One of the most noteworthy is Zheng Xuan, a native of Gaomi, Shandong. He founded Imperial College, followed private schools and traveled all over the country. The question of the East was not enough. He entered the customs from the west and was recommended by Lu Zhi of Zhuojun County, so he voted for Ma Rong. Ma Rong has more than 400 disciples and has been taught for more than 50 years. The Xuan is in the door, and only his disciples can teach him. I haven't seen each other for three years. One day, all the students got together to discuss the latitude of the map and were called upstairs. Xuan became suspicious because he was going to ask questions. When he finished, he resigned. Rong blushed and said, "If I go, I will go to the East." Xuan was not an official in his hometown, and thousands of disciples came from afar. I met tens of thousands of people on the road, and everyone I saw worshipped. And dare not enter the county. Kong Rong and Yuan Shao also paid tribute to Xuanbei.
China's Educational System and Educational Thought
Strictly speaking, China has no religion since ancient times. Buddhism was introduced later. Therefore, in China's cultural system, the position and responsibility of education is particularly significant.
Any country or nation must have its own set of education, which can make its people loyal to the country and live in harmony. The nation of China has lasted for 5,000 years, and it also relies on it to expand its prosperity.
In the last hundred years, Westernization has spread to the East. The rise of new education, from primary school to university, has set up departments, and the system and content are not imitated by Europe and America. In terms of knowledge and skills, it is impossible to choose a good teacher and many teachers. However, if education is the foundation of the country and the way to treat the masses well, it must come from its own historical tradition and be good at creating its own system according to the current needs. You must be a toddler in Handan. Even though China is ancient, it is out of date, so we should know its origin, be flexible and consider improving it in order to be comfortable. Don't be in your nature, you don't know. Then you can make a clean break and update. We can't educate you, Ran.
Three years ago, this article was a continuous speech for the Institute of Education of National Chengchi University, which was recorded by He Jun Futian and has not been sorted out yet. This paper is He Jun's report card, with a summary, system first and thoughts last. Although the summary rate is high, it is also for people who care about current education issues.
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China culture lasted for five years. The antiquity of the empire is difficult to test. This paper describes the education system in China since the Western Zhou Dynasty. Because there are "poems" and "books" in the Western Zhou Dynasty, they are by no means unlicensed. However, it has been three thousand years now. In the past 3000 years, the education system has also changed. Immediately, its reform was slightly divided into stages, with Confucius as the first stage from the Western Zhou Dynasty. This period also accounted for four or five hundred years. There are gaps in the book, so we can only describe them carelessly.
There is a saying in "Little Dai Wang Lizhi": "The emperor called Bi Yong and the vassal called Pan Gong", which was the school of thought at that time. Those who bid farewell to harmony borrow the word finish, saying it is round. Always regarded as carbuncle. There is water in all directions, and soil is in it. What is wide is the shape of a tall building, that is, a school building surrounded by water. This building is in the water. This school was under the jurisdiction of the central government at that time, and it is still called a national university today.
There is a saying in "Poetry, Confucianism, and the Voice of King Wen": "Hao Jingbi is surging, from west to east, from south to north, without thinking, and steaming." "White Tiger Tongdelun" said: "Bi Yong preached so respectfully." At that time, the school was an auxiliary institution of politics. Four governors came to the central government, where there was a set of rites and music. However, I also saw the importance attached to the school at that time. There is a saying in "Three Auxiliary Huang Tu": "Zhou Wen Wang Bi Yong, 40 miles northwest of Chang 'an. "Until the Han Dynasty, the site of King Wen Biyong still existed. It is a national university in China, which was three thousand years ago.
Pan Gong, Pan is a semicircle of water. Poetry truffle dish water, also known as Pan Gong, is the proof that the princes had Pan Gong at that time. This is a university of feudal vassal States, and now it is a local university. National university, surrounded by water. Local universities are just surrounded by water on three sides. In form, it embodies the difference between the central and local governments. Since then, there have been Confucius temples in all provinces and counties of China. There is Minglun Temple next to the temple, and there is a dish of water in front of it, which is the legacy of the ancient dish palace. Jinshi entered the school in Qing dynasty, which is called entering Pan. Bi Yong and Pan Gong have been used in China for 3,000 years.
In ancient schools, except for Biyong and Pangu, there was still a state of emergency. Mencius said, "The urgent teaching. Those who are embarrassed will lift it and those who are ordered will shoot it. " Ancient able-bodied men must learn to shoot. The bow is a husband's job. Learning to shoot is also the reason for Pei De. Shooting is an art, but it must be polite. Learning to shoot is also a courtesy. Confucius taught etiquette, music, archery, bending, calligraphy and mathematics. "Xiao Li shoots righteousness": "Confucius shoots at Xiangyuan, and the viewer is like a wall." This proves that Confucius is good at shooting. "Biography of Poetry": "Water whirls in autumn and says" Biyong "to observe it." Gabion is an ancient school where the ancients studied shooting and manners. Water is surrounded by the outside, so it is economical for viewers to avoid the influx. Pangong is a palace shot by Fanzhen. The water flows to the east and south of the west gate, not to the north. To show that he is different from the son of heaven. In ancient schools, shooting was the main practice. In other words, military affairs are more important than civil affairs, which also shows that.
Sorry, son of a bitch. Ancient emperors had the gift of providing for the aged, and so did Biyong and Pangu. You must drink and play music when you are carrying out the pension ceremony. "Poetry, Elegance and Lingtai" article: "Virtual career is full of sorrow, drums and cymbals. It's about drums and clocks, it's about music and harmony. " "Truffle flooding" article: "I think that music flooding, take it lightly, stop at flooding. If you drink this wine, you will never get old. Along the other side of the road, bend this group of ugliness. " The translator said that the princes were drinking in Pangu, which delayed the old man's speech because they were looking for something. The body of providing for the aged is also one end of political affairs.
The schools of the ancients were also called schools for the blind. Blind people take music as their teacher, such as Shi Kuang and Shi Xiang in the Spring and Autumn Period. Learn from teachers and Confucius. The poem "Lingtai" also said: "When the drums are ringing, it is enjoyable, and when the drums are ringing, it is enjoyable." He who is blind is blind Music must be sung, and the songs are mainly based on the 300 "Book of Songs" handed down today. What is sung in the poem has a deep relationship with politics and also has a deep educational significance.
The ancients had other great etiquette in politics, which was also practiced in schools. The article "Truffle Flooding" also said: "Flying in the water. Look at him, come and give him a gift. " This is a gift from receiving foreign donations at school. Then he said, "Obviously, Lv Hou, the virtue of keming. It is both a palace and a suit. Jiao Jiao Chen Hu made a sacrifice in Pan Pan. Shu asked to be like a prisoner. " This is another ritual of offering sacrifices to prisoners at school. If you kill the enemy, cut off his ear. Prisoner, prisoner of war. The ancients learned to shoot at school, but they learned to send troops. When you come back, you will be released from school. The triumph ceremony was also held in the school.
However, ancient schools were closely related to politics. The so-called "ritual and music education" in White Tiger Tong is a great political task. Down to Han Confucianism, you can still say it seriously.
Now let's talk about the word "school". Mencius said, "Take the urgent instruction to learn." This is because during the Warring States period, the ancient school system was destroyed, so Mencius wanted to build a school. According to exegetics, scholars are effective. Mencius added, "Teachers should teach. School, Xu, Zhou Yueyao, learning is three generations * * *, all clear. " It can be seen that the scale of the education system in the Western Zhou Dynasty has a long history. Mencius said that three generations were learned, and his theory was by no means empty. Another point of view in Zuo Zhuan is that "Zheng Renyou went to the township school to discuss governance". At that time, Confucius was just born, and there was a school in the countryside of Zheng, where people from their hometown got together to discuss state affairs. Because the school is a public building, and the traditional school-based is closely related to politics. Call it school, because the word school means testing and comparing schools. When learning to clap and sing, you must have an exam to know. In the future, this school word was mostly used in the army, and at that time, the school had a deep relationship with the army, and it was also known from this school word.
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The above describes the general situation of schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty and even in the Spring and Autumn Period. Secondly, it will talk about the period from Confucius to the Warring States period, which is about 300 years. During this period, there were special circumstances in education, which can also be said to be the period when education had no schools. It can also be said that education was liberated from school and returned to the period of gathering personal friends. Because Zhou moved eastward, the central government has long been ignored by the public, doctors in various countries are gradually dissatisfied with their studies, and local schools are gradually abolished. Therefore, schools and education gradually fall into civilian society.
Confucius rose as a civilian and began to transfer the aristocratic education handed down from generation to generation to the civilian society, thus setting a precedent for the civilian people to give lectures. Later generations called Confucius "the most holy teacher". In the history of education in China, Confucius is also a great man. Because the previous education was limited to the political circle. In the future, education will leave the political circle and turn to the development of society itself. However, education in China is still closely related to politics, which is a historical and cultural tradition in China. Those who govern China's educational thought and system should pay special attention to this part.
There are more than 70 disciples of Confucius, who come from all directions. Or from Lu, or from self-defense, or from Qi, or from Song, or from Chen, or from Wu, these have been from the Yellow River basin in the north, across the Huai River, the South and the Yangtze River basins. So at that time, Confucius' teaching was international, not limited to one country and one place.
Confucius' students include father and son, nobles and civilians. Some people are poor, others are rich. There are also some people from poor backgrounds who didn't do a good job in the industry, but after Confucius' education, they became a group of people who learned to be respected and outstanding, which was obvious at that time and passed on to later generations. The great changes in China's ancient society have to be said to be inspired by Confucius' education.
Confucius taught etiquette, music, archery, bending, calligraphy and mathematics, which was then called the Six Arts. These six arts were all talents that the aristocratic class had to experience in their daily affairs. Therefore, alienated aristocrats and handsome folk must first learn these six arts before they can serve in the aristocratic circle. It was called Confucianism at that time. Confucianism was a social industry at that time. Confucius himself was proficient in the six arts, and his disciples were also proficient in politics, financial management, military service or diplomacy besides the six arts at that time. If you like, you can become a political figure in the practical application of politics at that time. But more importantly, Confucius played a great role on the basis of various practical artistic skills in political circles. This truth, private can cultivate one's morality, and public can rule the country and level the world. And will always be observed and abided by China's descendants. So in a new occupation of Confucianism, a new ideal of Confucianism was added. With Confucius, China's educational content transcended his political career and became an ideal project for all social, life and cultural behaviors. Confucius was also called the most sacred teacher.
But when Confucius preached, there was really no school. Later people called it a private school, and its decent creation actually began with Confucius. "Zhuangzi Fisherman's Chapter" has a cloud: "Confucius swims in the shade forest instead of sitting in the apricot altar." Disciples read books, bore bullets and played drums. Qian Qi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote, "I feel more sympathy for my disciple Yichun. I found a teacher among the flowers to go to the apricot altar. "Xingtan is just a highland with apricot flowers, neither a school nor a classroom. I think it's a spring outing of Confucius. Come here once in a while. Actually, it's just teaching at home Confucius was killed in the Song Dynasty, and he and his disciple lixi were under the tree. It can be seen that Confucius did not practice teaching everywhere, nor did he teach in one place. Traveling and sitting down is not the fate of teaching? Life does not forget to teach, and teaching is life. Confucius' teaching should be able to replace any major religion in the world. Therefore, education in China is actually a religious undertaking.
Confucius had Mozi and 300 disciples, the number of whom far exceeded that of Confucius. When Confucius came out, it was impolite to be frugal. Hungry, I took my apprentice between Chen and Cai. Mozi travels thousands of miles, but as for cracking and binding feet. Confucius and Mohism are both civilians giving lectures. At that time, it was an unofficial freelance job, and they should live a poor life. However, it has a great impact on future generations.
Next to Mencius, there were dozens of cars and hundreds of followers behind him, all of whom were princes. Compared with Confucius and Mo, life is already rich. And there are many fashions richer than Mencius. That is to say, Mr. Wang, who has received, publicized and supported in all previous dynasties, has been blessed with a doctorate, opened the first road to prosperity, and has been respected by the aristocratic family. Not worrying about politics, more than 70 people are committed to attracting disciples, giving lectures and writing books. Friends and disciples gathered, hundreds of people. At this time, education has far exceeded political career. But also from political respect and support. It is that seclusion is not as obvious as Zhuang Zhou, and there are disciples accompanying him. Writing a book easily is not just based on the meager salary of Qiyuan. At that time, there was a lot of anti-realistic politics in the education circle, and the political circles paid great attention to this generation of lecturers, which should also be paid attention to by those who study China's historical and cultural traditions.
At that time, private schools were not only an academic group, but also an economic group. Confucius once said, "There is nothing wrong with tying yourself up." It's just a piece of dried meat, which is used as a gift. The tuition fee for future generations of disciples to respect their teachers and pay attention to morality is still called bundle or salary, which is extremely meager. Not only do disciples salute their teachers, but teachers also have the friendship of mutual assistance in money. After Yan Yuan's death, his father Yan Lu wanted to hire Confucius' car. This is by no means a gratuitous begging. If Confucius travels around the world, his disciples will follow suit and eat Confucius' food, which shows that the master and disciples are always extremely rich. Although Confucius refused to accept Yan Lu's invitation, his disciples finally raised money for Yan Yuan's funeral. It is even more common for Mozi to raise disciples. Therefore, Mozi is not only an economic group but also a labor group. Kone * * * came into being, and the descendants had gangs, and the affairs were far from Mohist Group. By the time of Mencius, hundreds of followers were supported by teachers. In this way, private education became a private apprentice at the same time. A liberal scholar, at the same time, is also a disciple of liberalism, whose potential has shocked the upper class aristocrats, and it has been a system since the announcement of peace. Meng Chang, Xin Lingjun, Ping Yuanjun and Chun Shen raised their disciples. Until the Chu and Han Dynasties, there was chaos in the world. Uncle Sun Tong voted for Emperor Gaozu and took away a generation of students. If it weren't for Uncle Sun Tong's supplies, how could he be obedient? This is also a unique phenomenon in ancient China society.
And at that time, when the master gave lectures, he must write books, and he must write books with bamboo and silk. Even in terms of economic conditions, it is not easy. At that time, he wrote a book, and many groups were doing it, some of which were done by generations. For example, The Analects of Confucius was compiled by the collective records of Confucius' disciples and his re-disciples, and it was not written until after the mid-Warring States period. Mozi's works, such as Tian Zhi, Shang Tong and All-in-One Love, are divided into three parts, which are written by three schools of Mohism. There are also benefits such as Mohist Scripture. Zhuangzi has internal chapters, external chapters and miscellaneous chapters. It was not written by Zhuangzi alone, nor by Zhuangzi's disciples at one time. There must be repeated preaching, such as the Analects of Confucius and Mozi. The seven chapters of Mencius are also discussed and integrated with his disciples Zhang Wan and Gong Sunchou. However, the pre-Qin lecturer group was also a writing group. It is also the general trend that Qin is proud to invite guests from all over the world to write "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals". Collective works were common at that time, but now we can never know the names of the authors of each book at that time. Therefore, an academic group at that time, neither for profit nor for name, mainly advocated an idea and theory. This is also a special phenomenon in China's ancient society, which created the historical and cultural tradition since then and deserves our attention.
At that time, he wrote a book, which spread quickly. A book is written by different families, so it is difficult to argue with each other. But at this time, a book was published, which was not easy because of the money problem. Scholars of later generations, such as Xunzi, are the most knowledgeable and widely written in the ancient and modern groups. His family is like Han Fei, the son of Korea, and Reese, a scholar of Chu. Gou Zi is the most junior among Mr. Qi. At that time, he was the first of Mr. Qi many times. He has also traveled all over the world, and his whereabouts are extremely extensive. He thought that his friends and disciples would accompany him, and he should provide him, just like Confucius, Mohism and Mencius. Because of financial support, I was never thin, so I was able to give lectures, write books and March on such a scale at that time. At the same time, there was Zou Yan, who was loved and respected at that time, but seemed to be more than Xun Qing. At that time, books written by philosophers could be carefully preserved and circulated for a long time. Qin destroyed six countries, Han destroyed Qin, and people's livelihood was restless for a hundred years. However, by the end of the Han Dynasty, hundred schools of thought's words had been preserved, which can be seen in The History of Han, Yi Wenzhi and Zhuzi. This can be done by a private person with one hand and one foot.
The people around you are called the Warring States, thinking that a hundred schools of thought contend and can levy freedom of thought at that time. This is a buzzword, and I would rather seize the true historical facts of that year. Since Confucius gave lectures as a civilian, a hundred schools of thought have contended and friends and disciples have gathered. Although there is no special school, there is a private group. This is based on mutual ideological and academic unity, which stimulates the vitality of mutual unity. Today, we should not only discuss its theoretical content, but also pay attention to its economic reality and real life. Only this new collective surge in society can step by step compete with the declining aristocratic class at that time and create a new society of intellectuals, peasants, industry and commerce under the Qin and Han Dynasties. This is a great change and creation in the history of China, and it is a contention of a hundred schools of thought in the Warring States period. The so-called hundred schools, like Sima Qian's historical records, are called aristocratic families by Lu, Wei, Qi and Jin, but they are actually large unorganized groups, also called "homes". It is by no means the home of a couple and children. Said, also borrowed from the ancient aristocratic class is divided into male, hou, bo, son, son of man. Although this generation is a civilian, it is also roughly equivalent to the feudal aristocracy. Nobles own land and have a large population. This generation has academic thoughts, and there are also a group of disciples who believe in this academic thought, forming a * * * spirit, which is followed by a * * * life, and at the same time, like a small vassal, but without land. Therefore, people later called it a hundred schools of thought contend. Also known as these scholars and Japanese tourists, because they are not indigenous and do not live in peace. But if they are keen on wealth, such as Gongsun Yan, Zhang Yi and Mencius, they are disdainful of being concubines. Therefore, the freedom of ordinary people to give lectures at that time was promoted by feudal nobles, and there was no sign of struggle between nobles and ordinary classes. This is unknown to those who look at the history of China from the perspective of westerners.
At this point, it is admirable to know that the masters at that time only educated academic thoughts and did not plan their private lives. However, the subsequent atmosphere inspired the whole society, respecting teachers and respecting the effect, which can no longer be compared with those who established schools and promoted learning in the Western Zhou Dynasty. During this period, it was the lower class that brewed a certain atmosphere, and there was no system at all. However, the influence of the lower social atmosphere goes far beyond the upper political system.
Therefore, any politically credible system must be brewed from the social atmosphere. Otherwise, without its name, with this system and without this fashion, the empty system must not be the enemy of real fashion. Therefore, although there was no specific system at that time, it could be said to be an immature system.
The above outlines the second stage of China's education system, and the third stage is the education system in Qin and Han Dynasties. The Qin dynasty did not enjoy the country for a long time, so it was dominated by the Han dynasty.
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The education below the Western Zhou Dynasty is a kind of official education and also a kind of aristocratic education. From Confucius, although there is no educational system, there is an educational spirit. At that time, it was the era of social private education, which can also be called pure social education or civilian education. The unification of the Qin Dynasty seemed to bring the new ethos and new movement of social private education back to the government, which was the beginning of a slightly retro tendency, and there were doctoral officers at that time. Although the doctor is supported by the government, he does not bear actual political responsibility. He only prepares for consultant discussion, at the same time, he can accept apprentices, and still retains the identity of a scholar to spread academic knowledge. This system originated from Mr. Qizhi Xia Ji in the Warring States Period. There are seventy people in Qi and seventy officials in Qin. Because Confucius had seventy disciples, the King of Qi and Qin Shihuang also made this number their posts. At that time, the government still respected academics and scholars, instead of establishing this system by consolidating its own private regime, as neighbors said.
Doctor officials were not abolished in the early Han Dynasty, and a great change occurred when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty arrived. At the time of Qin Shihuang, some doctors advocated the restoration of feudalism, so it was clearly forbidden to make the past the present, and almost all doctors who treated ancient history were ousted. On the other hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty rebelled against the old Qin Dynasty, abolished all doctors who ruled the hundred doctrines during the Warring States period, and only set up doctors in the Five Classics, while emphasizing the Five Classics means emphasizing ancient historical facts. In addition, it was forbidden for Qin Shihuang to burn books, and Xun Qing advocated the Queen's Law. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty praised the Five Classics and advocated the law, which was advocated by Mencius. Meng and Xun are both Confucianists, but they have different opinions. Mencius is good and Xunzi is evil. Good nature is a feature of China's traditional culture, and evil nature is similar to that of the West. Therefore, compared with Meng and Xun, Meng Dang was more successful. Later generations often called Confucius Mencius, while Xun Qing was abandoned. Therefore, the doctor system in Qin and Han Dynasties was a great change in the history of China.
The Qin dynasty won the world, only for more than 20 years, and the Zhou dynasty lasted for more than 800 years. At that time, the view of ordinary people was that the Qin Dynasty lacked laws to stand on a political standpoint, so it was necessary to learn ancient classics. Secondly, Emperor Wu established imperial academy, which was formally taught by Dr. Jason Wu, and imperial academy students were also called doctoral disciples. This restored the old tradition of government-run education in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but it was not aristocratic education, but still civilian education, which was only implemented by government-run specialized schools.
The importance of the education system in the Western Han Dynasty lies in the dual track of training and selecting talents. In other words, it is the coordinated operation of the education system and the election system. The local school, namely County Sinology, applied to send 18-year-old youths to imperial academy, where they worked for one year and passed the examination, and were assigned to Grade A and Grade B. Grade A wanted to be the emperor's bodyguard in the imperial court, and Grade B wanted to return to his hometown to be an official. If an official has made achievements, he will be elected as a palace guard, and then this palace guard will be assigned to various positions in the central and local governments.
Compared with all the old governments in the past, this system has formed a unique new look for the Han government. Anyone who works in the government must be from imperial academy, or have the dual qualifications of serving local government officials. These people are all trained and selected by the government. Every member is not only proficient in classics, so-called literature, but also good at official business, which the Han people call "proficient in classics". The vertical bar bearing phase is no exception, and this qualification is necessary. Therefore, the government of the Han Dynasty from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was highly respected by later generations. The government of later generations cannot be divorced from the scale of the Han Dynasty without creating new situations. In short, only educated people can hold official positions, and their educational status is above politics.
The doctor is proficient in the Five Classics. However, although both of them are proficient, they must also teach specialized classics. There may be several schools of thought, which are examined and decided by doctors from Imperial College and court officials. Therefore, after arriving in Xuan Di, Dr. imperial academy's Fourteen Lectures, the Five Classics, were not added.
People in trouble are taking exams, so an objective standard must be set. Therefore, every college student should declare that he answers according to a lecture. Han people call it family law. The Five Classics are divided into fourteen schools, and each school must follow a teacher's family law, thinking that the answer to the exam is to pass. In fact, the so-called master's family law is for the convenience of exams. Academically, whether it is right or wrong remains to be discussed, and there is no conclusion.
However, Imperial College has since become a profitable road, with more and more people coming. At the beginning, there were only 50 doctoral students, and then it gradually increased to100,200, 1000. Some people say that there are 3,000 disciples of Confucius and the number of students has increased to 3,000. This is the last year of the Western Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the number of Thai students increased to 30,000. How to teach 30 thousand students in fourteen classes? At this point, imperial academy gradually deteriorated and lost its original intention of attaching importance to education.
Moreover, once the established family law is established, we must stick to it, and there will be no invention or innovation. Personal intelligence is suffocating. Therefore, official studies are not taken seriously, and those who really study turn to social private schools. Private schools are excluded from doctoral lectures. Or besides the doctoral school, it has its own way of speaking. Or in the doctor's family law, we must achieve mastery through a comprehensive study. Either the Fourteen Laws or imperial academy does not allow it, so it is only taught among the people. At that time, it was called the Open Door Apprentice. Dr. Tai Xue said that it was popular at that time and was called the Confucian classics of bronze inscriptions. Folk religion, because it was not popular at that time, was called Chinese studies. The study of China's ancient classics has no family method, but it can be studied at the same time. This is also the eastern Han dynasty, the rise of private schools on behalf of official schools.
One of the most noteworthy is Zheng Xuan, a native of Gaomi, Shandong. He founded Imperial College, followed private schools and traveled all over the country. The question of the East was not enough. He entered the customs from the west and was recommended by Lu Zhi of Zhuojun County, so he voted for Ma Rong. Ma Rong has more than 400 disciples and has been taught for more than 50 years. The Xuan is in the door, and only his disciples can teach him. I haven't seen each other for three years. One day, all the students got together to discuss the latitude of the map and were called upstairs. Xuan became suspicious because he was going to ask questions. When he finished, he resigned. Rong blushed and said, "If I go, I will go to the East." Xuan was not an official in his hometown, and thousands of disciples came from afar. I met tens of thousands of people on the road, and everyone I saw worshipped. And dare not enter the county. Kong Rong and Yuan Shao also paid tribute to Xuanbei.
As far as history is concerned, there are countless invincible politics and countless systems that are not bad for a hundred years. There is no need to elaborate on the system of Bi Guan in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The evolution of the doctor system in Qin and Han Dynasties, the similarities and differences between the two sides in Confucian classics, and the gains and losses in ancient China literature are all discussed in detail in more than one book. As an opposition scholar, Zheng Xuan advocated that hundreds of years of Confucian classics would be exhausted in the imperial court. Metaphysics, once not specialized, would be more specialized, which could include Huitong and become a great collection. In this case, all the biographies of fourteen doctors and masters were lost, but Zheng Xuan came out at the latest, which kept the tradition of Confucian classics alive. Its achievement is unprecedented in the 400 years since the birth of the Han Dynasty. It can be seen that education is mainly in teachers. The reason why teachers' morality is precious is mainly because of character and knowledge. Those who can make good use of it are mostly teachers who are not in school, and those who are not in the wild do not face the court and suppress chaos and die. For example, Zheng Xuanzhi was in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, in the educational history of China, his people are especially valued by later generations.
Before Zheng Xuanlve, a Guo Tai should also be connected. Guo Tai was also a student at that time. At that time, there were tens of thousands of students in Kyoto, and the doctor didn't speak. At the same time, it also valued the darkness of politics, which aroused imperial academy's debate and became a difficult force in politics at that time. And Guo Tai is the best among the students. At the same time, Fu Rong is also a student. He is Mars's teacher. Ying was a famous minister at that time, but when he saw He Shen, he would decline the guests, listen to his remarks and sigh for him. Guo Tai's family was poor, so he borrowed 5000 yuan from his brother-in-law to study abroad as a teacher. Eat every day, naked. When I arrived in imperial academy, I was ignorant. When introducing falsehood, falsehood is Henan Yin and treated as a teacher and friend. When Taitai returned home, she was dressed in Confucian clothes and sent to the river in thousands of cars. Tai Wei and Ying are in the same boat. The guests saw it and thought it was a fairy. At that time, the Han government was filthy, and imperial academy was in name only. However, among officials and officials, there are sages like this, and among students, there are Ying Da, Wei, Fu Rong and Guo Tai. The historical record of his story is appreciated by later generations. Although it has not been redeemed from the collapse of the Han Dynasty, the connotation of China culture and its abundant social energy show that there is still infinite vitality in this situation and it will never disappear with the temporary state affairs.
Guo Tai was a very noble social educator at that time. He is a closed-door professor with thousands of disciples. Lured by their approval and encouragement, they were either young children, worked for Reese, worked for priests, worked for postal services, worked in Tugu, or were born in Wu. And they all became heroes in the end, more than 60 people. There are many stories that can be found in historical records. Later historians commented on Guo Tai, saying that although Mo Zhai and Mencius did not go far. Sometimes in childhood, Tai said, "Teachers are easy to meet, but teachers are hard to meet. I am willing to be by your side and clean up for you. " Uncle zhi. Make porridge at night, and then ha. Three in and three out, Zhao is still the same. Tyleness and friendliness make people wise. Such a thing cannot be stated. Tai wrote another book, devoted to the background and ending of scholars, and died of chaos. Cathay Pacific, for example, has set a standard for teachers in the history of education in China. Today, if Ma Rong is the teacher, Guo Tai is the teacher, and Zheng Xuan has both, then the benefits will be valued by future generations.
From this perspective, when it comes to education, we should pay attention to the system and the people. The system can be broken and repaired, and the characters can't be bad. The system can be changed at any time, and the characters have their own unchanging models. With the system, there will be no one, and the system is empty and false. With unsystematic characters, you can create systems at any time, or you can have unsystematic systems. The warring States period and the end of the eastern Han dynasty were both times when people had no control. Although the characters are different, they have the same typical existence under the cultural tradition. Being friendly with the Warring States and neglecting the Eastern Han Dynasty is ultimately biased and should be corrected.
The above is an account of the educational system of 400 years after the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties, which is the third period of the evolution of the educational system in China's educational history. The following is the continuation of the education system in the 600 years after the disintegration of China in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties.