Cedar (Figure 2)
Among them, three species originated from mountainous areas in the sea area, and the other one originated from the western Himalayas. In English, some evergreen conifers with fragrant, red or reddish wood are also called cedars. Giant cypress, North American cypress and some juniper (called red cypress) are similar to cedar wood and are used to make boxes, pencils, wardrobes and so on. The oil extracted from it is also used in cosmetics. Atlantic Cedar (C. atlantica), short-leaved Cedar (C. brevifolia), Himalayan Cedar (C. deodara) and Lebanese Cedar (C.Li Bani) are all real Cedar. They are all tall trees with spreading branches and irregular crowns. The bark of young trees is dark gray, smooth, brown when mature and cracked into scales. The leaves are acicular triangle, tough, scattered along long branches, and densely clustered at the top of short branches. Leaves last for 3 ~ 6 years, and each leaf has 2 resin channels. Female cones are green or purplish, barrel-shaped, contain resin and grow on short stems; Wood scales are covered by overlapping width and width, and each scale has a claw-like protrusion. Cypress wood is light and soft, with resin, which is not easy to get wet. It is an important building material in the country of origin. steaming
Aromatic oils can also be obtained by distillation. Many species of Himalayan cedar and Atlantic cedar are common ornamental plants in North America, especially along the Pacific coast and the Gulf coast. It is difficult to distinguish the four species of cedar, and interspecific hybridization can occur. Therefore, some experts think that these four tree species may all be geographical varieties of Lebanese cedar.
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morphological character
Family name: Pinaceae
Cedar Marin and Wu Feng filmed in Beijing.
Genus name: Cedar
Chinese name: Cedar
Scientific name: Cedar (Roxb. )g.don。
Alias: Cedar, Cedar Tower, Pine, Cypress, Himalayan Cedar, Himalayan Cedar, Himalayan Pine.
Cedrus (Latin name: Cedrus) is an evergreen tree, with large branches generally spreading, rotating irregularly and slightly drooping branchlets. The bark is grayish brown, which splits into scales and peels off when it gets old. Leaves are spirally scattered on long branches and clustered on short branches. Leaf needle, qualitative
Hard, pointed, light green to blue-green leaves. Dioecious, sparse and identical, with a single branch at the top. The cones are oval to oval-ovoid, and the seed scales and seeds are scattered at the same time after maturity, and the seeds have wings. The flowering period is from June 10 to June 1 1, and the flowering period of male cones is about10 days earlier than that of female cones. The cones matured in the second year (10). [ 1]
There are 4 species in this genus, of which 3 species are from China Mountain and the other is from the West Himalaya. Atlantic cedar (C. atlantica), short-leaved cedar (C. brevifolia), Himalayan cedar (C. deodara) and Lebanese cedar (C. Li Bani). They are all tall trees with spreading branches and irregular crowns. The bark of young trees is dark gray, smooth, brown when mature and cracked into scales. The leaves are acicular triangle, tough, scattered along long branches, and densely clustered at the top of short branches. Leaves last for 3 ~ 6 years, and each leaf has 2 resin channels. Female cones are green or purplish, barrel-shaped, contain resin and grow on short stems; Wood scales are covered by overlapping width and width, and each scale has a claw-like protrusion. Cypress wood is light and soft, with resin, which is not easy to get wet. It is an important building material in the country of origin. Aromatic oils can also be obtained by distillation. Many species of Himalayan cedar and Atlantic cedar are common ornamental plants in North America, especially along the Pacific coast and the Gulf coast. It is difficult to distinguish the four species of cedar, and interspecific hybridization can occur. Therefore, some experts think that these four tree species may all be geographical varieties of Lebanese cedar. [2]
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geographical distribution
Place of production
Cedar (Figure 3)
Native to the western Himalayas, from Afghanistan to India at an altitude of1300-3300m; China was introduced from 1920, and now it is cultivated in major cities in the Yangtze River basin. Cedar can grow well in Qingdao, Xi, Kunming, Beijing, Zhengzhou, Shanghai and Nanjing.
Adaptation area: North China to the Yangtze River Basin, Beijing.
Deciduous broad-leaved forest in north warm temperate zone
(Major cities: Shenyang, Huludao, Dalian, Dandong, Anshan, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Yingkou, Panjin, Beijing, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Linfen, Changzhi, Shijiazhuang, Qinhuangdao, Baoding, Tangshan, Handan, Xingtai, Chengde, Jinan, Dezhou, Yan 'an, Baoji and Tianshui).
Deciduous broad-leaved forest in warm area of South China
(Major cities: Qingdao, Yantai, Rizhao, Weihai, Jining, Taian, Zibo, Weifang, Zaozhuang, Linyi, Laiwu, Dongying, Xintai, Tengzhou, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, Anyang, Xi 'an, Xianyang, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Yancheng, Huaibei, Bengbu, Hancheng and Tongchuan).
Evergreen broad-leaved forest area
North subtropical deciduous, evergreen and broad-leaved mixed forest areas (major cities: Nanjing, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Nantong, Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hefei, Wuhu, Anqing, Huainan, Xiangfan and Shiyan).
Mid-subtropical evergreen plants
Central subtropical evergreen deciduous broad-leaved forest area (major cities: Wuhan, Shashi, Huangshi, Yichang, Nanchang, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, Ji 'an, Jinggangshan, Ganzhou, Shanghai, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Yueyang, Huaihua, Jishou, Changde, Xiangtan, Hengyang, Shaoyang, Guilin, Wenzhou, Jinhua, Ningbo, Chongqing, Chengdu, Dujiangyan, etc.
[2]
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Ecological habit
Cedar (Figure 4)
Cedar enjoys an annual precipitation of 600- 1000 mm, and the climate from warm temperate zone to tropical Central Asia grows best in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Strong cold resistance, large seedlings can withstand short-term low temperature of -25℃, but in hot and humid climate conditions, they often grow poorly. I prefer light, but my childhood is a little covered. Big trees need enough light, otherwise they will grow badly or wither. The requirements for soil are not strict, and both acidic soil and slightly alkaline soil can adapt. Deep, fertile and loose soil is most suitable for its growth, and it can also adapt to sticky loess and barren dry land. Drought resistance, water resistance and moisture resistance. Shallow roots and poor wind resistance. The resistance to sulfur dioxide is weak, and high concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air often leads to plant death, especially when new leaves are produced in April-May. [2]
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Culture and propagation
Cedar (Figure 5)
Generally, it is propagated by sowing and cutting. Sowing can be carried out in the middle and late March, and the sowing amount is 75 kg/hectare. You can also sow early to increase the disease resistance of seedlings. Choose sandy loam with good drainage and ventilation as seedbed. Soak the seeds in cold water for 1-2 days before sowing, and then dry them before sowing. After 3-6 days, the seeds began to germinate and were unearthed in about 15 days, lasting about 1 month, and the germination rate reached 90%. Pay attention to shading at seedling stage to prevent the harm of Rhizoctonia solani and cutworms. Annual seedlings can reach 30-40 cm high and can be transplanted in the next spring.
Cutting propagation can be carried out in spring and summer. Spring should be before March 20, and summer is best in late July. Cutting annual thick branches of young mother trees in spring, treating them with NAA with rooting powder above 500 mg/L, or soaking the base of cuttings with 500PPm NAA for 5 minutes can promote rooting. Then insert it into sandy loam with good ventilation, water it fully, and build a double-layer shade shed for shade. In summer, semi-lignified branches should be selected as cuttings. In addition to strengthening shading, plastic film should be covered to keep humidity. Callus can be formed 30-50 days after transplanting. At this time, 0.2% urea and 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution can be used for external fertilization.
Propagation seedlings can be transplanted in seedbed 1-2 years later. For leaf transplantation in February and March, the plant needs to bring a ball and erect a pole. The row spacing of the first transplanted plants is about 50 cm, and the row spacing of the second transplanted plants should be expanded to 1-2 meters. Top dressing should be applied 2-3 times during the growth period. Generally, there is no need to trim branches, just remove diseased dead branches and weak branches in the dense crown. Diseases and insect pests are prone to occur at seedling stage, especially Rhizoctonia solani and cutworms. Other pests include grubs, giant bag moths, Dendrolimus punctatus, Dendrolimus punctatus, red wax scale, termites, etc. , to control in time. [3]
Like sunshine, but also like quiet and shade-tolerant, it can adapt to acidic soil and slightly alkaline soil, and can also grow on cohesive loess and barren and arid land; However, in waterlogged depressions or places where the groundwater level is too high, it will grow poorly or even die, and it is a shallow-rooted tree species. Easy to be blown down by the wind. Young leaves are extremely sensitive to sulfur dioxide and have weak resistance to tobacco damage. Seedling growth is slow. Usually, male plants bloom after the age of 20, and female plants bloom and bear seeds after the age of 30. Because of the different flowering periods, the natural pollination effect is poor. It is usually necessary to collect and store pollen in advance, and carry out artificial pollination when the female Qionghua is mature, so as to obtain more high-quality seeds.
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economic value
Cedar is a world-famous ornamental tree species, with tall and beautiful trees. Indian folks regard it as a sacred tree. It is most suitable for solitary planting in the center of lawn, building hall, square or both sides of main building, and at the entrance of garden gate. The big branches at the lower part of its trunk spread out from near the ground, which can form a lush and magnificent crown for many years. In addition, they are planted on both sides of the garden road to form a tunnel, which is also very spectacular. Moreover, cedar is often used as a necessary plant for square greening. Cedar has solid wood and dense texture, and is used in buildings, bridges, sleepers and shipbuilding. Cedar is "the five largest garden trees in the world" and is called "the king of plants" or "the holy tree" in the Bible.
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Cedar essential oil
fir wood
Latin scientific names of Cedar: (Sabina vulgaris) Junipers Virginia Pencil Cypress, red)； Sabina vulgaris; Atlantic Cedar (Cedar) (white)
Family name: Berberidaceae; Pinaceae Pinaceae
Plant species: trees
Location of extraction: wood
Extraction method: distillation
Volatility: slow
Attribute: masculine
Origin: North America, Morocco
Traits:
1. Red cedar: colorless and transparent, woody, somewhat similar to sandalwood, but dry; 2. Bai Xuesong: yellow and sticky, with the fragrance of resin, faint turpentine flavor, similar to sandalwood flavor.
Gas smell
Wood, a bit like sandalwood, but drier.
chemical composition
Alcohol-cedrol
Sesquiterpenes-juniperterpenes and cedrene
In the East, when there is no sandalwood essential oil, people use cedar to treat gonorrhea. In North America, it is used to treat bronchitis, tuberculosis and skin diseases.
Mithvidat is a century-old medicine for detoxification, including cedar. Cedar is now the main raw material of perfume.
work efficiency
Antibacterial, astringent, diuretic, softening, expectorant, bactericidal, insecticidal, calming and nourishing.
Psychotherapy effect
The soothing effect of cedar can calm nerves and anxiety, and it is also helpful for meditation.
Physical efficacy
It is more suitable for treating chronic pain than acute symptoms. It is a regulator of glands and nervous system, so it can restore the body to normal state and keep the internal environment constant.
Its main function is in the respiratory tract. Because of its antitussive and expectorant properties, it can improve bronchitis, cough and runny nose. More phlegm can be treated with cedar because it has the effect of "dryness".
It is also very important for reproductive and urinary system, such as cystitis, especially burning pain. Cedar can help and regulate renal function. In addition, it can also relieve the pain of chronic rheumatism and arthritis.
Skin curative effect
Its astringent and antibacterial properties are most beneficial to oily skin, and of course it can also improve facial blisters and acne skin. It can also help to eliminate scabs, pus and some chronic diseases, such as eczema and psoriasis. Excellent conditioner can effectively resist scalp seborrhea, dandruff and baldness, and it has obvious skin softening effect when used in harmony with cypress and frankincense.
Essential oil suitable for mixing with it
Benzoin, bergamot, cinnamon, cypress, frankincense, jasmine, juniper, lavender, lemon, bodhi flower, orange flower, rose and rosemary.
Matters needing attention
cedar
High concentration may irritate the skin, and it is best not to use it during pregnancy. [4]
Ecological habits originated in Himalayan region, widely distributed in Bhutan, Nepal, India and Afghanistan, and the vertical distribution height is 1300-3300m. The tropical climate from warm temperate zone to Central Asia with annual precipitation of 600- 1000 mm grows best in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Strong cold resistance, large seedlings can withstand short-term low temperature of -25℃, but in hot and humid climate conditions, they often grow poorly. I prefer light, but my childhood is a little covered. Big trees need enough light, otherwise they will grow badly or wither. The requirements for soil are not strict, and both acidic soil and slightly alkaline soil can adapt. Deep, fertile and loose soil is most suitable for its growth, and it can also adapt to sticky loess and barren dry land. Drought resistance, water resistance and moisture resistance. Shallow roots and poor wind resistance. The resistance to sulfur dioxide is weak, and high concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air often leads to plant death, especially when new buds germinate in April-May.
Most cedars have the peculiar smell of males and females. In addition, due to the unexpected flowering period, the natural pollination effect is poor. In order to get full seeds, artificial pollination is needed.
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Cultural connotation
Cedar is the national tree of Lebanon. Cedar is a Semitic language, which means spiritual strength, and it is also a symbol of the eternal belief of Semitic people. One of the earliest aromatic substances used by human beings is often used as incense in temples, which gives people a mysterious impression. Cedar essential oil was widely used in ancient Egypt, especially in mummification. Egyptians made coffins and masts out of cedar wood. Cedar was once used to build temples and other large buildings, but now it is mostly used to make small objects, such as boxes and pencils, because cedar will deform under certain conditions. Lebanese cedar, a kind of cedar used in some antiques, is a close relative of Atlantic cedar. Because of overuse, it is rarely used now.
In addition, Cedar is also the city tree of Qingdao, China.
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Bonsai making
Upper basin process
Choice of basin: Cedar should use purple sand pottery basin or glazed pottery basin. Large bonsai can be made of deep round pots or various chiseled stone pots, but the roots must be fixed with metal wires. Medium-sized bonsai should use begonia-shaped and manger-shaped pots, and seedlings can be planted in jungle-shaped shallow pots with stones such as alum or marble.
Soil: Cedar can be a weakly acidic sandy loam with loose soil and good drainage. Potted plants are usually used with mature pastoral soil or humus mixed sand.
Planting: March-April in spring is suitable, and after autumn. Cedar seedlings dug out of the ground should be brought with overnight soil to facilitate survival. Thin the dead roots, spread out the fibrous roots, cover them with fine soil, gently shake the pots, and compact them with bamboo sticks to make the pots and roots stick together. The trunk of planting position should be inclined to one side at 1B3.
Attitude control technology
Processing: The processing modeling of cedar bonsai is mainly climbing, supplemented by pruning. Winter and spring are suitable for rock climbing, and brown silk is often used for rock climbing. The trunk of cedar stands upright and the lateral branches are flat, so most of the lateral branches are bent into an S-shape, and the trunk generally does not bend, and naturally rises into a tree shape, which is extremely simple and beautiful. It is also advisable to have 5-7 seedlings born that year, scattered at different heights, planted in the jungle, with swaying branches and leaves and unique charm.
Tree shape: Snow pine is tall and straight, and its lateral branches are flat and stretched. To make bonsai, we must make use of its natural form, and the tree shape should be straight, double, oblique and jungle. Branches and leaves can be cut into layers or clouds, and after years of maintenance, they can become a good bonsai with both rigidity and softness and elegant posture.