1840 the peasant class after the opium war: "the celestial system"
Bourgeois: put forward the idea of "people's livelihood", and advocate the verification of national land price and the sharing of land ownership by the whole people.
China * * * Producer:
1927- 1937: agrarian revolution: fighting local tyrants, distributing land and abolishing feudal exploitation and debt. (content)
Rely on poor peasants and farm labourers, unite with middle peasants, restrict rich peasants, protect small and medium-sized enterprises, eliminate the landlord class and implement peasant land ownership.
1937- 1945: Landlords reduce rents and interest rates, and farmers pay rents and interest rates.
1945- 1949: land reform was carried out in the liberated areas, and the Outline of China Land Law was formulated, which stipulated that landlords' land should be confiscated, feudal land exploitation system should be abolished and farming should be carried out.
In the land system, land is distributed equally according to the rural population. 1950- 1952: the newly liberated areas implemented the land reform law and launched the movement of mutual assistance and cooperation.
1953- 1955: socialist transformation, from agricultural mutual aid groups to advanced agricultural production cooperatives.
1956- 1966: the great leap forward and the people's commune movement.
1978- 1990s: household contract responsibility system
Details are as follows:
A series of wars of aggression made the life of China people more and more embarrassed, and the people began to resist. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement broke out, and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was established, and the tiantian system was implemented. However, this is only the fantasy of agricultural socialists.
Revelation:
The egalitarian division of land put forward in the celestial system was completely revolutionary under the historical conditions at that time, in order to completely eliminate the landlords.
Ownership has eliminated landlord exploitation, eliminated feudal thorns in agricultural production and opened up a place for the development of capitalism. However, because the development of production relations could not keep up with the development of productive forces, it finally failed.
Agricultural revolution
After the April 12th Incident, the Nanjing National Government suppressed the Chinese Production Party on the one hand, and continued to crack down on the Feng warlords on the other, so as to complete reunification.
National goals.
Time: 1927- 1937.
Significance: The feudal land exploitation system in revolutionary base areas was abolished, which enabled farmers to join the Red Army enthusiastically and consolidated the revolutionary base areas.
Content: Confiscation of landlords. The land of the rich peasants is distributed to the poor farm workers. Cancel all feudal debts.
agrarian reform
This feudal land system seriously hindered the development of rural economy and China society. After the founding of New China, the newly liberated areas with a population of more than 300 million in China have not yet been developed.
Land reform, the broad masses of farmers urgently demand land reform and obtain land.
Formulate the outline of China land law, stipulate the confiscation of landlords' land, abolish the feudal land exploitation system, and implement the land system of land to the tiller.
Distribute land equally.
People's commune movement
The rural people's commune movement is a project made by our party to explore the road of socialist construction in China during the period of building socialism in an all-round way in the late 1950s.
Major decisions.
China's idea of establishing "big cooperatives" in rural areas has sprouted as early as the climax of the agricultural cooperative movement. 1956 complete high-level cooperation,
Each cooperative has an average of about 200 households. In the winter of 1957 and the spring of 1958, the construction of farmland water conservancy reached its climax, and the United front and the associated press appeared again. Mao Zedong is considering when.
At that time, in order to meet the development needs of agricultural production and construction characterized by large-scale water conservancy construction, I felt it necessary to run large-scale cooperatives. 1March, 958, China * * * the Political Bureau of the Central Committee Chengdu Friendship Association.
The "Opinions on Appropriately Merging Small Agricultural Cooperatives into Large Cooperatives" was discussed and adopted. The opinion pointed out: "In order to meet the needs of agricultural production and cultural revolution.
Yes, where conditions permit, it is necessary to merge small agricultural cooperatives into large ones in a planned and appropriate way. "After the meeting, rural areas around the country began.
In some places, there have been "production communes" and "collective farms", and in some places, there have been "people's communes". 1958 7
On June 1 day, the article "Brand-new society, brand-new people" in the third issue of Red Flag magazine clearly stated that "a cooperative should be transformed into an existing agriculture.
The grass-roots organizations of cooperatives and industrial cooperatives are actually people's communes that combine agriculture and industry. "This is the first time that the People's Commune has been mentioned in newspapers.
Name. On August 6th, when Mao Zedong visited Qiliying People's Commune in Xinxiang, Henan Province, he said that the name of the People's Commune was very good. On the 9 th, when talking with Shandong leaders, he said: "
It is better to run a people's commune ... "and point out that the commune is characterized by one big man and two big men. After this talk was published in the newspaper, there was an upsurge of running people's communes in various places. eight
10, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held an enlarged meeting in Beidaihe, which passed the Resolution of the Central Committee of China on Establishing People's Communes in Rural Areas. decision
After the proposal was issued, the upsurge of people's commune movement quickly formed all over the country. By the end of 10, more than 740,000 agricultural production cooperatives in China had been reorganized into 2.6.
There are more than 0/10,000 people's communes/kloc, and there are 654.38+0.2 billion farmers participating in the communes, accounting for more than 99% of the total number of farmers in China. People's communes have basically been realized in rural areas throughout the country.
Because the cooperative movement was too hasty and intense in the later period, the people's commune movement also seemed eager to transition to capitalism.
, blowing up the "* * * wind" of "one leveling, two adjusting and three collecting".
1958165438+1After the Central Working Conference (the first Zhengzhou Conference) in mid-October, Mao Zedong and the Central Committee began to gradually correct the people's commune movement.
Error in. 196 1 year, Mao Zedong presided over the formulation of the regulations on the work of rural people's communes (draft), which further clarified the people's communes at this stage.
The implementation of three-level ownership and team system will help to overcome "Left" mistakes in rural work, mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers and promote the development of rural economy to a certain extent.
The recovery and development of agriculture has played a positive role.
The serious spread of errors has caused a serious imbalance in the proportion of the national economy, which is the main reason for the serious difficulties of 1959 ~ 196 1.
The relations of production are divorced from the development level of productive forces and violate the principle of distribution according to work, which has dampened the enthusiasm of farmers and producers and caused serious damage to agricultural production.
Before the reform and opening up, China's urban state-owned land implemented a single administrative allocation system, and the state provided users with the right to use the land for free and indefinitely.
Land use rights cannot be transferred between land users.
From 65438 to 0979, China began to set up Sino-foreign joint ventures with the right to use the site as capital contribution or collect the right to use the site from Sino-foreign joint ventures. land use right
It can be used as the investment capital of joint ventures in China.
Since 1980s, China began to reform the land management system, mainly in two aspects. First, reform the land management system. 198
1996, the state passed the Land Administration Law and established the State Land Administration Bureau. Second, the reform of land use system separates land use right from ownership.
From, in terms of the right to use, it has changed the past free and indefinite use into paid and limited use, so that it can truly enter the market according to the attributes of its goods. 1982
In 2006, Shenzhen Special Economic Zone began to charge different standards of use fees according to different urban land grades. The State Council proposed in April 1987 that the right to use can be transferred with compensation.
In September of the same year, Shenzhen took the lead in trying out the paid transfer of land use rights, transferring a piece of land use rights of more than 5,000 square meters for a period of 50 years, opening up state-owned land.
The prelude to the reform of land use system. In June165438+1October, the State Council approved the reports of the State Bureau of Land Management and decided to set up offices in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Xiamen.
Door, Fuzhou land use system reform pilot. In February 65438, Shenzhen publicly auctioned a piece of state-owned land use right. This is the first time since the founding of New China.
Land auction. According to the principle of separation of land ownership and use right, the state reserves land ownership by auction, bidding and agreement.
Transfer the land use right to the user at a certain price, time limit and use, and the transferred land can be transferred, leased or mortgaged. This is China's land.
The land use system has been fundamentally reformed, breaking the long-term free, uncertain, immobile and single administrative means distribution system of land and creating a market-oriented system.
A new way of land distribution.
1987, China began to carry out pilot land valuation, and successively promulgated the Regulations on Urban Land Grading (Trial) and the Regulations on Urban Land Valuation.
(Trial).
65438-0988 the State Council decided to levy land use fees (taxes) in cities and towns across the country. At the same time, we began to try out the paid transfer of land use rights.
, regularly transfer land use rights. In April of the same year, the first session of the Seventh National People's Congress revised the relevant provisions of Constitution 1982, and deleted the content of prohibiting land.
The lease regulations stipulate that "land use rights can be transferred according to law". In 65438+February, the amendment bill of the Land Management Law was passed, stipulating that "the state shall follow the
The law implements the system of paid use of state-owned land. "Land use rights can be transferred, transferred, leased or mortgaged according to law. National 1988 cities began to be established.
Real estate exchanges and specialized banks set up real estate credit departments. 1In May, 990, the State Council allowed many foreign businessmen to enter the mainland real estate market and released it.
Interim Regulations on Assignment and Transfer of the Right to Use State-owned Land in Cities and Towns, Interim Measures for the Administration of the Development and Operation of Foreign Investment in Pieces and related documents,
This marks that China's land market has embarked on the legal track, thus promoting the reform of land use system nationwide.
1992 Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech and the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China established the process of economic system reform and land market cultivation. The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee
It is decided to take the reform of land use system as an important part of the whole economic system reform, and clearly stipulate the contents of standardizing and developing the land market.
And requirements. The scope of land allocation through the market is constantly expanding, and the practice of paying for land use rights and transferring them within a time limit has been extended to all parts of the country. Especially in the economic field.
In special zones and some coastal open cities, construction land has basically been brought into the track of the new system.
The reform of land use system is a basic work to establish a socialist market economic system. The goal of land use system reform is to establish a harmonious relationship with society.
Land market system adapted to the socialist market economic system. This land market is an open, just, fair, standardized and orderly land market system, and it should
This includes: an effective resource allocation system, under the national macro-control, optimizing the allocation of land resources through the market; Establish a normal price system for land use.
Market formation mechanism of right price; A sound legal system makes the market behavior standardized and orderly; A reasonable income distribution system embodies a clear relationship between property rights and interests.
Effectively adjust with rent and taxes; Perfecting intermediary service system and promoting the development of land market.
Enterprises use land to pay rent by year or in installments. The annual rent system is implemented, and the lease period can be long or short, and the lease can be renewed at the expiration. After the implementation of the annual rent system, the lessee of the land
The right to dispose of land is subject to certain restrictions. Land may not be transferred or sublet to Kyrgyzstan for mortgage. For enterprises with financial difficulties, part of the land will be occupied after approval.
The right to use can be sublet, mortgaged or shared, but it shall not exceed the lease period with the state, and annual rent must be paid.
By the end of August,1994,600 towns had completed land grading and benchmark land price evaluation. At the same time, according to the land assets evaluation and
Management regulations, widely carried out the transfer, transfer, lease, mortgage, shareholding and other land price evaluation work of state-owned land use rights. It has been established all over the country
There are more than 500 land appraisal institutions approved by the government, and more than 3,500 people have obtained the qualification of land appraisers.
1In July, 1995, the State Bureau of Land Management promulgated the Measures for Determining the Lowest Price for Assignment of State-owned Land Use Rights Agreement, proposing to cultivate and develop land.
The eight requirements of the market are mainly to strengthen the monopoly of the state on the transfer of land use rights, and adhere to the unified planning, unified land acquisition, unified management and collective discussion of the government.
, "a pen" grants land; Further expand the transfer scope of state-owned land use rights and standardize the transfer methods; Gradually transfer the allocated land use right to operate.
Paid use, etc.
1September, 1997, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region government set aside 240,000 mu of rural state-owned land to openly attract overseas businessmen to invest and develop, which is the first time in China.
Rural state-owned land was opened to foreign investment for the first time. This part of the land is located in Wusu, Changji and other counties and cities north of Tianshan Mountain, which is a famous high-yield area of grain and cotton in China.
The external 6,543.8+10,000 mu of land is available for investors to choose from, of which the cultivated land accounts for 654.38+ 0/5, and the rest is suitable for agricultural wasteland.
Reform of collective land use system
The reform of collective land use system began at 1988. In March of the same year, Shandong Province took the lead in piloting the paid use office of rural homestead in Dezhou.
Law. Linqu county, as a pilot, stipulates that farmers' homesteads meet the prescribed standards and charge 5 cents per square meter every year, and those that exceed the standard are charged every year.
Charge 50 cents per square meter, one-time fine. More than 30 square meters, a fine of 4 yuan per square meter; Exceeding 30 square meters
More than square meters, a fine of 8 yuan per square meter. Since then, the experience of Shandong Province has been tried out in Hebei, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other provinces and cities.
1990 1 the State Council approved the Notice of the State Bureau of Land Management on Strengthening the Management of Rural Homestead, and put this work in the whole country.
Push away. By the end of 199 1, more than 28 provinces and cities, and more than 400 counties (cities) 1 10,000 towns and villages in China had implemented the paid use of homestead.
Use. In addition, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province also took the lead in trying out the paid use of land for township enterprises from 1987. By April of 1992, it had exceeded 140 in China.
Counties (cities) have tried it out.