Question 2: The link of risk communication is actually the understanding and communication of risk. Page 2 Safety information is one of the important resources on which safety activities depend, and it is a form that reflects the differences and changes between human safety things and safety activities. Safety management is managed with a large amount of safety information, and its modernization level determines the application degree of information science and technology in safety management [1]. A safety information communicator is a person who knows the safety risks.
Question 3: What is risk communication? What is risk communication derived from risk analysis rather than communication? The main purpose of risk communication is to understand, persuade and consult. Risk communication is not everything. Risk assessors, managers and other interested parties exchange information on risks and related factors in order to better understand risks and related issues and make decisions. ...
Question 4: How to avoid the security risks brought by information communication? Security information is one of the important resources that security activities depend on, and it is a form that reflects the differences and changes between human security things and security activities. Safety management is managed with a large amount of safety information, and its modernization level determines the application degree of information science and technology in safety management [1]. Safety information communication means that people who know safety risks provide information to those who need to know, especially front-line employees.
Communication failure is the main human error leading to the accident [2]. Many safety accidents are caused by the lack of effective safety information communication, such as:
In 2003, a blowout accident occurred in Kaixian County, Chongqing [3]. Before the accident, a series of hidden danger information was not taken seriously, reported to the superior and effective measures were not taken, which led to the occurrence and expansion of the accident.
Since the first half of 2008, according to incomplete statistics, there have been seven production safety accidents in China that caused casualties due to improper or blind rescue. From the initial accident, 7 people were involved, 29 people were killed and 0/4 people were injured, and the lessons were extremely profound [4]. In these incidents, many employees lack basic safety knowledge, have not received safety training and know nothing about safety knowledge.
In the investigation report of the explosion accident of BP Dezhou Refinery on March 23rd, 2005 [5], the American Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Committee found that there were many problems in the safety information communication of BP Dezhou Refinery, including insufficient communication of equipment status information during the shift change, insufficient communication among equipment operators, and lack of policies to encourage effective communication within the enterprise, all of which were the causes of the accident.
Similarly, the failure of information communication was also one of the reasons for the crash of the space shuttle Columbia in 2003 [6].
The deep-seated causes of the above accidents are the defects of enterprise safety management and bad safety culture.
Many enterprises have realized the importance of safety culture to enterprise safety management and accident prevention, and have carried out safety culture construction activities in succession. However, the construction of safety culture is single, and basically depends on the publicity and education of safety management departments. The communication channel of safety information and safety knowledge is only one-way transmission from top to bottom, without the attention and participation of senior leaders and employees. Therefore, the effect of enterprise safety culture construction is not obvious.
In the traditional safety management mode, the communication channel of safety information is also one-way, mostly from top to bottom, lacking a bottom-up safety information feedback channel. The management makes all kinds of safety rules and regulations, and front-line employees only passively implement them. They think that security affairs are only the affairs of the security management department and have nothing to do with themselves. Even if hidden danger information or attempted events are found, few people take the initiative to report them. The communication of safety information must be shared with each other, and it must be two-way, in order to effectively play its function.
The construction of enterprise safety culture needs the joint efforts and innovation of all employees, the effective leadership and commitment of senior managers and the active participation of employees. The link between them is the effective communication of safety information.
The author analyzes the significance of effective communication of safety information to enterprise safety culture construction and safety management, and analyzes the factors and mechanisms of internal and external safety information communication, and puts forward countermeasures and measures to improve and strengthen effective communication of safety information, hoping to help enterprise safety culture construction.
1 The importance of effective communication
Jones [America] believes that effective communication is very important for enterprise managers and all employees. Effective communication can improve production efficiency, improve product quality, promote enterprise innovation and enhance the competitive advantage of enterprises [7]. Baker regards communication as the lifeline of an organization, conveying its development direction, expectations, processes, products and attitudes [8]. Good communication helps to promote a harmonious atmosphere and team spirit, establish a good relationship between management and employees, effectively handle internal contradictions and complaints, and ease the work pressure of employees. Effective communication is more important for enterprise safety management. By communicating with experienced employees on site, managers can know the safety information on site, thus improving the efficiency and effectiveness of enterprise safety decision-making and problem solving. At the same time, employees can clarify their own safety responsibilities, improve their safety awareness and promote their interest in participating in safety affairs management through communication with management.
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Question 5: What are the main risks in each link of internal information transmission and their control measures? The design of the index system fails to combine the development strategy of the enterprise, and the index system is chaotic, which is out of line with the requirements of comprehensive budget management. Once set, it cannot be adjusted according to the changes of the environment and business.
Main control measures: First, enterprises should carefully study the development strategy, risk control requirements and performance evaluation standards of enterprises, and establish a set of clear-cut internal reporting index system according to the information needs and details of each management level. The clear strategic objectives and specific strategic planning of enterprises provide the basis for determining the control objectives of internal reports. Second, after the internal reporting indicators are determined, it is necessary to refine and decompose them layer by layer, so that all responsibility centers and related functional departments in the enterprise have their own clear goals, which is conducive to controlling risks and conducting performance appraisal. It can be seen that an enterprise's strategic objectives, strategic planning, control objectives of internal reports, and control objectives of various responsibility centers and functional departments are interrelated and constantly refined through internal information transmission. Third, the internal report needs to carry out information feedback according to the standard of comprehensive budget, and report the process and results of budget control to the enterprise management, so as to effectively control budget implementation, clarify relevant responsibilities, scientifically assess performance, and adjust decision-making and deployment according to the new environment and business, better plan and control the assets and income of enterprises, and realize the most effective coordination of resource allocation and management.
Question 6: What should we focus on in external communication? Communication refers to the transmission of information at all levels within the company, between departments and between the company and the external environment such as customers, suppliers, supervisors and shareholders. To establish effective communication, the company needs to build from communication environment, communication channels, communication methods, communication feedback and other aspects. The characteristics of effective communication are: high communication frequency and random methods; In-depth communication and equality; Have the material conditions needed for communication; Perfect communication system and system; Enjoy all-round information.
The degree of understanding of the company's professional ethics by external parties. Including the exchange of important information with the outside world, should be carried out by the corresponding management personnel; Suppliers, customers and others should be clear about the professional ethics that employees should follow in their activities; In daily communication with the outside world, the company emphasizes the professional ethics that employees should follow; The misconduct of employees of other companies should be reported to relevant personnel.
Question 7: Risk communication is a process that runs through risk management measures. Is this correct? Communication is necessary in any process.
Question 8: What communication measures should be taken after the loan risk occurs? 1. The risk of the borrower's lack of experience and ability.
1. The borrower has no industry experience or short working hours and poor management ability.
2. The borrower has a low education level or weak ability.
3. The borrower frequently changes industries, and the success rate is very low.
4. The borrower has been operating the project for a short time.
The borrower's lack of industry experience and ability will often lead to the failure of its business projects and affect the normal repayment.
For borrowers with insufficient experience in the industry, first, the project is required to operate for more than six months before loans can be given to ensure normal and stable operation; Second, whether the borrower has other sources of income, if so, determine the loan amount on the basis of other sources of income; The third is to provide a reliable guarantor.
Second, the risk of the borrower's unstable marriage and family.
1. The borrower's family is not harmonious, divorced or has a history of multiple marriages.
2. Have a bad relationship with parents, most brothers and sisters and relatives.
Borrowers with unstable marriage and family often hide great risks. People with poor marriage and family management often have poor career management, or have defects in moral character, or fail to focus on business management. At the same time, if the relationship between husband and wife is not good, once the two sides divorce, many times both sides will try their best to avoid debts, which will also cause great trouble for the recovery of loans.
For borrowers with unstable marriage and family, we must find out the reasons. If it is the borrower's problem, it is best not to give the loan; If it's not the borrower's problem, we should also consider giving loans with guarantees.
Third, the risk of instability of the borrower's residence.
Mainly manifested in the fact that the borrower is a non-local resident population and has no fixed residence or housing in the local area.
Because the borrower's residence is unstable and mobile, if the borrower leaves the place after the loan, it will cause great trouble to recover the loan.
To provide loans to borrowers with unstable residences, first, it is required to provide guarantees from people with stable and powerful residences in the local area or people with stable residences and control over the borrowers; Second, if the borrower's local business projects are stable and the investment is large, it is not appropriate to transfer them easily, and the stability of residence is not important.
Fourth, the borrower's quality and moral hazard.
1. The borrower has bad conduct and has fraud or cheating. For example, those long-term * * * households (who have not been troubled by * * * for a long time), who have been in debt for a long time, lived in low-rent housing or rental housing and cheated to eat and drink, and were sentenced to jail by judicial organs.
2. The borrower has bad hobbies, such as gambling, drug-related, pornography, etc.
3. The borrower doesn't want his family and partner to know about this loan (the borrower is likely to use this loan for abnormal channels).
The borrower's quality and moral hazard is one of the most serious risks in loan risk. If he is a person with good quality and morality, even if he is unable to repay, he may breach the contract, but he will actively cooperate and repay. But if he meets people with poor quality and morality, he will try his best to refuse to repay the loan. Therefore, as long as the borrower is determined to be a person with poor quality and morality, he should not give a loan.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Health risks of borrowers and their families
1. The borrower is in poor health or suffers from serious diseases.
2. The borrower has a serious illness.
If borrowers or their family members have serious health problems, borrowers often spend huge sums of money on treatment, thus affecting their repayment ability. If the borrower dies, the debt often cannot be fulfilled, thus making the loan invalid.
If the borrower has serious health problems, it is best not to borrow money; If the family has serious illness and other problems, you can consider increasing the protection.
Credit risk of intransitive verb borrowers
1. The borrower has a bad credit record, and the previous loan is in arrears or overdue.
2. The money owed by the borrower to the supplier.
3. The borrower is in arrears with taxes, electricity and water charges.
4. The borrower is in arrears with the wages of its employees.
For those who have the above-mentioned bad credit behaviors, if they are malicious, they should refuse to provide loans.
If the borrower has the above-mentioned breach of contract, but it is not malicious, and the time is not long, but his credit concept is weak, and he does not realize the importance of credit records, and the borrower has the ability to repay. In this case, he can communicate with the borrower on credit awareness, improve the borrower's credit awareness, enhance his credit concept, and make him realize the importance of credit records. If the borrower accepts, he can first provide him with a small loan and ask for a guarantee. If the repayment record is good in the future, the loan amount can be gradually increased. ...& gt& gt
Question 9: Which of the following are directly related to enterprise-level control? A, internal environment b, risk assessment c, information and communication d, internal (1) internal environment. Internal environment is the basis for enterprises to implement internal control, which generally includes governance structure, institutional setup and distribution of powers and responsibilities, internal audit, human resources policy, corporate culture and so on.
(2) Risk assessment. Risk assessment refers to the timely identification and systematic analysis of risks related to the realization of internal control objectives in business activities, and the reasonable determination of risk response strategies.
(3) control activities. Control activities refer to enterprises taking corresponding control measures according to the results of risk assessment, so as to control risks within an acceptable range.
(4) Information and communication. Information and communication refers to the timely and accurate collection and transmission of information related to internal control in order to ensure effective communication between enterprises and the outside world.
(5) Internal supervision. Internal supervision refers to the supervision and inspection of the establishment and implementation of internal control, evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control, discovery of internal control defects, and timely improvement.
Question 10: How to improve the efficiency of information communication in the process of risk management I. Demand classification
Requirement analysis is an important process of building software system. Generally speaking, there are three types of requirements:
1. Business requirements reflect the high-level purpose requirements of the organization or customers for systems and products, which are described in the project view and scope document.
2. The user requirements document describes the tasks that the user must complete when using the product, and it is explained in the use case document or scenario script description.
3. Functional requirements define the software functions that developers must realize so that users can complete tasks and meet business requirements.
work
Service demand and user demand are the basis of software demand analysis and the premise of software construction. By decomposing business requirements and user requirements, system analysts transform them into formally described software functional requirements. exploit
The most difficult part of a software system is to explain exactly what to develop. This requires continuous communication and discussion with users in the development process to make the system more detailed and accurate. This requires determining whether the user needs it.
This product type and requirements for obtaining each user category are required.
Second, the quality decomposition of demand.
Generally speaking, the quality of software requirements is described in the following ways:
Correctness: All requirements must be correct and reasonable and meet the requirements of the task book.
Necessity: All requirements must be necessary to complete the specified task.
Feasibility: All requirements must be feasible under the specified environment and conditions.
Completeness: In order to complete the assigned tasks, these requirements are complete and complete.
Consistency: All requirements are consistent and there is no contradiction between them.
No degradation: the introduction of any requirements will not lead to the degradation of software performance.
Ambiguity: any statement of requirements is clear and will not lead to ambiguity.
Verifiable: Any requirement can be tested and verified.
Traceability: people can trace the requirements of the task book or specification of the project according to the requirements.
Third, the implicit quality requirements of demand.
In addition to these quantifiable quality standards, there are also some implicit demand standards. These requirements are not put forward by customers in time, so they should be taken into account when they are realized, otherwise the project may fail.
behaviour
Convenience: every customer will have operational requirements, but the specific performance is different. Generally speaking, it is difficult for a customer to have a very specific consideration of the operation at the beginning, and he will take it for granted that the new software is available.
The system will be similar to the one he was familiar with before. But this is not the case. When he finds the new software system inconvenient to use, he will make suggestions for modification. Sometimes, this modification will have an impact on the software system.
The ring is disastrous.
Can guarantee the quality of operation: General system analysts will think that customers should outline the important risks that may be found in the process of system operation, and then test the system when it is implemented.
Worried. But in the process of communication, the important risks that customers think are different from the risks that system analysts understand, and the neglected parts are often very basic parts, because for customers, these contents
It should be obvious; System analysts don't know these facts. For example, in a system that manages insurance company customers, if the system analyst has been exposed to the job before, it is necessary to strictly review and verify the modification of the job.
With e-commerce, he may naturally think that customers changing jobs is just a general change.
Fourth, the influence of customers on demand.
At present, many system analysts focus on understanding the customer's business process when analyzing requirements, and try to describe it by formal means. In fact, the customer needs learned in this way are often incomplete or even one-sided. In addition to the difficulty in defining implicit demand, customers themselves are also an important factor affecting the quality of demand.
Customers have different needs. Some customers know what they need, while others know what they don't need. Some customers want specific discussions, while others are satisfied with vague promises.
2. Customers have different personalities.
3. There are different ways of communication between customers and suppliers. Some people are very familiar with products and manufacturers, and some people may never meet each other, but only communicate with manufacturers through letters and a few hurried phone calls.
4. Customers are often contradictory ... >>