? Sound? As a physical phenomenon, sound is produced by the vibration of objects. The vibration of an object produces sound waves, which act on people's hearing organs through the air, and then the hearing organs transmit information to the brain, giving people the feeling of sound.
? The nature of sound? The physical properties of sound are called the properties of sound. There are four kinds: height, length, strength and timbre.
? Pitch? Take the string as an example, the sound produced by the vibration of the whole string is the pitch.
? Overtone? The sound produced by partial vibration of a string is overtone.
? Polyphony? The sound formed by the combination of pitch and overtone is called polyphony. It is based on the fact that when an object vibrates, not only the whole body vibrates, but also some parts of it vibrate at the same time. So what we usually hear is not just one sound, but a combination of many sounds, so complex tones are produced.
? Deviation? The sounds that make up complex tones are called partials. The sound produced by whole string vibration is called the first partial, also known as pitch. The sound produced by one-half of string vibration is called second-degree deviation. And so on.
? Pure tone? Relatively speaking, the sound with only one frequency is called pure tone. The sound made by a tuning fork is pure tone.
? Range? That is, the high and low range of sound. Usually refers to the range that human voice or musical instrument can reach in the whole music system.
? Sound zone? The range is a part of the range, which is divided into three types: high range, middle range and low range.
? The law of twelve averages? Dividing a pure tone octave (two adjacent homophones form a pure tone octave) into twelve equal parts is called the twelve average law.
? Bar line? The vertical lines separating bars in a musical score are called bar lines. Its function is to write it in front of the racket as a mark of the racket.
? Beat? Time periods with the same strength appear repeatedly in a certain order, which is called beat.
? Beat? The unit beat of a beat is represented by a fixed note, which is called a beat. If quarter notes are used to indicate the beat of two beats, it is called four-two beats; Represented by the eighth note, it is called 82 beats.
? Strength? The strength of music is the strength of alto in music. The strength in music, like other elements in music, is closely related to the content of music. There are three kinds of intensity marks: letter intensity marks such as P (weak), F (strong), mf (medium strong), mp (medium weak), ff (very strong), pp (very weak) and so on. Text intensity markers such as crescendo abbreviation cresc and diminuendo abbreviation dim; Graphic intensity signs such as: (gradually weakening), etc.
? Interval? In the music system, the relationship between them is called interval. Interval can be represented by some numbers. The number of steps contained in the interval of a diatonic scale is called interval series. General purpose? Degree? In order to represent a series of intervals, there are several steps, which are called several degrees.
Interval has the basic forms of pure, big, small, increasing, decreasing, multiplying and multiplying.
First degree, fourth degree, fifth degree and eighth degree are all complete intervals. Only purity, increase, decrease, multiplication and multiplication are allowed on them, regardless of size.
In the natural sound series (within an octave), there are only two, three, six and seven intervals.
? Chord? In music, the combination of more than three sounds stacked according to the third or non-third interval relationship is called chord.
? Trichord？ The combination of three sounds, that is, the combination of a certain sound as the root and the third and fifth sounds above it, is called a triad.
Major triad: Superimpose a big third and a pure fifth from the root;
Minor chord: a minor chord and a pure fifth chord are superimposed upward from the root sound;
Subtractive triad: a third minor and a fifth minor are superimposed from the root;
Trichord: The major third and the additional fifth are superimposed from the root.
The first two are concordant chords, and the last two are dissonance chords.
? Seven chords? A combination of four sounds, that is, a triad, and the seventh sound above the root sound is called a seventh chord.
Major and minor seventh chords: composed of major triad and the minor seventh of his root;
Minor seventh chord: composed of minor third chord and minor seventh note of its root sound;
Negative seventh chord: It consists of a negative triad and the negative seventh note of its root.
Minus Seventh Chord: It consists of a minus third chord and the minor seventh of its root, in which the major and minor seventh chords are also called minor seventh chords when they are formed on the major and minor fifth tones (dominant tones); Subtractive seventh chord is generally called semi-subtractive seventh chord. There are more heptachords with triad+heptachord structure that are not listed.
? A series of chords? A group of chords is played continuously to form a chord progression (harmonic progression). How to effectively identify the ongoing chords at all levels is the premise of having a good sense of harmony, which mainly depends on the receiver's ability to correctly grasp what the tonic is that determines the harmony tonality, so as to judge the harmony function position of each chord. Harmony functions can be identified simply by some Roman numerals, such as I, II, III, IV? By analogy, they represent the phonology of each constituent sound (and its functional chords) in the scale.
? Mode？ Several sounds are connected into a system according to a certain relationship (high-low relationship, etc.). ) and centered on a certain tone (tonic). This system is called pattern.
? Scale? The tones in the mode, from tonic to tonic, are arranged in the order of high and low, which is called scale.
Basic knowledge of guzheng music theory II
Variable sound level
In addition to the seven basic levels in music, there are many tones that raise or lower the basic level, which are called tone sandhi. When you read the change of tone, you should put? l？ Or? Healthy? Read words, such as up 4, down 5 and so on.
In order to distinguish it from tone sandhi, the basic tone is also called the standard tone.
Tone sandhi marker
Symbols that raise, lower or return to the basic tone level are called diacritical marks. There are five phonetic symbols * * * used in notation:
A semitone sign # indicates that the basic tone level has been raised by a semitone. Its shape is somewhat similar to crooked Chinese characters? Hmm? .
B-flat means that the basic tone level is reduced by a semitone. Its shape is somewhat similar to the English lowercase letter B.
The double-rising symbol x means to raise the basic tone level by a whole tone. It is shaped like a fork.
The heavy drop mark bb indicates that the basic tone level has been reduced by an overall tone. It consists of two plane signs.
Minus sign means to lower the tone that has been raised or lowered to the basic level, that is, to the standard tone. So the minus sign can also be called the standard sign.
When reading the rising or falling change level again, you should also put? Re-promotion? Or? Heavy fall? Read two words. Like what? Go up again 1? 、? Heavy drop 6? Wait a minute.
Tone mark
When we open the score, we can see the words 1=D or 1=G, which is key signature in notation. 1=D means that the tune is d, that is, 1 is d.
Basic knowledge of guzheng music theory 3
Temporary marking
The diacritical marks are written directly in front of the notes. This phonetic symbol is called a temporary symbol. The temporary marker only applies to the same sound as the pronunciation marker, and is limited to one bar. After that, they lose their function.
rhythm
In the music world, the sound not only ups and downs, but also varies in length, forming a priority effect. People always call the relationship between the length of sound and the specific intensity rhythm.
In life, many things will be exercised regularly. For example, the ups and downs of our breathing, the swinging of the clock, and the rolling of the wheels when the train is running? . So the word rhythm is also widely used in fields other than music.
beat
When we speak, we often emphasize some words. The same is true in music. Some sounds will be stronger than others, forming stress. Moreover, the appearance of stress in music has certain regularity, and it is often repeated regularly. Strong and weak sounds appear alternately regularly to form a beat.
Rhythm and beat are two different concepts, but they are closely related. Some people compare rhythm to melody? Skull? Compare the beat with the melody? Pulse? Can you understand this metaphor?
Bar line terminal line
According to the law of alternating strong and weak sounds, music can be divided into parts with the same length. The part from one strong note to the next is called a bar. The bar is divided by a straight short line, called bar line, which is always in front of the strong sound of the bar. At the end of a paragraph or the whole piece of music, it must be represented by two straight lines side by side, which is called the termination line. When you write, you must also make the line on the right thicker. Ok, now please look at the scores. Is the ending line at the end of music thin or thick?
Beat mark
When it comes to the time signature, everyone is no stranger, because if you don't see the time signature first, you will definitely have a mess. In music, the unit that constitutes the beat is called? Shoot? A that represents the type of rebar length. Beat? This word. Several beats in the bar are called several beats. Time symbol is a symbol used to represent the beat. It is represented by two Arabic numerals, the upper number indicates how many beats there are in a bar, and the lower number indicates which note is used as a beat. The time signature is written at the beginning of the score, just behind key signature.
The order of these two marks is: key signature first, then numbering. Generally, only one time signature is written, unless the time signature is changed halfway.
How to pronounce the time signature? The general reading method is from top to bottom. This reading method first determines that this is a piece of music with several beats. But the bottom-up reading you often hear is also acceptable. But be careful not to read the time signature as a fraction of a beat, because the time signature is not a fraction of mathematics.
Single-shot and multiple-shot mixed shooting
In the bar, the stressed unit beat is called strong beat, and the unstressed unit beat is called weak beat. In the following articles, they are marked with ● χ respectively.