In the process of children's psychological development, the influence of external factors is relatively great. Children's psychological endurance is often weak, which makes their psychology affected by many factors, which is also the main reason for the harm to children's mental health. So, what are the factors that affect children's psychological development? Understanding these factors can better protect children and promote their healthy growth in the process of their growth.
The factors that affect children's psychological development mainly include the following:
School factors
School factors will also affect children's mental health. School spirit, teachers' quality, teacher-student relationship, school curriculum and whether there is a good mental health service system are all related to children's psychological state.
Social and cultural factors
Social and economic conditions restrict people's living conditions, education and health facilities, and affect the means of family rearing. The exaggeration of family culture and social culture also has a subtle influence on children's growth.
Own factor
Children's own personality characteristics, such as timidity, timidity, sensitivity, excessive dependence and pursuit of perfection, will also have an adverse impact on children's mental health, making children prone to mental health problems.
In addition, congenital factors can be divided into the following points:
(1) Genetic factors
Genetic factors are reflected in the individual's genetic quality, mainly including the biological characteristics of genetic gene transmission, such as body structure, shape, feeling and nervous system characteristics. Genetic factors are the necessary material premise of psychological development, and its influence on mental health has long been affirmed. The study of human behavioral genetics proves that human behavior, like the body, is developed under the interaction of heredity and environment. Many psychological behaviors of people are influenced by heredity, such as introversion or extroversion, behavioral withdrawal or attack, emotional anxiety or depression.
(2) Congenital quality
Congenital quality is congenital anatomical and physiological characteristics, including biological characteristics such as sensory motor organs, brain structure and function transmitted by genetic genes. Genetic factors are the biological premise and natural condition of psychological development. There are many factors that affect the normal development of the fetus:
1. During pregnancy, malnutrition in pregnant women will make the baby's birth weight lighter, and too little or too much certain nutrients will lead to congenital malformation. Low birth weight infants may have some defects, such as decreased brain cells, mental retardation and abnormal brain function. This has an irreversible adverse effect on the healthy development of psychology.
2. The influence of illness or careless medication. Pregnant women's illness and careless medication will bring harm to their children's mental health. It has been reported that maternal hypertension, nephritis, anemia, arthritis (taking salicylic acid once), low fever, threatened abortion, and frequent colds during pregnancy may all be related to ADHD. For another example, pregnant women infected with influenza virus can cause fetal malformation and central nervous system abnormalities, affecting normal psychological development after birth.
3. The influence of emotional state. Mental stimulation to pregnant women, especially sudden major stimulation, will cause excessive psychological tension, which will lead to abnormal fetal development and obstacles.
4. Environmental pollution, radiation, tobacco and alcohol during pregnancy will also damage the development of the fetus, thus affecting the psychological development of preschool children.
Family factors:
Family is the basic unit of society, the earliest social environment for preschool children, the main place for preschool children's personality socialization, and it is very important for the healthy development of infants' body and mind. Family structure and function, parents' educational ability, their expectations for children, educational methods and parenting attitudes, parents' professional and socio-economic status, family material conditions and atmosphere, living habits and hobbies, etc. Are closely related to the mental health of preschool children, and ultimately affect their behavior and personality.
1. Family structure:
Mainly refers to the population structure of the family. A sound and complete family structure has a good effect on children's mental health development, while an imperfect family structure has a negative impact on children's psychology. In recent years, some studies on the relationship between parents' divorce and children's mental health have generally confirmed that parents' divorce leads to children's loneliness, inferiority, timidity and indifference, and even leads to psychological abnormalities and problem behaviors such as lying, hyperactivity, swearing and self-abuse. Children live in a broken family, without proper care and care, lacking a happy and harmonious family atmosphere, the language they contact is simple and poor, and their curiosity and exploration behavior are hindered. At the same time, the breakdown of the family makes children feel shocked and confused, and it is difficult to adapt to the "new" family, and they have no sense of security and happiness, making them lonely and unsociable, and it is difficult to form a sound personality. Therefore, a stable family structure is of great significance to the psychological healthy growth of preschool children.
2. Living conditions:
Living conditions are not only a matter of housing type and area, but actually it involves many aspects of human life. Children living in crowded places have more aggressive behaviors and more opportunities for infection or pollution; High-rise residential residents have less outdoor activities, strong dependence, slow development of self-reliance, and even affect children's intellectual potential; Children who live in bungalows or quadrangles have early sports development, large amount of activities, longer outdoor activities time and scope than children with other housing conditions, strong communication skills, but many unsafe factors; Children living in villas often have a sense of superiority because of different economic conditions, parents' behavior or social status, but it may not affect their normal psychological development. Therefore, living conditions are an important factor affecting the psychological development of preschool children.
3. Family atmosphere:
Family atmosphere is of great significance to the mental health of preschool children. A good family atmosphere can form children's healthy psychology such as liveliness, cheerfulness, generosity, research, honesty, modesty, sociability, knowledge and curiosity. On the contrary, bad family atmosphere (quarreling, tearing, indifference and disharmony) often causes great psychological pressure to children. Children are in unpleasant emotions, frightened and anxious, and have no sense of security, which will make them timid, selfish, jealous, lonely, lazy, willful and rude. In addition, children living in noisy families are prone to psychological diseases such as behavioral disorders, night terrors, nightmares and enuresis. Therefore, the quality of family atmosphere is also an important factor in the mental health development of preschool children.
4. Parents' cultural and psychological qualities:
Parents are the children's first teachers, and they are also the teachers who spend the longest and closest time together. Parents' words and deeds have a subtle influence on children's character shaping, personality formation, intellectual development and value orientation. Especially parents' cultural quality and psychological quality have a subtle influence on children's psychological maturity and growth. As far as cultural quality is concerned, generally speaking, if parents have high cultural quality, they often have higher requirements and expectations for their children. They use their knowledge and strong curiosity to influence and educate their children, cultivate their tenacious enterprising spirit, and at the same time give them better guidance in their studies. On the contrary, parents with low cultural quality are not enterprising and often have low requirements for their children. They not only don't study by themselves, but also don't care about their children's study, and even only care about their own entertainment, which affects their study. Many research results show that parents' cultural quality has a high correlation with their children's mental health.
5. Husband and wife relationship:
A harmonious family plays a good role in the normal psychological development of women, can bring children a sense of security, and is conducive to the normal development of various psychological activities. Children in harmonious families are often docile, generous, fair, distinguish right from wrong and have a sense of justice. Discordant families often play a negative role in children's normal psychological development. Disputes, quarrels, complaints and fights between husband and wife can't bring children a sense of security. Beating and fighting between husband and wife often give children a role to emulate, and children who grow up in this environment are prone to lying, fighting and anti-social behavior. Insecurity in this kind of family affects the normal development of children's personality, and it is easy to appear unsociable, shrinking, timid, sensitive and other bad personality characteristics.
Environmental factors:
Environment is the cradle of children's growth and a paradise for children. Children's learning and even the whole development are completed in the interaction with the environment. Mr. Chen Heqin once said: "What kind of impression you get when you are stimulated by the environment." In other words, children can establish new behavior habits and ways according to different environments.
First of all, we should strengthen the construction of the external environment. Kindergarten buildings should have enough space to meet the needs of children's normal activities and daily life, and should try to ensure the fresh air, sufficient light and no noise pollution in and around the kindergarten. The park should have enough green area, and the indoor and outdoor decoration and layout should set off a positive atmosphere for children. If kindergartens blindly expand enrollment for economic benefits, so that a class of about 25 students is expanded to a class of 30 to 40 students, or even more, it will lead to high personnel density, shrinking space and great noise pollution, which will increase children's aggressive behavior, reduce social communication behavior and increase the rate of not actively participating in activities, thus adversely affecting children's mental health. Therefore, it is necessary to construct the external environment to promote and protect children's mental health.
Second, create a good game environment. A good game environment must be permeated with a perceptual psychological atmosphere. Childhood is a period of rapid development of emotional experience. With the growth of age, its social requirements began to increase. Emotional communication between partners and harmony between teachers are the psychological environment they are eager for. Only in this psychological environment can children play games safely, confidently and boldly. Therefore, our teacher should really understand this book and show it to children. Fully develop children's intelligence, mobilize and tap each child's strengths, and cultivate children's self-confidence and sense of competition.
Third, establish a good group of children and cultivate their healthy psychological quality. Peer relationship has a long-term and significant impact on children's all-round development. Children who are popular among their peers will feel safe, while excluded children and neglected children will feel lonely and inferior. At present, only children account for the majority, so it is more important for their social development to establish a good peer relationship. Therefore, teachers should participate in kindergarten peer communication as "big friends" and actively guide children to establish equal and harmonious peer relations. For example, teachers can guide children to bring their toys to kindergarten to share with you, educate children to help others, teach children the basic norms of social interaction, and encourage children to visit each other under the leadership of their parents. In a friendly interpersonal atmosphere, children are happy, optimistic and confident. In this open environment, children have more communication opportunities, which is more conducive to the formation of their healthy psychology.
Respect childlike innocence and grasp the critical period of children's psychological development
Seize the critical period to solve children's psychological problems
In Shine Wong's view, children face two major psychological problems in campus life: first, learning problems; The second is communication. Solving children's psychological problems must be carried out at a critical period. "Now the childbearing age of mothers has generally increased, the probability of caesarean section has increased, the probability of breastfeeding has decreased, and there have been many phenomena of intergenerational education. Psychological problems caused by insufficient awareness of rules are relatively concentrated. "
Shine Wong introduced that attention deficit is a common problem at present. About 5% to 6% of the national students, there are15 million to 20 million children with attention deficit in the country, which is equivalent to one or two children in each class. In addition, the mental illness caused by family rearing patterns can not be ignored. As far as the whole country is concerned, the problem of left-behind children has attracted the attention of psychologists.
In Shanghai, due to the pressure of survival and the busy work of parents, the problem of intergenerational education is more prominent. The kindergarten period when children are four to six years old is a critical period for the cultivation of rule awareness. If the awareness of rules is not well cultivated and good behavior habits are not formed during this period, children will not be able to adapt well after entering school, and a series of problems such as selfishness, emotional fluctuation and aggression are prone to occur.
After the two-child policy, we should pay more attention to Dawa's mental health.
At present, China's "two-child policy" is fully open, which may make many only children face an emotional loss. In this regard, Xu Jing specially reminded parents with two children to pay special attention to Dawa's emotional problems.
"The education of the only child is very worthy of attention. In the family, children are also in the process of learning and growing up. When the only child grows up from zero to six years old, there are no brothers and sisters to practice how to communicate with their peers. When I get to school, I will have communication difficulties when I meet my peers. In fact, the two-child policy is conducive to cultivating children's communication skills. But emotionally, some children may feel that their parents' love has been deprived by their younger brothers and sisters after becoming brothers and sisters, and they will feel lost. If parents can think rationally about the problems their children encounter, families with many children will be more conducive to their educational growth. "
Mental health education emphasizes that every student is an independent individual.
In 1970s, in countries with earlier urbanization such as Europe, America and Japan, the problem children became more and more serious. After the research of hundreds of experts, the theory of sensory integration was first put forward by Dr. Els of the University of Southern California in the United States in 1972. Sensory integration refers to the human body's ability to effectively use its senses in the environment, obtain different sensory information (such as vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, vestibule and proprioception) from the outside and input it into the brain, so that the brain can process the input information and make adaptive responses. Insufficient sensory integration or sensory integration disorder will affect the coordination of brain, sensory organs and functional areas of the body, resulting in problems in study and life.
According to Shine Wong, Zhabei No.1 Central Primary School also has a lot of advanced experience in sensory training. In view of the imbalance of children's senses, the school has also strengthened sensory training. Generally, the key period of sensory training is three to seven years old, so all first-year students offer sensory training courses.
In addition, the school has cooperated with Shanghai Children's Medical Center to offer some courses combining medical education for students with attention deficit. It also strengthens the communication between parents and schools, and provides parents with more professional parenting methods and guidance through parent salons and parent psychological lectures. The school has also strengthened the training of teachers and set up a team of psychological volunteers in the school. Teachers from all disciplines 12 with the qualification of national second-class psychological counselors will drive the whole school teachers from point to point.
As the principal, Xu Jing, who is both a child psychologist and a manager, said: "The school is actually facing a comprehensive reform. Value choice has become the core element of school transformation. Students are never an accessory of the school. Students should enter our field of vision as individuals and study children's psychology in depth, which has also become the necessity of school transformation and development. "
Under this concept, the first primary and secondary school in Zhabei District requires teachers to approach children and go deep into their psychology. Teachers are required to study children's psychology deeply and rediscover and understand children under the background of educational transformation.
We should treat the trend of "female man" dialectically.
Not long ago, Zhabei No.1 Middle School and Primary School held a Girls' Day. This activity is also one of the contents of school mental health education, aiming at helping students establish correct social role identity. At present, in the primary school stage, the status quo that women are strong and men are weak does exist. In Xu Jing's view, this popular trend of "female man" is a sign that modern girls are more open and confident.
"On campus, the education of boys and girls is actually a very important aspect of mental health education. The process of role identification, role complementarity and role socialization needs teachers' efforts. The school also compiled a book for girls, which has six units and eighteen subjects. Facing every student, every child can get all-round development and mental health, which is our goal. "
For primary school children, there is no special distinction between men and women in education, and they are all enjoying quality education. The school courses are all for boys and girls. Boys play the piano, girls play the piano, boys play football and girls play football. "Under the curriculum standards of the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, schools still have 30% independent space for schools to develop school-based courses that conform to the school-running philosophy. It is to make up for what needs to be learned that is beneficial to children's development for life in addition to the actions stipulated in the national curriculum. Through these carriers and curriculum settings, boys and girls will have some role awareness and gradually establish a role awareness of society. "
Advice to parents: Help children to establish a stable life schedule.
Freshmen will find many problems when they come to school. Both Xu Jing and Wang Hui found that a stable and orderly schedule is very helpful to cultivate children's good study habits. "Especially for many post-80s parents, the schedule should be stable. Don't rely on your emotions and habits to raise children. Parents should also have a positive attitude to guide their children and help them solve problems. "
"A husband and wife family full of love and security is the best gift for children. When the child is zero to three years old, we should accept him unconditionally and give him a sense of security. 4 to 6 years old is a crucial period to cultivate children's awareness of rules and to form good behavior habits for them. Parents lead by example is the key to cultivate children's good behavior habits. It's important for parents to keep quiet company. Set aside more time to play games, exercise and read with your children. "
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