What methods did the ancients use to convey all the information?

I thought I heard a flying pigeon passing a book.

Depends on what it's for.

Send letters:

Ordinary people mainly rely on passers-by, monks, literati and other people who travel around the world to deliver letters. These people can solve the problem of accommodation on the way, and they are willing to do so!

The official is mainly the post office.

Transmit military information:

The army must have full-time personnel in this field, as well as beacon towers and homing pigeons.

The accuracy of carrier pigeons is low, most of them are letters, but it takes several months. There are also 100 Li Express, 200 Li Express and 300 Li Express on horseback, but they are all very expensive. Generally, this kind of "express delivery" is mostly used for official letters.

The ancient way of transmitting information was about-

Yubang: The letter with feathers indicates that the war is urgent.

Chicken hair letter: generally used in folk.

Feather book: used to recruit soldiers.

Pigeons pass books: mostly used in courts, government officials and gangs.

Bamboo tube: dual-purpose, similar to the current envelope.

Rapid transmission: used to transmit urgent military information, commonly known as "passing the gold medal".

There are also military means such as bonfires/wolf smoke.

You can use a torch.

The ancient methods of transmitting information are as follows:

[1] Feather stick: Feather letters are mostly used in war emergencies.

[2] Chicken hair letter: generally used in folk.

[3] Feather book: used for conscription.

[4] Pigeons send books [so-called flying pigeons send books]

[5] Fast horses pass books.

[6] Bamboo tube: dual-purpose for government and people, similar to the current envelope.

[7] Rapid transmission: used to transmit urgent military information, commonly known as "passing the gold medal".

[8] Different dynasties, such as bonfires/wolf smoke, have different modes of transmission.

Jieshengshi

In order to remember one thing, the ancients tied a knot on the rope. When he sees this knot, he will think of it. If there are two things to remember, he will tie two knots. Remember three things, he can tie three knots, and so on. If he tied a lot of knots on the rope, I'm afraid he can't remember everything he wants, so this method is simple but unreliable. It is said that Darius, king of Persia, gave his commanders a rope tied with 60 knots and said to them, "People of Ionia, from the day you saw me going to Cecilia, you untied one knot on the rope every day until the day I untied the last knot. If I don't come back, I'll pack your things and sail back by myself. "

Carving words on stones is also one of the ways to help memory, and the result is of course the same as knotting a rope. In this way, you can't record the thing itself, but can only remind you of it, and you can't remember too much.

The ancients also marked the northernmost and southernmost points of the sun's projection with stones, and rowed on the stones to calculate the days when the sun and the moon circulated, thus making a calendar.

△ Civilization carrier-papyrus paper

Writing is the most important carrier of human civilization. With words, human knowledge can be recorded and widely spread in time and space. The ancient Egyptians used papyrus to record their scientific and technological achievements, making them spread through the ages.

The ancient Egyptians first used hieroglyphics, and in the 27th century BC, their word stock was considerable. Later, they invented pinyin letters, forming a situation in which hieroglyphs and pinyin were used together. After a long period of development and evolution, a compound hieroglyphic system composed of letters, notes and phrases has been formed. Now, in some sacred or eternal places such as pyramids, obelisks and temple walls, people can still clearly see the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. Later, for the convenience of writing, a more simplified hieroglyphics was developed, which was called monk body. The spread of ancient Egyptian phonetic symbols had a far-reaching impact on the development of western phonetic symbols.

The Nile Delta is rich in papyrus, which is a kind of plant similar to reed (hence the word papyrus). People cut papyrus into small pieces of appropriate length, cut it open, flatten it, arrange it, connect it into pieces, and air-dry it to become papyrus. They write on papyrus with reed stalks as pens, vegetable juice and black smoke as ink. But papyrus will dry and break into pieces after a long time, so it is extremely difficult to preserve. Fortunately, there are still few papyrus documents written with monks' bodies. A papyrus document in the British Museum records the arithmetic and geometric achievements of the ancient Egyptians. It is said that it was transcribed by a monk named Amos from the old paper of a king of the first 12 dynasty. These papyrus provide us with extremely precious ancient information.

With writing and writing tools, ideas and technologies can be preserved and passed on, and there will be cultural continuity and development.

China is one of the first countries in the world to establish an organized information transmission system. As early as 3000 years ago, there were records of information transmission in Shang Dynasty. Post-horse relay is an early organized mode of communication. The "Postman" sculpture is located in Jiayuguan Railway Station Square, based on the mural tomb of Wei and Jin Dynasties in Jiayuguan. With a simple document in his hand, the postman galloped at high speed on all fours. This brick mural was taken as the theme of a small stamp by the First Congress of the All-China Philatelic Federation 1982, which shows that Jiayuguan is one of the cradles of information culture in China.

The appearance of ancient information transmission can not be separated from the Great Wall, which is "up and down for five thousand years, with a vertical and horizontal distance of one hundred thousand miles". The word "Great Wall" first appeared in the documents of the Warring States Period. In ancient dynasties, due to the different architectural forms, the titles of such defense projects were different, such as: Fierce City, Fangcheng, Fortress, Linluo, Jiegou, Side Wall and so on. All these actually refer to the Great Wall. In fact, the Great Wall in a broad sense refers to all the giant military engineering systems in ancient China.

Huo Feng communication

As early as the Zhou Dynasty, China had a method of transmitting information by bonfire. As a primitive means of acousto-optic communication, bonfire served the ancient military war. From the border to the capital and the border, a beacon tower is built at regular intervals. When the enemy invaded, firewood was stored inside, and the fire alarms were lit one by one. When the princes saw the fire, they immediately sent troops to help and resist the enemy.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to guard against enemy invasion, the "bonfire tunnel" was used as the contact signal for border defense emergency. In the ancient history book "Zhou Li", it is recorded that "on the passage from the frontier to the hinterland of various countries, a beacon tower is built at intervals, one after another. There are oranges on the stage, and there are cages full of firewood on the heads of oranges. When the enemy invaded, the beacon tower set off fireworks in succession to convey the alarm. Every night, the watchman lit the firewood in the cage and held it high, calling it a "lighthouse" to convey information to the leaders. During the daytime warning, the firewood piled up on the stage is lit, and the smoke is used to indicate the urgency, which is called "embarrassment". In order to make the smoke straight without bending, so that it can be seen from a distance, the ancients often used wolf dung instead of firewood, so it was also called wolf smoke. The Zhou Dynasty stipulated that when the emperor raised a bonfire, local governors must immediately lead troops to rescue and fight against the enemy. It can be seen that the implementation of the beacon system means that a huge and perfect military information contact network has appeared as early as last week.

Before the invention of papermaking, our ancestors also used bamboo slips as the carrier of words. Bamboo slips are made of bamboo, with thin skin and long sections. First, the round bamboo is sawed into a certain length, then cut into a certain width, and then cut into a simple piece. Then use silk rope, hemp rope and thin leather strip to weave two simple pieces, which can be used for lettering or writing.

Bamboo slips are the longest-used book form in the history of China. As early as Shang Dynasty, there was the word "book" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, symbolizing that a bundle of bamboo slips was tied with two book strings, while the word "Dian" in bronze inscriptions meant that the book was on the desk.

According to legend, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Fangshuo, a scholar, gave the emperor a recital book, used more than 3,000 pieces of bamboo slips and sent two Hercules to carry it into the palace. Therefore, bamboo slips are very troublesome to use. After a long time, they will be eaten by insects and cannot be preserved for a long time.

Banner newspaper, brand newspaper, and post-unveiling banner newspaper originated from "unveiling cloth" in ancient China. They are usually carried by special personnel, rode on horses, and sent out by Mercedes-Benz for military and civilian reading along the way to boost morale. Brand newspaper is a news dissemination tool written on "raft", while posters are printed materials similar to leaflets, which can be distributed everywhere.

Newspapers began in the Qing Dynasty, mainly concentrated in Beijing. As early as the early Qing Dynasty, there were people engaged in newspaper copying activities in private names in Beijing, mostly low-level officials, who took printing and newspaper copying as a sideline. By the middle and late Qing Dynasty, it had evolved into a private newspaper.

On behalf of all official documents and letters, the organization is always called "delivery" and has "emergency delivery shop" with a copper bell tied to the horse's collar in a hurry. Running on the road, ringing the bell during the day and lighting a fire at night, the person killed is not responsible. Shopping for horses, shopping for people, rain or shine, day and night. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, an anti-gold general, was forcibly recalled to Lin 'an from the front with 12 gold medals by Song Gaozong. This kind of gold medal is a gold plate sent by express delivery, indicating urgency.

In ancient times. People build tall beacon towers. When the enemy invaded, they immediately lit the firewood on the beacon tower, transmitted the enemy's message with the burning beacon smoke, and called the army to come to help. Later, people found a way to send information by horse. Many post offices have been set up all over the country, and special people deliver letters. In this way, information can be transmitted to far places by horses. Later, people invented the method of transmitting information by semaphore and light.

As early as 968 AD, China invented something called "Thumtsein", which is considered as the embryonic form of today's telephone. The research on long-distance sound transmission in Europe has increased? The 7th century. In 1796, Hughes proposed the method of transmitting voice information through microphone relay. Although this method is not practical, he gave this way of communication a name-telephone, which has been used ever since.

Some people say that the telephone is a song that has been sung for 100 years. It is still full of sound, echoing all over the world. 100 years, although the basic function of telephone as a human voice transmission mode has not changed much, with the progress of technology, it has experienced the development process of "magnetism-* * * electricity-automation".

1753, 17 In February, a letter signed by C.M. was published in The Scotsman magazine. In this letter, the author put forward a bold idea to communicate with electricity. He suggested that a set of metal wires be extended from one place to another, and each metal wire corresponds to a letter. When sending a message at one end, the wire is connected to the static motor according to the message content, so that it passes through the current in turn. The current passes through the small ball on the metal wire and sucks up the small pieces of paper with different letters or numbers hanging on it, thus playing the role of transmitting information over a long distance.

A whole set of evacuation system was formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the documents delivered were graded, and the documents of different grades should be delivered by special personnel and special horses in accordance with the prescribed order and time. Sending and receiving these documents must be registered and marked with time to show responsibility.

The way of ancient information transmission:

1. Migratory birds, especially pigeons and geese, are used as communication tools.

2. the way to make stuffing, such as hiding in fish belly, cake, steamed stuffed bun, etc.

3. With special sounds, such as bells, drums and firecrackers.

4. There are lights and firelights, such as Kongming lanterns and beacon towers.

5. There are other signs and decorations. , and other signs to lure the enemy.

Modern information dissemination mode:

1. Wired communication transmission, such as telephone, fax, telegram, television, etc.

2. Wireless communication transmission, such as walkie-talkies, pagers (to be eliminated), mobile phones, radios, etc.

3. Digital communication transmission, the most familiar, networked computers, digital TV.

4. Paper communication transmission, such as letters and newspapers.

The following is an old story.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the cause of evacuation developed unprecedentedly. The official postal transport line in the Tang Dynasty centered on Chang 'an, the capital city, radiating in all directions and reaching the frontier, with a post station about 30 miles away. According to the Six Codes of the Great Tang Dynasty, at its peak, there were 1 639 post stations in China, with more than 20,000 people specializing in postal services, including 1.7 million post soldiers. The post is divided into three types: land post, water post and waterway merger. Each station is equipped with a station house, a post horse, a post donkey, a post boat and a post yard.

In the Tang Dynasty, there were also explicit provisions on the itinerary of the post station. Lu Yi's trotters walk six posts a day, that is, 180 Li, and then there are about 300 Aliri, and the fastest requirement is 500 Aliri. Pedestrians travel 50 miles a day; Sailing against the current, the river is forty miles, the river is fifty miles, and the other six miles; When it is good, specify 100 to 150 miles. The poet Cen Can wrote in the poem "A Judge on the Road to Longshan" that "after a post, the post rides like a Milky Way; Pingming sent Xianyang, the curtain and the top of the mountain. " Here, he compares the post horse to a meteor. On November 9th, 14th year of Tianbao, An Lushan rebelled in Fanyang. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was in Huaqing Palace, three thousand miles apart. Within six days, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty learned the news, and the speed of communication reached 500 miles per day. It can be seen that the organization and speed of postal communication in Tang Dynasty reached a high level.

In the Song Dynasty, all official documents and letters were called "delivery", and "express delivery shop" appeared. There is a bronze bell tied to the collar of the riding whistle in a hurry. Running on the road, ringing the bell during the day and lighting a fire at night, the person killed is not responsible. Shopping for horses, shopping for people, rain or shine, day and night. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, an anti-gold general, was forcibly recalled to Lin 'an from the front with 12 gold medals by Song Gaozong. This kind of gold medal is a gold plate sent by express delivery, indicating urgency.