According to Professor Porter's understanding, industrial cluster refers to an organic whole in which a large number of enterprises with close industrial ties and related supporting institutions gather in space to form a strong and sustainable competitive advantage in a specific field (usually taking a leading industry as the core). Its competitiveness is that the enterprises in the cluster bring sustainable competitive advantage to the whole cluster through the co-opetition mechanism in the market competition. Practice at home and abroad has proved that industrial cluster is an effective regional development strategy, an effective way to improve regional economic competitiveness and an inevitable trend of economic development to a certain stage. Therefore, the competitiveness of regional economy has evolved into the competitiveness of regional industrial clusters. Through the study of Shunde household appliances, Wenzhou lighters, Shengzhou ties, Zhuji Datang socks industry, Shaoxing textile cluster and other industrial clusters with strong competitiveness, it is found that they have the following characteristics:
The leading industry has a clear positioning and a long industrial chain. These clusters are developed by many interrelated enterprises around a specific field, and the leading industries are clearly positioned. Therefore, the development direction of the cluster is always the vertical and horizontal expansion of the industrial chain. Enterprises will carry out effective division of labor, and the specialization of production will become more and more detailed, which will drive the development of relevant departments. When the scale of the agglomeration area is further expanded, the market demand space in the region will be opened, the potential demand for products and services with finer division of labor and stronger specialization will increase accordingly, and the industrial chain will also expand.
All nodes in the industrial chain are fully competitive, and enterprises can constantly innovate. There are many industrial chain nodes in these clusters, and each node has dozens or even hundreds of enterprises. For example, in Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province, there are 56,600 textile units distributed at different nodes. This is conducive to the specialization and Excellence of enterprises, to improving efficiency and to technological innovation. Because the environment is the same, in order to make our products lower in cost, better in quality and more distinctive in color and variety than many local counterparts, we need to use more brains and have better creativity. And a good idea is hard to enjoy for a long time. Through the flow of people and the connection between users, good ideas will soon be learned by local peers. If an enterprise wants to stay ahead for a long time, it needs constant innovation. Therefore, the innovation pressure of the whole industrial cluster region is rising.
The degree of socialization and cooperation of producer services in industrial clusters is high. The service industry has gradually shifted from the inside of production enterprises to the outside of enterprises, from which a number of service-oriented enterprises have emerged, including enterprises in different fields such as packaging, transportation, warehousing, logistics, information, training, consulting, trade, design and development, intermediary services, finance and insurance. The enterprise ecological group is constantly improving, and the competitiveness of industrial clusters is enhanced.
The park has a master plan and a perfect public service system. The development of industrial clusters can not be separated from the carrier of park construction. The scientific planning of the park includes a clear industrial development direction: the basic environment such as transportation, hydropower and information is excellent; Public policies such as industrial development, laws and regulations, finance, finance, human resources and sustainable development; Enterprises in the * * * Park enjoy low-cost public resources and enhance the synergy and tension of industrial chain development.
Have a strong brand influence. For example, Shaoxing textile industry, as a business card of China, has expanded its influence from domestic to global, from industry to the whole society. With the further promotion of brand influence, Shaoxing textile industry cluster will develop faster.
The present situation of competitiveness of Xuzhou county industrial clusters
After years of development, many characteristic county industrial clusters have emerged in Xuzhou, and the advantages of cluster economy are increasingly apparent, which has effectively promoted the construction of new countryside. Cluster economy occupies a dominant position in the industrial economy of counties and cities, and has become an important economic growth point for the development of county economy. According to incomplete statistics, there are currently 16 county industrial clusters with a certain scale in Xuzhou, with more than 1000 cluster enterprises, involving wood processing, food processing, plastic weaving, light industry and other industries; In 2007, the sales revenue exceeded 654.38+000 billion yuan. The representative clusters in Xuzhou county are listed in table 1.
Generally speaking, the competitiveness of Xuzhou county industrial clusters has the following characteristics:
The orientation of leading industries is clear, but the industrial chain is short. The industrial clusters in Xuzhou are basically in the primary development stage of "bottom-up". Even the large-scale wood processing industrial cluster in Guanhu Town of Pizhou City is limited to the simple processing and production of wood. The industrial chain is short and incomplete, and there is no detailed professional division of labor within the cluster. The advantage of networked division of labor has not yet formed, and the "enterprise tendency" of the industrial chain is serious, that is, the whole production process from raw materials entering the factory to products leaving the factory is completed in an enterprise group. Enterprises are used to "single-handedly fighting" and "small but comprehensive" management methods, which leads to poor awareness of division of labor and cooperation, low correlation between upstream and downstream enterprises, lack of cohesion within the cluster, low concentration and scattered layout. These phenomena are not conducive to the expansion of the overall scale and improvement of the level of industrial clusters.
The competition among industrial chain nodes is insufficient and the innovation ability of enterprises is weak. For example, in the garlic gathering area of Suyangshan Town, Pizhou, similar products are produced by one or several enterprises, and the lack of competition makes its innovation motivation insufficient. It is also difficult for enterprises to provide them with professional technical services. As a result, the industrial agglomeration in most cities has not yet formed an innovation mechanism, and imitation is more than innovation. Products stay in the low-grade, old-fashioned and rough machining stage for a long time, mostly at the end of the industrial chain, with low added value.
The degree of socialization and cooperation of producer services in industrial clusters is low. For example, Jiawang furniture cluster lacks supporting enterprises in different fields such as training, consulting, trade, design and development, information, intermediary services, finance and insurance, which reduces the efficiency of enterprises. The construction of professional market lags behind, the socialization of intermediary services is not high, and the self-discipline organization mechanism of clusters is difficult to form or play a role.
The public service system is not perfect. The public service system closely related to the development of industrial agglomeration is relatively weak, especially the construction of public technical service and public information service industry is relatively backward; Some cluster parks lack clear functional orientation and unified planning. Cluster product research and development system, testing and quality certification system, education and training system, information service system, e-commerce and modern logistics distribution system are incomplete, and regional supporting functions are incomplete and in a disorderly state. Different industries are intertwined and their characteristics are not obvious.
Brand influence is not strong, and independent innovation ability needs to be strengthened. The outstanding problems in the brand building of existing industrial clusters are that the brand awareness and influence of the cluster itself are low, and the brand awareness of enterprises in the cluster is not strong. Guanhu Town is a national brand except joinery board, and there are few famous brand products at or above the provincial level, and the cluster lacks strong brand support. In addition, most enterprises in the cluster are small in scale, weak in scientific research and innovation ability, weak in talent support, and lack of scientific and technological service enterprises, which makes most industrial clusters in Xuzhou have not yet formed an innovation mechanism, imitation is more than innovation, and products have long remained in the low-grade, old-fashioned and rough-machining stage.
Strategies to Enhance the Competitiveness of Xuzhou County Industrial Clusters
(A) scientific planning to promote the sustainable development of industrial clusters
The process of planning is also a process of re-understanding, which is conducive to systematically analyzing the conditions and prospects of cluster development and putting forward practical goals and measures. At present, Xuzhou county clusters are in the initial stage of great development, and some county clusters are forming the embryonic form of clusters. If the plan is in place, it will get twice the result with half the effort. The planning contents include:
Leading industrial planning. According to Xuzhou's 11th Five-Year Development Plan, according to the characteristics of resource endowment, the present situation of industrial development, the law of industrial chain formation, combined with the opportunities of small town construction, Jiangsu Province's revitalization of northern Jiangsu, Xu Lian's key development of economic and industrial belt, and the adjustment of industrial structure in the Yangtze River Delta, we will select the industries or products with the most local comparative advantages, focus on cultivating one or two leading industries with characteristics, and scientifically compile a number of development plans for characteristic industrial clusters. Relying on rich resource advantages and location advantages, we will form a cluster leading industry, and take the cultivation and expansion of cluster industries as a breakthrough in economic development. Targetedly attract those projects with industry-driven advantages, industry-related effects and supporting cooperation functions into industrial clusters, integrate imported foreign technologies and varieties with cluster advantages, integrate them into cluster culture construction, localize imported projects, and strive to form a network system of close cooperation, professional division of labor and cooperation among large, medium and small enterprises.