The polysemy of Qi Huan's literary works in Jin Dynasty is as follows:
First, love: Although Qi is small, why do I love a cow?
Second, love: Wu Guangsu loves.
Third, love: love lotus.
Fourth, Ming: Ming is enough to see the end of autumn.
The verb (verb's abbreviation) says: May Master help me with my ambition and teach me clearly.
6. Ming: If a wise monarch controls the people's property, it will be enough for parents to use.
Seven. Ming: Looking up, it turned out to be moonlight, and it sank again, suddenly thinking of home.
Eight. Tao: Those who preach Nepali have nothing to do with Tao Huan Wen.
Nine, Tao: outsiders are not enough.
Ten, Tao: those who get the Tao help more, and those who lose the Tao help less.
XI。 Tao: There is a long way to go.
Notes arrangement of Qi Huan's literary works in Jin Dynasty
The knowledge points of Qi Huan Jin Wenzhi are as follows:
1, Zhu: the consonant of a word.
2, filial piety, embarrassment: respect for parents is filial piety, respect for brothers is embarrassing.
3. "Yi" has passed, and the tone is firm.
I don't love its wealth, but it is easy to use sheep. It is appropriate for people to say I love it.
I use sheep instead of cattle, not to be stingy with my property. People say I should be stingy.
5. Yes, then know the weight; Degree, then know the length.
Weigh it with a scale and you will know the weight; Measure it with a ruler and you'll know the length.
Polysemous words in Qi Huangong's attack on Chu.
Wind, in the modern sense, refers to a kind of weather, and in the ancient sense, there is an estrus attraction between animals. River, which refers to the Yellow River in ancient times, refers to the ordinary river today. Footwear, in ancient times, refers to shoes, and now it refers to many times. * * *, the original meaning refers to being together, and the ancient meaning refers to offering and giving. Hui means preference, benefit, ancient adverb.
Reflections on Qi Huan's Works in Jin Dynasty
Divide the text into three parts according to the content.
The first part mainly says that Qi Xuanwang didn't practice kingly way, not because he couldn't, but because he didn't.
The second part discusses the harm of "hegemony" from the opposite side, which urges Qi Xuanwang to completely change its course, give up hegemony and practice kingliness.
The third part expounds the concrete measures to implement kingly way. After explaining the advantages and disadvantages of Wang Ba, Qi Xuanwang expressed his willingness to teach, and Mencius put forward his benevolent policy: "controlling people's wealth" and "teaching chaos".
Extended data
This article is one of Mencius' representative works, which can reflect the basic characteristics of Mencius' prose, such as rigorous structure, prominent center, clear argument, full reasoning, intense emotion and majestic momentum.
This article is a conversational argumentative essay. If Mencius wanted him to accept his own political ideas in the dialogue with Qi Xuanwang, he had to ponder each other's psychology and induce them to speak according to their own ideas. Therefore, this paper is written in a tortuous and euphemistic way, with in-depth hierarchy and logical and vivid reasoning.
Qi Huan's translation of inscriptions on bronze inscriptions.
The original translations of Qi Huan's literary works in Jin Dynasty correspond to each other as follows:
Qi Xuanwang asked, "Have you ever heard of Qi Huan and Jin Wen?"
Mencius said to him, "Zhong Ni believers who have no knowledge of Taoism and literature will be ignorant in the future. If there is no way, what is the king? "
He said, "Why is virtue king?"
He said: "Protecting the people is king, and you can't defend yourself."
He said, "If I am a person, how can I protect the people?"
Say, "Yes."
Yue: "How do you know I can do it?"
He said, "I heard nonsense:' The king is sitting in the hall. If a cow passes under the hall, the king sees it and says,' What is that cow?' Right: "It will be a bell." The king said, "Give it up! I can't stand being wrapped in it. If I am innocent, I will die. " He said, "but why use a clock?" He said, "What can be abolished? Sheep can exchange it. " I don't know anything. "
Say, "Yes."
He said: "The heart is king. The people love the king, and I know the king can't stand it. "
The king said, "Of course there are people. Although Qi is young, why do I love a cow? Just can't bear to be swaddled. If I am innocent, I will die, so I want to change sheep. "
He said: "The king and the people love him no different. Small is easy to be big, and evil is known? If Wang hides his innocence and dies, what about cattle and sheep? "
Wang smiled and said, "Why are you sincere? I don't love its wealth, but it is easy to use sheep. It is appropriate for the people to say that I love it. "
Yue: "It's harmless, but it's benevolent! See the cow but not the sheep. A gentleman is to a beast: seeing his life, he can't bear to see his death; I can't bear to eat its meat when I hear its voice. Far cooking is also a gentleman. "
The king said, "The Book of Songs says,' If others have a heart, they can worry about it.' Master is also called. I do what I do, but what I ask is not my heart; What the master said is of great concern to me. Why is this heart suitable for the king? "
Yue: "There was a gentleman who said,' I am strong enough to lift a hundred kings, but not enough to lift a feather; Smart enough to see the end of autumn, but not the salary. "What about Wang Xu?"
Say, "No!"
"This kind of elegance is enough to become a beast, but not a person. What is this? However, if you don't lift a feather, you won't exert yourself; If you can't see your salary, you don't need to be clear; People can't see insurance, so they don't have to be kind. Therefore, if the king is not king, he will not be king. "
Yue: "What's the difference between what you don't do and what you won't do?"
He said: "I can cross the North Sea on Mount Tai, and people say,'No.' No, I can't. Breaking branches for the elderly, people say,' No! Do it if you don't do it. Therefore, the king is not the king, not relying on Mount Tai to surpass the North Sea and so on; The king is not a king, but a broken branch or something. "
"I am old and people are old; Young people, young people, young people; The world is in your hands. As the poem says, "punishment is imposed on widows, but for brothers, it is at home." I just added words to my heart. Therefore, kindness is enough to protect the whole world, but not kindness can't protect your wife. Ancient people were so great that they were good at pushing themselves and others! Today's kindness is enough for animals, but not enough for people. What's the only thing? Yes, and then know the weight; Degree, then know the length. Everything is natural, and the heart is what it is. Please measure it, Wang. Suppress Wang Xing's soldiers and dangerous officials, blame the governors, and then get along with them? "
The king said, "no, how can I be fast enough?" I will seek what I want. "
He said, "Can you hear the great wish of the king?"
Wang smiled and said nothing.
Yue: "Because the fat is not enough for the mouth and mouth? Light is not warm enough for body and body? Suppressing color selection is not enough by eyes and? Not enough sound? Isn't it enough to place an order before? The king's ministers are enough for them, and the king is not right! "
Said, "No, I didn't do it right."
He said, "However, the great wish of the King is well known: to open up territory, visit Qin, visit Chu, visit China and take care of the four foreigners. To do what you want, you must seek what you want. "
The king said, "What if it's good?"
Holmium: "It's almost nothing. Seek fish from the edge of the wood, although you can't fish, there is no disaster; Do what you want to do, do what you want to do, and do it wholeheartedly. There will be disasters afterwards. "
He said, "Can you hear me?"
He said, "Who does your majesty think will win the battle between Zou and Chu?"
Said: "Chu people win."
He said: "However, a small entity cannot be the enemy of a large entity, a small entity cannot be the enemy of many entities, and a weak entity cannot be the enemy of a strong entity. The land of the sea, Fang Jiu, has one in the collection; Why is it different from Zou's enemy Chu Tsai? The cover is also the opposite! Today, the king is in power and benevolent, so that officials all over the world want to stand in the dynasty, cultivators all want to plow in the king's field, merchants all want to hide in the king's city, and people all over the world want to complain to the king: If so, who can resist? "
The king said, "I _, I can't go in! May the master help me with my ambition and teach me to understand. Although I am not sensitive, please try! "
He said: "Only a scholar can become a persevering person without ceasing to produce. If people, there is no constant production, because there is no perseverance. Without perseverance, you will do whatever you want. It is a waste of people to be caught committing a crime and then punished. How can there be benevolent people in power, even without people! Therefore, if a wise monarch controls the people's property, he can support his parents and wife, and in happy years, he can be satisfied with life, and in fierce years, he can avoid death; Then drive away the good, so the people are also light. "
"Today, it is also the property of the people. It is not enough to adopt parents alone, nor is it enough to adopt a wife. Happy years will be bitter for a lifetime, and fierce years will inevitably lead to death; This is just to save lives, but I'm afraid I won't be able to support it. If the king wants to do it, he will do the opposite! Five acres of house, the tree is mulberry, and fifty people can wear clothes; Chickens, dolphins and dogs are all domestic animals, so there is no time to waste. Seventy people can eat meat; One hundred acres of land, if you don't hurry, a family of eight can be hungry; I sincerely hope that the godson of the cult will be filial, and the winners will not be on the road. The old man eats meat, and the people are not hungry or cold, but they are not kings. "
Qi Xuanwang asked Mencius, "Can you talk about the hegemony between Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong?"
Mencius replied, "Confucius' students didn't talk about Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong. So it didn't spread to later generations, and I haven't heard of it. If I have to say it, I will talk about the king who unifies the world with the power of morality. "
Qi Xuanwang asked: "What kind of morality can unify the world?"
Mencius said: "Let the people live and work in peace and contentment, and no one can stop the unification of the world."
Qi Xuanwang asked, "Can people like me make people live and work in peace and contentment?"
Mencius said, "Yes."
Qi Xuanwang asked again, "How do you know I can?"
Mencius said, "I heard Hu _ say such a thing. Once the king was sitting in the hall, and someone walked under the hall with a cow. You saw it and asked, "Where are you taking the cow? The man who led the cow replied, "I want to kill it." The king said,' Let it be! I can't bear to see it shivering and pathetic, so I can send it to the slaughterhouse without sin. "The man said,' So, there will be no sacrifice bells? You said,' How can you not sacrifice the bell? Trade a sheep for it. -I wonder if there is such a thing? "
Qi Xuanwang said, "There is such a thing."
Mencius said: "This kind of goodness can completely unify the whole country. The common people feel that Wang Xiaoqi, I have long known that you can't stand it. "
Qi Xuanwang said, "Yes! Someone really misunderstood me like this. Although Qi is small, how can he spare a cow? I just couldn't bear to see it shivering and pitiful, so I sent it to the slaughterhouse. Without sin, I traded it for a sheep. "
Mencius said, "Don't blame the people for thinking that you are stingy. Sheep and calves are very big. How do they know what you mean by changing the small one into the big one? If Wang Can pities the cow and sends it to the slaughterhouse, what is the difference between the cow and the sheep? "
Xuan Wang smiled and said, "What kind of idea is this? It's true that I didn't embezzle property to exchange sheep for cattle. Now that you mention it, the people are right to say that I am stingy with my property. "
Mencius said, "Never mind. Your miserable heart is kind, because you only see cows, not sheep. A gentleman can't bear to die when he sees birds and beasts alive; Hearing their voices, I can't bear to eat their meat. So, Mr. Wang left the kitchen far away. "
Qi Xuanwang said happily: "The Book of Songs says,' When others have a heart, they should consider it.' This seems to be you. I made it myself, and asked myself why, but I couldn't say why. What your old man said suddenly brightened my heart. What is the reason why my mood is king? "
Mencius said, "If someone reports to you," My strength can lift 3,000 kilograms, but I can't lift a feather. My eyes can see the fine hair of autumn birds, but I can't see a car full of firewood. Can you believe it? "
Qi Xuanwang said, "I don't believe it."
Mencius said: "Now your kindness is enough to reach the beast, but it can't benefit the people. Why? " In this way, a feather can't be picked up, because it doesn't need strength; A load of firewood can't be seen, because you don't need eyesight; People can't live and work in peace and contentment because you refuse to be kind. Therefore, you don't need a king to unify the world, but you won't do it, not that you can't. "
King Xuan said, "What's the difference between refusing to do it and not being able to do it?"
Mencius said: "I jumped over the Bohai Sea with Mount Tai in my arms and said to others,' I can't do this.' This is really impossible. Bow to the old man and say,' I can't do this. I refuse to do it, not that I can't. Therefore, you don't need to unify the world with kingcraft, and you don't belong to jumping over the North Sea with Mount Tai in your arms. You don't have to use kingcraft to unify the world. You belong to an old man who bows.
"Respect for the elderly in my family, and then extend to respect for the elderly in other people's homes; Take care of my children, and then expand to take care of others' children. All political measures are carried out in this way, and unifying the world is as easy as running away from what you have. The book of songs says,' the punishment is imposed on the widow, but as for the brothers, they stay at home.' In other words, it is enough to extend such goodwill to other aspects. "
"So we can solve the world by spreading kindness from near to far; Otherwise you can't even protect your wife and children. Ancient sages greatly surpassed ordinary people because they were only good at doing good. Now your kindness can reach animals, but it can't benefit the people. Why? "
"If you call it, you will know the weight, and if you measure it, you will know the length. Everything is like this, especially the human heart. Please think about it! "
"Do you want to mobilize the army, let the soldiers risk their lives to be enemies with other countries, and then be happy?"
Qi Xuanwang said, "No. Why am I glad to do this? I did this to satisfy my greatest desire! "
Mencius said, "What is the king's greatest wish? Can you tell me? "
Qi Xuanwang smiled, but said nothing.
Mencius said, "Is it because there is not enough fat to eat? Is it not enough to wear light and warm clothes? Still not enough for bright colors? Isn't wonderful music enough to listen to? Aren't there enough people waiting for you? These, your staff can try their best to supply. Is that why you are here? "
Qi Xuanwang said, "No, that's not why I did it."
Mencius said, "Then the king's greatest desire can be known. Do you want to expand the land, let Qin Chu appear before the court, rule China, and at the same time appease the surrounding foreigners. However, satisfying your desires in this way is like climbing a tree to catch fish. "
Qi Xuanwang said, "Is it so serious?"
Mencius said, "I'm afraid it's more serious than this." Climbing to the tree to catch fish, although you can't catch fish, there is no future trouble. Satisfy your desires with your practice. If you try your best to do it, you will not only fail to achieve your goal, but also have disasters in the future. "
Qi Xuanwang said, "Why? Can you tell me about it? "
Mencius said, "If Zou fights with Chu, which country do you think will win?"
Qi Xuanwang said, "Chu will win."
Mencius said: "It can be seen that a small country cannot be an enemy of a big country, a country with a small population cannot be an enemy of a country with a large population, and a weak country cannot be an enemy of a strong country. China has a land area of 1,000 square meters, and there are nine places, only one-ninth of which is Qi. Trying to conquer 8/9 with the strength of 1/9, what's the difference between Zou and Chu? Wang, let's start from the root!
"Now you issue a decree to implement benevolent government, which will make all the scholars in the world want to be an official in the court of Qi, farmers want to farm in the fields of Qi, businessmen want to do business in the market of Qi, travelers want to pass the road of Qi, and people who hate their monarch want to complain to you. Who can resist this? "
Qi Xuanwang said, "My mind is in a mess, and I can't further understand what you said. I hope you can help me achieve my goal and teach me clearly. Although I am not smart, please let me have a try. "
Mencius said: "There is no fixed industrial income, but there is a firm moral concept, which only a scholar can do." As for the average person, if there is no certain industrial income, there is no firm moral concept. Without a firm moral concept, you will run amok, violate the law and discipline, and do anything bad. Punishing them when they commit a crime is tantamount to framing the people. How can a benevolent monarch be in power, but do something to frame the people? "
"Therefore, Ming Jun stipulates that the inheritance of the people will enable them to support their parents and raise their wives and children. If you succeed in good years, you will have plenty of food and clothing, and if you succeed in bad years, you will not starve to death; Then guide them to the good path, and the people will naturally listen. "
"Today, the people's hard-working regulations, can't support their parents, can't support their wives and children, good years become hard, and bad years become only starvation. In this way, everyone just wants to live, but they are afraid that it is too late. How can they spare time to learn etiquette? "
"You want to be benevolent, why don't you start from the root? Mulberry trees are planted around five acres of land in each family, and people over 50 can put on silk cotton-padded jackets. Domestic animals such as chickens, pigs and dogs should be bred in time so that the elderly over 70 can have meat to eat. Don't delay their farming time for a family with 100 mu of cultivated land. A family of eight can eat enough. "
"Do a good job in school education at all levels, and repeatedly talk about the truth of filial piety, so that the old man with gray hair will not walk with his head up. Old people wear silk cotton-padded jackets and eat meat, and ordinary people are well-fed and naked, and will never control the whole world. "
works appreciation
This article is eloquent and comprehensively discusses Mencius' thought of benevolent governance. Mencius put forward the idea of "protecting the people as the king" in time in view of Qi Xuanwang's ambition of "going to China and going to Westernization for four foreigners" by virtue of its strong national strength, affirmed the importance of protecting the people, and pointed out through metaphor that it is not impossible for Qi Xuanwang to protect the people. The reason why Wang Xuan is king without protecting the people and oppressing them is because he wants to try to rule. The attempt to seek hegemony is bound to fail. Only by establishing a government and showing benevolence and righteousness can we win.
Then, Mencius put forward measures to protect the people from the following two aspects: "controlling people's wealth" and "doing good by driving", and pointed out that if these two measures were implemented, there would be "no king, no existence". During the whole conversation, Mencius took the helm as a boatman, flowing freely and doing whatever he wanted. And the structure closely revolves around a center: according to Qi Xuanwang's unbearable heart, persuade him to be benevolent and govern the world. The whole article uses small questions to lead the truth, from far to near, reasoning step by step, vivid metaphor, thorough reasoning and multi-purpose parallelism, which increases the vividness and abundant momentum of the article.