Chinese name: golden pheasant with red belly
Chinese aliases: Golden Rooster, Golden Rooster, Pheasant (from Erya) and Picking Chicken.
Latin scientific name: Chrysolophus? Pictu people
Name and age of species:? (Linnaeus,? 1758)?
English common name:? Gold? Pheasant?
Classification: flapping-wing birds, chickens, pheasants, Caragana.
Distribution: Caragana is endemic to China, with no subspecies differentiation. It is distributed in Henan, northeastern Yunnan, southeastern Tibet, southeastern Qinghai, southern Ningxia, western Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, southwestern Shaanxi, Gansu and Changbai Mountain. In addition, it is also reported in Zixi, Jiangxi, which needs further confirmation.
Endangered information: China's Red Book of Endangered Animals: Vulnerable? Grade of national key protected wild animals: Grade II
China is one of the distribution centers of pheasant birds in the world. There are about 130 species of pheasants in the world, among which there are 55 species in China, and quite a few are endemic to China. China can be called the Pheasant Kingdom. Golden pheasant is one of the most famous pheasants in China. It is colorful and exquisitely shaped, and has always been regarded as a treasure among chickens by ancient emperors. At present, the "political status" of golden pheasant is constantly improving. In many important international conferences, it has repeatedly performed the duty of "acting as a national bird" and is gradually becoming a symbol of the Chinese nation.
[Edit this paragraph] Appearance characteristics
Medium-sized land birds. The total length is about 70 (female) ~ 100 (male) cm. Women and men are different colors. The male is about 1 m, and the female is about 60 cm. It weighs about 650 grams. Rooster's upper back is thick green, its upper body is mainly golden yellow, and its lower body is red. There is a golden silky feather crown on the head, which hangs freely behind the neck. There are orange-brown fan-shaped feathers on the back of the neck, and the edges are black and thin, shaped like a beautiful shawl and shining. Tail feathers are longer than the body? Twice the feather color, black and dense with orange spots. When walking, the tail feather vibrates up and down rhythmically with the pace. The upper body and tail of female birds are mostly brown, but covered with black spots; The abdomen is pure and light. ?
Iris yellow; Mouth-green and yellow; Foot-horny yellow. ? Voice: In spring, the female will call cha-cha. Other females should call. The male answered with "return". Gui or? Guigu? Gu? Gu or sweet and short? Gu? Guam (short for GUAM) ... When flying, the male bird gave a whoop of joy? Son? The rear zone ... screaming. This is a famous and beautiful ornamental bird.
Male golden pheasant:
Male golden pheasant is the most colorful pheasant. According to legend, Academician Zheng, a master of modern ornithology in China, was shocked by its beautiful appearance after seeing the golden pheasant specimen in the Botanical Museum of the University of Michigan, and decided to go back to China to engage in ornithology research. The crown feather on the male head is golden yellow with soft silky luster. The crown feather is long but smoothly covered on the back neck, and no crown feather structure is formed. The neck side and back neck are covered with fan-shaped golden red feathers with black edges, and the necks are closely arranged in a tile shape, forming a "shawl" with a red background and black stripes; Cheeks, throat, chest and abdomen are covered with bright red feathers with uniform color; The upper back is copper-green, the feather margin is blue-black, and it is closely arranged in a shingle shape; The feathers on the back waist, waist and front of the tail are as golden as the top of the head; But the golden yellow waist is often covered by a few innermost dark blue flying feathers and wings, which can't be seen. The primary flight feathers are dark brown and the outer feathers are white. The tail feathers are long, the middle two tail feathers are light yellow spots based on black, and the outer tail feathers are light yellow with wide black stripes. ?
Golden pheasant female
The female golden pheasant is grayish brown with black stripes on the top of the head, back neck, upper back, waist, throat, chest, upper abdomen and two coordination parts. From the top of the head to the back of the body, the basic color gradually changes from taupe to dark brown, the black stripes on the top of the head are very thin, and there are silver-gray ear feathers behind the eyes. The black stripes gradually widen from the top of the head to the back of the body, and the black stripes at the flight feathers are basically brown. The tail feather is long and brittle, mainly khaki with black-dark brown transverse spots. Iris yellow; Beak green and yellow; Yellow feet.
[Edit this paragraph] Distribution scope
This bird is endemic to China and has no subspecies differentiation. As early as more than 200 years ago, westerners introduced golden pheasants to Europe for breeding.
Distribution: Golden pheasant is endemic to China, distributed in southwest Qinghai, Gansu and southwestern Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi in central and western China. The core areas of this species are in Gansu and Qinling Mountains in southern Shaanxi. It is said that Baoji City, Shaanxi Province is named after this species. ?
Mainly distributed in provinces: Henan, northeastern Yunnan, southeastern Tibet, southeastern Qinghai, southern Ningxia, western Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, southwestern Shaanxi, Gansu and other places. In addition, it is also reported in Zixi, Jiangxi.
Distributed in the following protected areas: Daozhen Dasha River? Chishui? Mayanghe? Leigong Mountain? Xishui? Foding Mountain (Shiqian)? Fan Jingshan? Bao Tianman (Neixiang)? Shennongjia? Shennongjia? Houhe? Taoyuan cave? Hu Pingshan? Eight Dagong Mountain? Suo Xiyu? Bamian Mountain? Liupanshan (Ningxia)? Taibai Mountain? Cycas Panzhihua? Wolong? Jinfo Mountain? Dawei mountain? Tianmu Mountain (Zhejiang)? Zhangjiajie? Zhujiashan? Anxi Yunshan? Stream?
Distributed in the following mountains and lakes: Dupangling? Qinling? Qilian Mountain? Funiu Mountain?
There are many Qinling Mountains near Baoji, Shaanxi Province, and the place name "Baoji" is named after golden pheasant.
[Edit this paragraph] Eating habits
Predation: peck directly with a powerful mouth or scrape on the surface with your feet before pecking with your mouth.
Food: omnivorous, mainly herbivorous, mainly eating ferns, legumes, grass seeds, wheat leaves, soybeans and other crops. Eat all kinds of insects and small invertebrates. Comprises grass seeds, Elaeagnus Elaeagnus, ferns, Artemisia annua, wild garlic, acorns, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Li Mao, tartary buckwheat, raspberries, Bromus inermis, safflower berries, wild peas, medicinal dates, soybeans, mung beans and wheat. More than 30 kinds of food have been recorded.
[Edit this paragraph] Growth and reproduction
Breeding characteristics: the breeding period is from April to June, with one male and many females. Usually 1 of men have 2-4 women. Male birds occupy a mountainous area, and often make crow sounds of "Cha, Ga, Ga" to attract female birds to mate.
Courtship is a beautiful show off. When the male courted the female bird, he first walked over to the female bird, hummed, circled around the female bird or sprinted back and forth to read. When standing in front of the female bird, the gorgeous feathers of the male bird are fluffy outward, and the colorful shawl feathers cover the head, much like a shaken folding fan. The wings near the female bird are slightly lower, and the wings on the other side are upturned. Colorful feathers on the wings, back and waist are displayed in front of the female bird, and the tail is also tilted, which makes the beautiful tail feathers and feathers on the tail look very bright and affectionate to the female bird. At this time, the female bird has been dazzled by the gorgeous feathers and a series of ostentatious actions of the male bird, and she hisses with envy from time to time.
After mating, the females lay eggs alone in the shade of the forest. The size of the nest is16-23x16-17cm in diameter and 6.5-10cm in depth. Each nest lays 5-9 eggs, with a maximum of 12. Eggs are light yellow in color and size. The incubation period is 22 days. Young birds are early adult birds that can feed themselves as soon as they hatch.
Golden pheasants begin to breed in April. Males in estrus often have fierce conflicts for females; It is found that heterosexual males in China and Italy will perform complex courtship rituals around female birds, including dancing around specific routes, showing off beautiful feathers, twisting their bodies and other courtship dances. This performance can last nearly 2 hours. According to the field investigation, golden pheasants nest in the deep grass with good concealment. According to the research of Beijing Zoo, under the condition of artificial feeding, this species lays 10- 15 eggs per nest, and the chicks are early chicks with incubation period of 23-25 days.
[Edit this paragraph] Population situation
1982 ——1983 was investigated in Taibai and Pingli, Shaanxi, with an average density of 6.0 PCs/km2; ; 1988 is 3.0//km2 in autumn (Yao Jianchu, 199 1).
1984 ——1985 was investigated in Beichuan, Sichuan in spring, with an average density of 6.9 animals /km2? (Li, 1988).
1984 was investigated in Liupanshan, Ningxia in autumn, with an average density of 3.6//km2 (Liu Jiufa, 1985).
Since18th century, it has been widely propagated in Europe, and now it has become the most common pheasant in zoos and wildlife farms all over the world. All zoos in China have breeding records.
In 2004, the State Forestry Administration published "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Sustainable Development of Wild Animals and Plants", which included Caragana in the "List of Terrestrial Wild Animals with Mature Domestication and Breeding Techniques for Commercial Operation". The wild animals on the list can legally enter the restaurant and be put on the table after going through the relevant formalities.
[Edit this paragraph] Risk factors
Illegal hunting is the greatest threat to this species.
(1) The beautiful appearance of the male golden pheasant makes it a keen target for poachers. Because of its gorgeous feathers, the skins of male birds can be exported for decoration, and live birds can be exported for viewing and exhibition. The number of kills from various producing areas is quite amazing every year. For example, in the 1960s, the animal husbandry department in Xiangxi, Hunan Province bought 6000-8000 pieces of golden goose skin (Wu Zhikang, 196545). People often make them into specimens for sale as decorations, or pluck feathers to make handicrafts for sale.
(2) In addition, according to the theory of Chinese medicine, golden pheasants should be stripped of feathers and internal organs before they can be eaten? Can there be insufficient warming in the middle? , the effect of nourishing the liver and blood, which also stimulated the hunting of this species to a certain extent.
Experts suggest that golden pheasant should be designated as the national bird.
On March 3, 2008, Sun Yuehua, vice chairman of the branch of ornithology of the Chinese Zoological Society, revealed that as a rare and endemic bird in China, the golden pheasant is expected to be elected as the national bird. "At present, more than 40 countries and regions around the world have identified their national birds. As a world power, China should determine its national bird as soon as possible. "
Phoenix, etc Not qualified as a candidate.
It is understood that "Phoenix" has always been a hot topic among all candidates for "national name" business cards. Although the Phoenix does not exist in reality, it is a true image in the hearts of the vast majority of China people, and it has long been the national bird of China people in spirit. However, due to the special significance of the national bird selection, Phoenix does not have the candidate qualification. "Those who are designated as national birds must be rare and unique birds loved by their own people and birds of great significance." Sun Yuehua said, firstly, this bird must exist in reality, and secondly, it must be unique to China.
"Red-crowned cranes are migratory birds and are also distributed in Japan, North Korea, Russia and other countries. In addition, Zhu also has the same problem as the red-crowned crane. Zhu's Latin scientific name is Nipponianippon, which means' Japan'. " Sun Yue Hua said that it is inappropriate for red-crowned cranes and crested ibis, as the national birds of China, to participate in international exchanges due to scientific names and other issues.
Golden pheasant with red belly is commonly known as "golden rooster"
"The territory of China is like a rooster on paper. China is the country with the richest pheasant in the world, and the pheasant is the national bird, accordingly. Golden pheasants are distributed in mountain forests in central China, northwest China and southwest China, and their feathers are colorful. " Sun Yuehua introduced that the golden pheasant with red belly had the reputation of "five virtues" in ancient China: those who wear crowns also have literature; Those who are full of distance are also martial; Those who dare to fight in front of the enemy are brave; See food, benevolence also; Those who don't waste time watching believe in it.
The reporter learned that the golden pheasant with red belly is the golden rooster commonly known as the "golden rooster dawn" and belongs to the national second-class protected animal. In 200 1 year, at the opening ceremony of 2 1 World Universiade, beautiful patterns representing the birds of this country were first drawn on the admission guide cards of athletes from all over the world. Because there is no national bird in China, before the opening ceremony, the China Ornithological Society and other units discussed it repeatedly and finally chose the golden pheasant.
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Golden pheasant with red belly is a kind of bird in Sichuan Province.
Golden pheasant, 1993, designated as golden pheasant in Gansu province.