form of "platform economy", in the historical process of combing the development and evolution of business models, an innovative model represented by "platform economy" has been outlined.
In the preface, the author points out: Up to now, the business model seems to explain the realization of innovation and the sustainable competitive advantage of business; However, the ultimate challenge we face is how to use business models to successfully solve these problems.
Platform economics
Xu
Shanghai Jiaotong University Press, July 20 13.
"Platform economy" is a relatively novel economic vocabulary. There are many ways for economists to study the platform economy, and the representative one is the "two-sided market" platform research by Tirole and others, which mainly studies the origin and nature of the platform, as well as the related pricing, monopoly and competition. Xu Jin first put forward the concept of "platform economics" in China, and initially established its theoretical system.
There are many new ideas in this book. The author believes that the essence of the platform is marketization. In essence, a platform is a trading space or place, which facilitates transactions between two or more customers and charges appropriate fees to obtain benefits. He also believes that in the past, the market was an "invisible hand", but in the era of platform economy, the new market of the platform has become a "profitable hand". Changing from "invisible hand" to "money-making hand" is the most important feature of platform economy. "Platform Economics" is a new economic discipline that studies the competition and monopoly among platforms, emphasizes the role of market structure, analyzes the development mode and competition mechanism of different types of platforms through transaction cost and contract theory, and puts forward corresponding policy suggestions.
This book gives a theoretical analysis framework of "platform economics": first, the definition of platform, and then introduce its classification, business model, pricing model, influencing factors and charging motivation; Finally, the formation and performance of platform competition, anti-monopoly and indirect infringement are expounded.
Digital survival
Negroponte, translated by Hu Yong, etc.
Hainan Publishing House, 1997 February.
Digital existence is known as the Bible of information technology and ideological development in the 20th century, which has a far-reaching impact on the enlightenment and development of the information age in the 20th century. The topics discussed in the book, such as opportunities and challenges faced by the information age, are very predictive, and even have reference value and certain guiding significance for today's society.
I have to say that the future of the Internet that Negroponte saw nearly 30 years ago directly hit the essence of the problem.
He believes that the so-called information technology has intensified social polarization, and society is divided into information-rich and information-poor, rich and poor. This view is too worrying, and what deserves more attention is the digital gap between the two generations caused by information technology.
Information technology itself is neutral and will not directly lead to or aggravate social polarization. The causes of global economic inequality are extremely complicated, partly due to the distribution pattern of global interests and the internal tax system of relevant countries. It is difficult to blame these phenomena on the development of the Internet. Although this book was published decades ago, it accurately predicted the great changes in the way of human existence under the catalysis of the Internet, such as "the leap from atom to bit is irresistible and irreversible". It is this state of "digital existence" that provides fertile soil for the dazzling "platform economy".
Traps of algorithm: super platform, algorithm monopoly and scene deception.
(English) Ariel Zallak waits, translated by Xiao Yu.
CITIC Publishing Group, 2065438+May 2008
Internet, big data and artificial intelligence have brought infinite convenience to people's lives and are considered to have improved our world, but in fact, these technologies themselves have become thought-provoking business phenomena and triggered a series of controversies. For example, in the era of platform economy, the dividends that consumers originally received to promote competition decreased, and the personal privacy of users was not fully guaranteed. This makes scientific and technological progress that seems to be conducive to improving market transparency, but ironically brings harm to consumers.
On the surface, consumers are the beneficiaries of the prosperity of Internet commerce, but subtle algorithms and data operations have also changed the nature of market competition, and this change does not always bring positive significance.
The Trap of Algorithms analyzes the convenience and progress brought to consumers by various algorithms and tools in the era of platform economy, as well as some crises and risks caused by them, and discusses the impact of these risks on market competition order, people's economic rights and interests and social well-being. The author believes that the continuous evolution and optimization of artificial intelligence, pricing algorithms and online transactions have brought us into a brand-new field. Here, the various attributes of market competition seem to be the same as the previously familiar theory, but its role is far less than our expectations.
Platform revolution: changing the business model of the world
Jay Aubrey Parker, translated by Zhi Peng.
Machinery Industry Press, 20 17 10.
At present, the world is entering the era of Internet platform guiding social economy. This book analyzes the evolution of bilateral market and platform model in the practice of Internet industry from the perspectives of network effect, platform architecture, market subversion and platform online, and provides readers with an authoritative guide to understand the platform model.
The author thinks that the traditional business model is like a pipeline, while the new business model is like a platform. In Platform Revolution, the author divides digital subversion into two stages. In the first stage, efficient pipelines eliminate inefficient pipelines; In the second stage, the platform will swallow the traditional pipeline.
This book also defines a meaning of platform, that is, platform is a structure that promotes the value interaction between producers and consumers.
In the preface, the authors say that they wrote this book because they believe that digital connection and platform mode are changing the world. Platform-based economic reform has created great value for the whole society and commercial institutions, including wealth creation, growth and meeting human needs. At the same time, the criteria of success and failure are redefined. They hope that the "platform revolution" can help new market entrants, existing organizations, regulators and policy makers navigate in this new world full of challenges and platform winners.
Platform Economy: Innovation, Governance and Prosperity
Editor: Huang
CITIC Publishing Group, July 2022
Platform economy has become a reality closely related to everyone's daily life, and it has also greatly promoted economic development. Financial industry, service industry, retail industry, manufacturing industry and even agriculture have all been transformed by the platform economy. However, the disorderly expansion of platform economy also brings many challenges. Platform economy should not be irrational prosperity, but should develop in an orderly and standardized way, thus becoming an economic form that can benefit everyone. Therefore, the governance, innovation and supervision of platform economy are urgent and widely concerned issues at present. While discussing all aspects of platform economy, this book puts forward in-depth analysis and practical suggestions on its supervision and other issues.
This book is edited by Professor Huang from the National Development Research Institute of Peking University. Many scholars in the fields of organizational economy, digital finance, Internet, management, law and so on have studied the innovation and governance of platform economy from the aspects of new features and new development, comparison between platform economy and enterprises in various countries, influence of platform on employment and income distribution, data governance and algorithm governance, risks and problems of digital financial platform, antitrust and supervision. Provide policy suggestions and solutions for various problems of the platform economy, and strive to promote the platform economy to a more fair and just development path, thus promoting the orderly, stable and prosperous development of the economy.
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