What is environmental externality (definition) Externality is an economic concept, which was put forward by Marshall and Pigou at the beginning of the 20th century: "A certain externality refers to the bundling of goods provided by one party to the other in the absence of any relevant economic trade between the two parties." Man Kun thinks that externality is the influence of a person's behavior on the welfare of bystanders. Ross's "hitchhiking" starts with positive externalities, while Coase starts with external aggression, which means nothing more than the influence of behavior on the welfare of others unrelated to his transaction or purpose.
According to the effect, it can be divided into positive externalities and negative externalities. Positive externality, the behavior carried out by the actor has spillover effect on the environmental interests of others or the public. Negative externalities, the behavior carried out by the actor has the effect of damaging the interests of others or the public environment.
Unfortunately, I don't know about environmental externalities. I hope the landlord will adopt them!
What is a list? Definition and Significance Bill of Quantities refers to the names of partial projects, measures, other projects, fees and taxes of the proposed project and the detailed list of corresponding quantities.
Bill of quantities of subdivisional works: indicate the names of all subdivisional works and the corresponding quantities.
2. List of measures and projects: indicates the measures and projects that must be taken to complete all sub-projects of the construction project.
3. List of other projects: it mainly shows the expenses incurred by special requirements related to construction projects put forward by the tenderee.
4. List of cost items: the cost items that must be paid according to the provisions of the relevant departments of the province or province and should be included in the construction and installation project cost.
5. List of tax items: taxes that should be included in the cost of construction and installation projects according to the provisions of the national tax law, including business tax, urban maintenance and construction tax and education surcharge.
What is unit load? Definition and significance Load refers to the power and current passing through wires, cables and electrical equipment (transformers, circuit breakers, etc.). ). The load is not a fixed value, but a variable value that changes with time. Because electrical equipment does not run at the same time, even if it runs at the same time, not all equipment can reach the rated capacity at the same time. In addition, the working system of each electrical equipment is different, including long-term and short-term.
What is geographical division? Definition and meaning are you talking about the cutting effect of running water? Make it clear, or you can't answer.
I think the cutting action of running water refers to the erosion process of the valley under the action of running water. Emphasize vertical erosion.
What is free trade? Definition and significance The definition of free trade:
Free trade refers to the trade policy that the state cancels the restrictions and obstacles on import and export trade, cancels all kinds of preferential treatment and privileges of domestic import and export commodities, does not interfere with and restrict import and export commodities, and enables commodities to import and export freely and compete freely in the domestic market. Is the symmetry of "protecting trade". This does not mean completely abandoning the management and tariff system of import and export trade. But according to foreign trade laws and regulations, that is, relevant trade treaties and agreements, domestic and foreign products are in an equal position in the market and free to compete and trade. In the tariff system, only protective tariffs are adopted, but in order to increase fiscal revenue, fiscal tariffs can still be levied.
The significance of free trade:
Free trade is actually a process of resource redistribution between countries. In this process, countries with advantages in production will gain more benefits. Similarly, countries with inferior production will suffer losses in resource redistribution.
First of all, from the perspective of resource allocation, free trade is beneficial to all countries, which can enable countries to effectively play their own resources or technological advantages, reduce resource waste, and effectively improve production efficiency on a global scale.
Secondly, in terms of economic benefits, due to the different comparative economic advantages of countries, the profits obtained by countries in international trade are also different, and the degree of resource loss is also different. If in China's international trade with the United States, China has advantages in the production of most products, while the United States only has advantages in a few commodities, then under the premise of complete free trade, China's products will enter the American market, and American consumers will benefit in the short term, and they will buy better products with less money. However, in the long run, when a large number of goods from China flood into the United States, all related industries in the United States will close down one by one, resulting in a large number of people losing their jobs, reduced income and depressed consumption, which will have a huge impact on the American economy and seriously endanger the economic and social security of the United States. Therefore, free trade is just a rhetoric of unreasonable exchange of resources between countries with high industrial level and countries with relatively low development level.
What is inventory? Definition and significance Inventory is the goods actually stored in the warehouse. It can be divided into two categories: one is production inventory, that is, the inventory of grass-roots enterprises and institutions that directly consume materials, which is stored to ensure the uninterrupted supply of materials consumed by enterprises and institutions; One is circulating inventory, that is, the inventory of raw materials or finished products of production enterprises, the inventory of production departments and the inventory of materials departments at all levels. In addition, there are special forms of national reserve materials, mainly to ensure timely and complete supply and marketing of stocks or sales materials to grassroots enterprises and institutions.
Meaning: Goods in storage state are called inventory, which is the manifestation of storage.
function
(1) Shorten the order delivery cycle.
(2) stabilizing effect. Finished goods inventory separates external demand from internal production, just like a reservoir.
(3) Allocation of order cost and preparation cost.
(4) prevent shortages.
(5) prevent interruption.
(6) The demand side has fewer orders.
According to the different purposes of enterprise inventory management, inventory can be divided into the following types:
1. General inventory:
Regular inventory can also be called revolving inventory, which is produced to meet the daily needs of customers. The purpose of maintaining regular inventory is to connect supply and demand, buffer the contradiction between supply and demand in time and ensure the normal operation of both parties. This inventory replenishment is carried out according to a certain quantity boundary or time interval;
2. Safety stock:
In order to prevent the buffer inventory prepared due to uncertain factors (such as sudden large orders or delayed delivery by suppliers), it is called safety inventory. Some data show that this kind of buffer inventory accounts for about1/3 of retail inventory;
3. Inventory during processing and transportation:
Goods temporarily stored in distribution processing or waiting for processing are called processing inventory. Goods in transit (in transit) or temporarily stored for shipment (to be shipped) are called transportation process inventory;
4. Seasonal inventory:
Seasonal inventory refers to the inventory established to meet the special needs of a certain season, or refers to the inventory established by storing a large number of produced goods in a specific season and production season;
5. Store inventory or overstocked inventory:
Precipitated inventory or overstocked inventory refers to the inventory of goods that are unsalable because of problems or damage in the quality of goods or because there is no market, and overstocked inventory is also a part of it;
6. Promotional inventory:
Promotional inventory refers to the inventory established to meet the expected sales growth of enterprises;
7. Time utility inventory:
Time-utility inventory refers to the inventory established to avoid losses caused by rising commodity prices to enterprises or gain benefits from rising commodity prices.
What is inelastic demand? Definition and significance 1 physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3 belong to love needs 4. Self-esteem needs 5. Known needs 6. Self-realization needs 7. Only when lower-level needs are met can higher-level needs be generated. When individuals meet their high-level needs, they are more likely to approach the goal of self-realization.
What is the OECD tax convention? Definition and significance: At the dawn of the new century, we are pleased to dedicate the Chinese version of the Agreement of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on Avoidance of Double Taxation on Income and Property (referred to as the OECD Model) to readers for reference by international tax workers, including researchers, teachers and students in universities, accountants and lawyers in foreign enterprises.
* * * Avoidance of double taxation agreement (hereinafter referred to as tax agreement) is an important legal basis for dividing international tax jurisdiction, which is directly related to economic exchanges and development between contracting States and involves the financial interests of * * * countries. Therefore, countries pay more and more attention to the negotiation and signing of tax agreements. Since 198 1 began to negotiate and sign tax agreements with foreign countries, by the end of the 20th century, China had formally signed more than 60 comprehensive tax agreements with foreign countries, which played a good role in safeguarding national rights and interests, attracting foreign investment, introducing advanced technology and optimizing the investment environment.
What is the Nishimoto index? Definition and meaning? Thank you for the price of steel in the west, that is, the daily quotation of steel in Xiben Shinkansen. Nishimoto Shinkansen is the Shanghai network quotation recognized by the current engineering steel quotation, and the steel engineering quotation is given according to the daily steel market and price fluctuation.
Nishimoto Shinkansen E-commerce Co., Ltd. (referred to as Shinkansen for short) is an e-commerce platform serving standard commodity trading. Through advanced IT technology, strong financial support and professional overall control, we have carried out in-depth cooperation with customers in key vertical industries and transaction-related fields. Services cover contract transactions, supply chain construction, software-led IT support, financial innovation, academic and cultural exchanges, and cooperation areas cover resource development, financial capital, manufacturing, consumer market, information consultation, public enterprises and third-party logistics. Shinkansen adheres to the mission of "building a new industry IT economy" and leads its members and partners to create transaction value for customers.
Shinkansen and many affiliated members are very close to our customers, trading resource goods suitable for standard attributes. High-tech, low-cost, best and comprehensive trading experience has brought unimaginable value to customers. Modern science changes with each passing day. Shinkansen has been supporting the development of industry-related IT technology with its advanced concept, excellent management and unique trading mode, so that customers can feel the new experience of harmonious interaction between supply and consumption.
The origin of shinkansen
Shinkansen is a joint-stock company jointly funded by China Railway Materials Co., Ltd., a large central enterprise directly under the State-owned Assets Management Committee of the State Council, and Shanghai Xiben Iron and Steel Trade Development Co., Ltd. (referred to as Xiben for short) represented by Yu Gang, the founder of Shinkansen. "Shinkansen" is a mooring word, which means a high-speed train running fast. The use of this word reflects the grand goal of Shinkansen to build an efficient, fast and harmonious supply and demand trading channel.
Shinkansen is a tool trading platform supporting Internet operation, and it is also one of the largest standard commodity trading platforms on the Internet. Shinkansen enables users to trade through the services of its members in a way that satisfies their special behaviors. Shinkansen constantly innovates the trading environment and always maintains the market leading position of standard commodity trading technology.