The third son of Emperor Gaozu was born to Empress Bo. Eight years after high school (before 180) is the throne. In the name of benevolence and filial piety, he is famous all over the world, and he never slackens in serving his mother. His mother was ill for three years, and he often disappeared and took off his clothes. Let mom bring the soup, and he won't worry until he tastes it himself.
During his 24 years in office, he emphasized the rule of virtue, advocated etiquette, and attached importance to the development of agriculture, which made the Western Han society stable, the population prosperous, and the economy restored and developed. His rule with Emperor Han Jing was called "the rule of culture and scenery."
2. Deer milk serves relatives
Tan Zi was born in the Spring and Autumn Period. My parents are old, suffering from eye diseases, and need to drink deer milk for treatment. He went into the mountains in deerskin, mingled with the deer, and milked them for his parents. When I was getting milk, I saw that the hunter was about to shoot a muntjac. Scorpion quickly uncovered deerskin and came out, telling the hunter that milking deerskin is the fact of treating parents. The hunter respected his filial piety and gave him deer milk as a gift to escort him out of the mountain.
3. Jiang Wan
Shu in the Three Kingdoms period appointed Jiang Wan to preside over the state affairs after Zhuge Liang's death. One of his subordinates is Yang, who is withdrawn and speaks slowly. When Jiang Wan talked to him, he only answered. Someone didn't like it, and muttered in front of Jiang Wan: "It's outrageous that Yang is so rude to you!"
Jiang Wan smiled indifferently and said, "Everyone has his own temperament. It's not in Yang's nature to praise me to my face. Let him criticize me in front of everyone, and he will feel ashamed of me. So, he had to keep silent. In fact, this is his valuable place. "
4. Worried about tasting feces
Yu, Gao Shi of Nanqi, was appointed as the magistrate of Yiling County. Less than ten days after taking office, I suddenly felt scared and sweaty. I had a premonition that something had happened at home, so I immediately resigned and returned to China. When I got home, I realized that my father had been seriously ill for two days. The doctor said, "To know the condition, just taste the patient's feces. It is bitter."
Qian Lou went to taste his father's excrement and found it very sweet. He is very worried. At night, he bowed down to the Big Dipper and begged to die for his father. A few days later, his father died, and Qian Lou buried his father and raised him there for three years.
5. Save the father from the tiger
Yang Xiang was from the Jin Dynasty. When I was fourteen, my father and I went to the field to cut rice. Suddenly, a tiger came running, threw his father down and took him away. Yang Xiang is unarmed. In order to save his father, regardless of his own safety, he quickly rushed forward and grabbed the tiger's throat with all his strength. The tiger finally put down his father and ran away.
6. Renyi Interchange
Dong was a native of Jiyang, Shandong Province, and was an official in Beijing during the Ming Dynasty. One day, he received a letter from home saying that his house was built to lay a foundation, and he had a quarrel with his neighbor, hoping that he could use his power to solve the matter. Dong immediately wrote a book after reading it, saying, "A thousand miles to send books is just for the wall, and I can't help laughing and breaking my heart;" You are very kind to me and close neighbors. What are the disadvantages of giving up two feet? "
After reading it, the family felt that Dong had a point. When building the house, they voluntarily gave up a few feet. Neighbors saw Dong Jia's behavior and felt something, so they followed suit. As a result, the two families gave up eight feet wide, and after the house was built, there was an alley, which the world called Renyi Hutong.
2. Seek an example of Confucius' "benevolence". Thanks to Confucius' theory of "benevolence" The Analects of Confucius has many explanations for "benevolence". "Benevolence" can be said to be a basic idea in The Analects.
The following quotations from the Analects of Confucius about "benevolence" are for friends to study. Modern translation and personal analysis of ancient Chinese prose are both part of personal understanding.
Clean the axe. Confucius thinks that the highest state is "holiness", and even thinks that Yao and Shun have not reached the standard of "holiness".
And "benevolence" is the first step towards "holiness" [The Analects of Confucius] Confucius said: "Clever words make color and fresh benevolence."
Confucius said: "If you speak well and pretend to be likable, such people will have no kindness." [Personal Analysis] Confucius talks about benevolence from the opposite side here.
Confucius advocated simplicity and opposed exaggeration. We advocate being cautious in what you say and keeping your word.
Special emphasis should be placed on matching words with deeds and avoiding empty talk. This down-to-earth attitude and simple spirit have long influenced China people and become the essence of China's traditional ideology and culture.
[Original Analects of Confucius] Confucius said: "Only the benevolent can be good and evil." Confucius said, "Only those who are kind can love and hate others."
[Personal Analysis] When Confucius talks about benevolence, he should not only "love" but also "hate people". Only by being "benevolent" can there be a correct love-hate relationship.
[Original Analects of Confucius] Fan Chi asked Ren, saying, "A benevolent person can be said to be benevolent if he first realizes his difficulties." Fan Chi asked Confucius what benevolence was, and Confucius said, "Benevolent people have different opinions, and wise people have different opinions.
When there is a harvest, he has to be behind others, which can be said to be a benevolent person. "[The Analects of Confucius] Confucius said:" The knower enjoys water, and the benevolent enjoys Leshan; The knower moves, and the benevolent is quiet; He who knows is happy, and he who is kind lives long. "
Confucius said: "love the water, a wise man, loves mountains;" Smart people are flexible, and benevolent people are single-minded. Wise people are happy, and benevolent people live long. "
[Original Analects of Confucius] Zi Gong said, "If you can give to the people, what about helping them?" Can you call it a benevolent person? Confucius said, "What is benevolence? Will be holy! Yao Shun is still ill. Benevolent people want to be a man, but they want to be a man.
It can be said that the benevolent side has also been obtained. "Zi Gong said," What if one person can give people a lot of benefits and help the public? Can you be considered a benevolent person? Confucius said: "He is not only a benevolent man, but also a saint! Even Yao and Shun can't do it.
As for the benevolent, if you want to stand up by yourself, you must first help others stand up; If you want to live a good life for yourself, you should also help others to live a good life. Starting from the people and things around you, pushing yourself and others can be said to be a way to practice benevolence. "
[Personal Analysis] Confucius put forward the "sage" concept of "giving to the people and benefiting the people" here. At the same time, it puts forward the important principle of "benevolence", that is, "if you want to be a man, you want to be successful."
This is the basic social ethics principle expounded by Confucius, and it is also of great value today. [The Analects of Confucius] Yan Yuan asked Ren.
Confucius said, "Self-denial and courtesy are benevolence. A day of self-denial and self-denial, the world will return to benevolence.
You are benevolent, but others are benevolent? "Yan Yuan said," what's the purpose? Confucius said, "see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't say evil, and don't move if you are evil."
Yan Yuan asked how to be kind. Confucius said, "Restrain yourself and do everything according to the requirements of etiquette. This is benevolence.
Once this is done, everything in the world will be kind. Benevolence's practice depends entirely on oneself, but does it also depend on others? "Yan Yuan said," What is the key to benevolence?
Confucius said, "Don't look at people who don't know manners, don't listen to people who don't know manners, don't say people who don't know manners, and don't be people who don't know manners." [The Analects of Confucius] Zhong Gong asked Ren.
Confucius said, "Going out to see distinguished guests makes people like big sacrifices; Do to others what you don't want them to do to you; There is no complaint in the state and no complaint in the family. " Zhong Gong asked how to be benevolent.
Confucius said, "Going out for business is like receiving distinguished guests, and serving the people is like making a great sacrifice. Don't impose what you don't want on others; Make sure that no one hates (himself) in court; In the circle where he lives, no one hates (himself). "
[Personal analysis] Here Confucius talked about two contents of "benevolence". One is earnest, and the other is lenient with others.
[The Analects of Confucius] Sima Ren. Confucius said, "Benevolent people are also confused."
He said, "His words are also false. Is it enough to say that he is kind? " Confucius said, "Why is it so difficult?" Sima Niu asked how to be kind. Confucius said: The benevolent speaks with caution. "
Sima Niu said, "Be careful what you say. Is this called benevolence? " Confucius said, "It's very difficult. Can you say it casually? " [Personal analysis] "What he says is true" is one of Confucius' requirements for the benevolent. Confucius said, "Love."
[The Analects of Confucius] Fan Chi asks benevolence. Confucius said, "Be respectful at home, respect deacons and be loyal to others.
Although it is destroyed, it cannot be abandoned. "[ancient translation] Fan Chi asked what is benevolence.
Confucius said: "I am at home at ordinary times, doing things seriously and being loyal and sincere to others." Even if you go to a foreign country (foreign country), you must do so. "
[Personal Analysis] Confucius believes that "Gong", "Respect" and "Loyalty" are the basic connotations of benevolence. [The Analects of Confucius] Confucius said, "Being rigid, tough, wooden and lazy is close to benevolence."
Confucius said: "Strong, bold, simple and cautious, these four qualities are close to benevolence." [Personal Analysis] Confucius regards fortitude, prudence in words and deeds and simplicity as the temperament that a "benevolent" should have.
[The Analects of Confucius] Zhang Wenren is Confucius. Confucius said, "It is a benevolent person to be able to do five things for the world."
"I'm sorry." Say: "public, tolerant, trustworthy, people, and benefit."
Zhang Zi asked Confucius about benevolence. Confucius said, "Those who can preach the five virtues to the society are benevolent."
Zhang Zishuo: "Which five?" Confucius said, "Solemn, generous, honest, hardworking and kind."
3. China's classical story of "giving up life for justice" and "killing life for justice" gives up life for justice.
1. I want fish. Mencius said: "Fish, I want it, bear's paw, I want it; You can't have your cake and eat it. You can't have your cake and eat it. Life, what I want, righteousness, what I want; You can't have both, and you have to sacrifice your life for righteousness. Life is what I want. I want it more than the living, so I don't want it. If there is nothing more in disgust than death, what can be done to avoid evil that can be used to escape evil? If people only want life, why not use those who can have life? If people are more evil than the dead, why not treat patients who can be cured? Born with it, born without it; If you are right, you can make trouble by doing nothing. A bowl of rice, a bowl of soup, you can live if you get it, but you will starve if you don't get it. Not only wise men have their hearts, but everyone has them, and sages should not lose their ears. The senior official accepted it without distinguishing whether it was appropriate or not. Call it, and the people in the street will be blessed; Begging for help is too much. " Ten thousand minutes to accept and not argue, ten thousand minutes is nothing to me! For the beauty of the palace, the battle of wives and concubines, those who know how to help the poor get (through "virtue") me and (through "Yi" tone auxiliary words)? Xiang (xiàng Tong: Xiang "once upon a time, once upon a time, the same below") did not suffer from physical death, and now it is the beauty of ladies-in-waiting; Hometown is not subject to physical death, and now it is regarded as a wife and concubine; I don't want to die in my hometown, but now I want to do it for the poor and needy: yes or no? This is called the loss of humanity. 2. Jubo Xun visited friends in Jubo Xun and saw his friend's illness far away, which is worthy of a thief attacking counties. The friend said, "I died today, but my son can go." Giant Bo said, "I want to go from afar; What evil did Jubo Xun do to defeat justice in order to survive! When the thief arrived, he said to Jubo Xun, "The army has arrived, and a county town is empty. How dare you stop alone? " Giant Bo said, "If a friend has a disease, he can't bear to entrust it. He would rather replace my life as a friend. Thieves said to each other, "We have no righteousness, we have entered a just country. "Then the squad returned and a county won.
In the pre-Qin Monk's "Mencius Gao Zi Shang Fish My Desire": "Life is also my desire, and righteousness is also my desire. You can't have both, and those who give up their lives are also righteous. " It means that life is what I want and justice is what I want. If I can't get both, I choose justice and give up my life.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu —— Exploring Jubo Xun's Friends
Die for a just cause
In the old society, people were short of food and clothing, and they could not prosper if they were sick. Lutz Xun saw it, "Is the gentleman poor?" Confucius said, "A gentleman is poor, but a villain is poor." Confucius said, "Benevolent people don't live, but die."
source
Selected from The Analects of Confucius and Wei Linggong XV.
4. A story about politeness in classical Chinese is asked by Yan Yuan. Confucius said, "Self-denial and courtesy are benevolence. A day of self-denial and self-denial, the world will return to benevolence. Be benevolent, rely on yourself, rely on people? "
Yan Yuan said, "What's the purpose?" Confucius said, "see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't say evil, and don't move if you are evil."
Yan Yuan said, "Although I am not sensitive, please talk to me."
Nakamiya wenren. Confucius said, "Going out is like seeing a distinguished guest, which makes people like bearing a big sacrifice. Don't do what you don't want, don't do it in the state, and don't complain at home. "
Zhong Gong said, "Yong Min, please talk to me."
Sima Niu asked Ren. Confucius said, "Benevolent people are also confused."
He said, "His words are also false. Is it enough to say that he is kind? " Confucius said, "Why is it so difficult?"
Sima Niu asked the gentleman. Confucius said, "A gentleman is not worried or afraid."
He said, "If you are not worried or afraid, are you a gentleman?" Confucius said, "If you don't feel guilty after introspection, why are you worried?"
Sima Niu said sadly: "Everyone has brothers, but I am alone!" Xia Zi said, "business has heard, life and death have life, wealth in the sky. A gentleman is respectful and courteous to others. All men are brothers within the four seas.
Why don't gentlemen have brothers? "I see.
Zhang Zi asked Ming. Confucius said, "If you immerse yourself in it, your skin will suffer. If you can't do it, it can be said that it is already very clear. There is still a long way to go. "
Zi Gong asked about politics. Confucius said, "Food and soldiers are sufficient, and the people believe in it."
Zi Gong said, "I have to go, which comes first?" He said, "Go and be a soldier."
Zi Gong said, "If you have to leave, which one will come first?" Say, "Go and eat. There has been death since ancient times, and the people have no faith. "
Spine Zi Cheng said, "It's just the quality of a gentleman. Why write? " Zi Gong said, "Sorry, the master's words about gentlemen are not enough. The quality of words is still good, and the quality is still good. The shackles of tigers and leopards are still the shackles of dogs and sheep. "
Aigong asked, "What if you are hungry this year and you are not enough?" If you are right, just say, "Is it terrible?"
Yue: "Second, I am not enough, so how thorough is it?" He said: "People's foot is a monarch, or is it insufficient?" If the people are insufficient, are you enough? "
Zhang Zi asked Chongde puzzled. Confucius said, "Believe in the Lord, move righteousness and respect virtue. Love wants to live, and evil wants to die. It's confusing to want to live and die. Honesty is not rich, only different.
"
Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics. Confucius said to him, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son."
Gong said, "Good! I believe that there is no monarch, no minister, no father, no son. Although there is millet, I will eat it. "
Confucius said, "How can a sentence break the prison?"
Lutz didn't promise.
Confucius said, "If I hear a lawsuit, I will remain a human being, and I will make it litigious."
Zhang Zi asked about politics. Confucius said, "Live tirelessly and act faithfully."
Confucius said, "It can also be a blessing for a husband to be knowledgeable in literature and meet with courtesy!"
Confucius said, "The beauty of a gentleman as an adult is not the evil of an adult. The villain is the opposite. "
Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about politics. Confucius said to him, "Politicians are just. Zi Shuai is right, who dares to be wrong? "
Ji Kangzi was stolen and asked Confucius. Confucius said to him, "If you don't want me, you won't steal."
Ji Kangzi asked Confucius about politics: "There is no way to kill, but there is a way. What? " Confucius said to him, "Why did an official kill his son? Children are better and people are better. Gentleman's virtue, villain's virtue, grass.
The wind on the wind must be suppressed. "
Zhang Zi asked, "How can a scholar be so successful?" Confucius said, "Why are you an honorable person?"
Zhang Zi said to him, "You must smell it in the country, but you must smell it at home." Confucius said, "It's smell, not watch. Generous people, straightforward and honest, sense words and sense emotions, consider the following people. In bombida, you must get home.
When the husband hears about it, he takes benevolence as color and does the opposite, without doubt. It must be smelled in the state and at home. "
Fan Chi swam downstream of the dancers, saying, "Dare to ask Zunde, Xiu De, to argue." Confucius said, "Good question! Get first, then get, don't advocate morality and? Attack its evil, don't attack the evil of others, don't fix it? once
Angry, forget his body, and his relatives, not confused? "
Ask Ren. Confucius said, "Love." Seek knowledge. Confucius said, "Know people."
Fan Chi failed to arrive. Confucius said, "If you complain, you can be straight."
When Fan Chi retreated, he saw Xia Zi and said, "My hometown is what I learned from the master. Confucius said, "Setting things right can make people who do bad things upright". What is it? "
Xia Zi said, "How rich you are! Shun the world, choose the public and follow it, give it, and the unkind stay away. Soup is the best in the world, choose the crowd, give it to Yi Yin, and stay away from the unkind. "
Zi Gong asked his friend. Confucius said, "You are good at giving advice. If you can't stop, don't bring disgrace to oneself. "
Ceng Zi said: "A gentleman makes friends with words and helps others with kindness."
5. What's the story about the origin of the word benevolence? In ancient literature, the word "benevolence" appeared earlier in Shangshu. In Shangshu Zhou Shu Jin Teng, Duke Zhou said that "Kao Ren can be versatile and serve ghosts and gods", which means that Duke Zhou is as benevolent and versatile as your father, and can worship ghosts and gods and offer sacrifices to ancestors. The "benevolence" here mainly involves the king's character and virtue as a human being. In the ancient history that later generations suspected of forgery, the main ones talking about benevolence are: Forgiveness and Benevolence, Showing Faith and Faith (Letters from Shang Zhong); "People are always pregnant with benevolence" (Shang Shu Tai Xia Jia); "Although the Zhou Dynasty had relatives, it was better to be kind" (Zhou Shu Taishizhong). Benevolence refers to a kind of good behavior that can be seen from the outside, or a kind of good virtue that is deeply hidden in the heart.
Benevolence is also mentioned in the Book of Songs. Zheng Fengtian said, "Beauty and benevolence", "Beauty and goodness" and "Beauty and martial arts", praising "Uncle" for beauty and benevolence, handsome and chivalrous. "Qi Feng Luling" says: "Luling Mausoleum is beautiful and benevolent", and he praises the beauty and benevolence of hunters. "Benevolence" here has been juxtaposed with "beauty", which refers to a behavior that not only conforms to aesthetic standards, but also contains goodness and benevolence.
6. The story of Confucius in classical Chinese should be shorter than 50~ 100 words. Confucius advised him to study.
When Luz met Confucius, Confucius said, "Why are you so happy?" Yes, this is a good sword. Confucius said, "I'm not asking this question. I just said that I can do what I can with my study." Lutz said, "Is learning beneficial?" Confucius said, "A lady will lose her honor if she doesn't give advice, and a scholar will lose her hearing if she doesn't have a church member. If a crazy horse is restrained, she will not release her strategy, nor will she hold a bow against it. If the bow doesn't object, she will be straight, exhort, and she will be holy. Ask again, which one is wrong? Destroying benevolence and evil officials will be punished. " Confucius said, "If you have feathers, if you sharpen them, you won't go too deep." Lutz said again, "Teach with respect."
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Confucius said to Luz, "What do you like? Lutz replied, "I like long swords. Confucius said, "I have to ask this. With your talent and study, you should have a good talent. Lutz said: "Can learning increase our ability? Confucius said, "If you don't have a minister who dares to remonstrate, there will be mistakes in political affairs; If a scholar has no friends who can correct his shortcomings, his moral character is easily lost. You can't put down the whip for a wild horse, and you can't change the pair casually when shooting with a bow. Trees can only grow straight by pulling with ink ropes, and people can only be noble if they can accept good words. If someone teaches you to ask questions seriously, there is nothing you can't learn. Those who violate benevolence and righteousness and specialize in doing bad things will be punished by state laws at any time. So a gentleman can't help learning. Lutz said: "There is a kind of bamboo in Nanshan, which is straight and does not knead or bake. After sharpening, it can penetrate the thick skin of rhinoceros, so why do you have to go through the learning process when some things are gifted? Confucius said, "If you put feathers on the tail of an arrow and sharpen it, can't the arrow shoot deeper and farther?"? "? Lutz thanked him and said, "I really benefited a lot. 」