Basic information of Dongyi nationality

Yi language has multiple meanings. Its main meaning is "Ping". Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said that variant characters "follow the big bow". It is said that Dongyi first invented the bow and arrow and was good at archery. So there is a saying that "Dongyi" is an oriental archer. According to legend and classical literature, Hou Yi, who was shot nine days ago, was the leader of Dongyi. However, in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the word "Yi" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen was actually a "corpse" or a "person" and had nothing to do with "bow". Therefore, the theory that the word "Yi" is regarded as an archer may come from the Han Dynasty.

The word "Yi" appeared in Dongyi Oracle Bone Inscriptions during the Longshan Culture Period (about 4600-3300 years ago), and appeared in many places in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Quoted from Ding Zaixian and Ding Lei's Interpretation of Dongyi Culture and Shandong Bone Carvings, chapter 19, section 2, page 709, first edition of China Literature and History Publishing House, February 20 12), the clan name of Yi was confirmed at that time, and the corpse (Yi) party in Oracle Bone Inscriptions was the earliest recorded; According to ancient records, there were many Fang tribes in the eastern Xia Dynasty. The Biography of Eastern Yi in the Later Han Dynasty said: "There are nine kinds of Yi, namely Yi, Fang Yi, Bai Yi, Chi Yi, Xuan Yi, Feng Yi and Yang Yi." These nine kinds of barbarians are all found in the records of the relationship between Xia Dynasty and Oriental barbarians in the annals of ancient bamboo books. In fact, "nine" is just a lot of words, so there is no need to stick to nine. According to the chronological records of bamboo books, there was a pregnant woman and a blue dress in the Xia Dynasty. "Shangshu Gong Yu" records that there is a bird man in Jizhou between the two rivers (one is an island man, which is similar in shape and error); Qingzhou has Yiyi and Lion is east of Mount Tai, bounded by the sea; From Qingzhou to the south of Huaihe River, there is Huaiyi; There are also birds in Yangzhou between Huainan and Huaihai. Gong Yu was written in the Warring States Period, or it still retains the name of Xia nationality.

Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Oracle Bone Inscriptions were written by Yi people in the east and southeast of Shang Dynasty, taking "Fang" and "Fang" as units. The former is like a person standing sideways, which is interpreted as "human side", while the latter two are both like a person crouching, which is different from the Xia people sitting (through false words and "kneeling") and interpreted as "corpse side". Oracle Bone Inscriptions scholars believe that as surnames, both of them are foreign words. However, some scholars believe that "human side" refers to the area near the sea in the Huaihe River basin in the southeast of Shang Dynasty and the area near the sea in Shandong Peninsula; Some scholars believe that human side and corpse side are different ways of writing the same title, which refer to all ethnic groups in Shang Dynasty and southeast China. Mr. Guo Moruo said: "The body was immediately transferred to the East. If there is a Huaihe River valley in the place where the body is collected, then the body of the Yin Dynasty is Daoyi and Huaiyi to the east of Heshan. "

The title of "Dongyi" officially appeared in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Throughout the Western Zhou Dynasty, all the foreigners in the East were strong rivals of the Zhou Dynasty. According to documents, in different periods of Zhou Dongzheng, there were different names such as Dongyi, Huaiyi, Nanhuaiyi and Nanyi. These appellations actually reflect the Zhou Dynasty's generalization of the ancient enemies in the East in different periods and geographical locations. The conceptual changes in the two or three centuries before and after the Western Zhou Dynasty made it difficult to distinguish the research work of this generation. There are different opinions in academic circles about which tribes and countries Dongyi, Huaiyi and Nanhuaiyi refer to in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

According to Zhang Maorong's Comparative Table of Dongyi, Huaiyi, Nanyi and Nanhuaiyi in the Western Zhou Dynasty, only Dongyi was discovered in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the objects of Duke Zhou and Wang Chengdong's expedition were all called Dongyi in the bronze inscription, while Historical Records of Zhou Benji said: "Zhao Gong is lord protector, Duke Zhou is the teacher, and the king is thin." The Family History of Duke Lu of Zhou said: "Guan, Cai, Wu Geng and others turned against foreigners. Duke Zhou received an order from the king to attack the East ... Ning Huai Yi Dong Tu. " Duke Zhou and King Cheng's eastward expedition involved Huai Yi, but it was mainly in Shandong, which was the birthplace of Dong Yi and the core area of Oriental Yi in Xia and Shang Dynasties. This bronze inscription is a true record at that time. In the early Western Zhou Dynasty, Dongyi was generally called Oriental Tribe and Fangguo, and Huai Yi was also included.

After the Duke of Zhou claimed the title of king, the Dongyi forces in Shandong were devastated, and the Duke of Zhou was named King of Qi, and the Duke of Zhou was named East Lu. By the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Huaiyi had risen in the Huaihe River Basin and became the most powerful branch of Dongyi. According to the second column of the Zhang Maorong comparison table quoted above, in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was only Huai Yi in the bronze inscription, but there was no record of Dong Yi. It shows that after Cheng Kang, the relationship between the Zhou Dynasty and the eastern tribes was mainly aimed at Huaiyi, so Huaiyi was called the eastern tribe and the country. Most of the literature records can be traced back to later generations, and the records about the crusade of Duke Zhou and Wang Cheng were only covered after Cheng Kang, so according to the concept of the mid-Zhou Dynasty, Huaiyi was almost called Dongyi.

In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Huaiyi and Dong Yi were discovered again during the wangyi period in Ding Yu, and Huaiyi was the first one. Li Wang's "clock" has both southern and eastern instruments, and the southern instrument is the first one. In the late Zhou Dynasty, the tribes and countries referred to by Nanhuaiyi and Dongyi can be distinguished in the relationship between Dongyi and Western Zhou Dynasty. In short, until the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the military activities of Dongyi in the literature have been involved in Zhou Luo, Yidian and Jidian, but their distribution has not exceeded the Haidai and Huaihe River basins.

Dongyi after Qin and Han Dynasties mainly refers to Dongyi in the pre-Qin period, and the Japanese are among them, referring to the nations and countries in the East, which are obviously different from Dongyi in the pre-Qin period in terms of geography and nationality.

The Yi people in Northeast China in the pre-Qin period included the homophony of caution and caution. Historical Records of the Five Emperors narrates that "the square is five thousand miles, and as for famine". All ethnic groups who come to pay tribute are very cautious. "Xieji" quoted Zheng Xuan's annotation as saying: "Be cautious, or be cautious, and the Northeast will be saved." "Under Mandarin Lu Yu" describes that Confucius was in Chen, and a falcon died in Chen Hou's court, but left the arrow stone on him, so he asked Confucius. Confucius said, "Falcons travel far away, so they are careful with people's arrows." And the story of the ceremony is that Zhou Wuwang Shang Ke ordered all ethnic groups in the four directions to pay tribute to the objects, so Su Shen's tribute urn was more than a foot long. In order to attract future generations with his beautiful achievements, Zhou Wang carved an "arrow of family tribute" on the shaft, distributed it to the descendants of Shun, and sealed it in Chen. Confucius said, "Divide different surnames into distant tributes, so as not to forget to serve." . Therefore, Chen is divided into cautious tribute. Zhao Wei's note: "Sushen is a barbarian country in Northeast China, so the falcon is far away. "

For a long time, there have been many inferences about the distribution of prudence in academic circles. However, the ancients had already pointed out that Sushen was in the north of Buxian Mountain (now Changbai Mountain). Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing: "In the desert, there are mountains, which means it is not salty, and there is a country that is healthy." Guo Pu's note: "Su Shen is going to Liaodong for more than 3,000 miles today." Guo Pujin was born in Liaodong City, which is now the old city of Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province. The gold ruler is about 6 inches. At that time, 3000 Li was about 1800 Li in Huali, obviously in the north of Changbai Mountain. "Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Dongyi": "Lou is more than a thousand miles northeast of Fuyu, offshore." He added, "Its bow is four feet long and its strength is like a crossbow. It is eight inches long with an arrow. Bluestone is a cymbal, and it is also the country of ancient Su Shen. " The King City of Wang Fu in the Three Kingdoms period is probably still in today's Jilin City, that is, more than 1,000 miles in the Northeast Jin Dynasty, and about 600 miles in today's Huali. The geography of Su Shen recorded in the two books is equivalent to the area of Ning 'an County in Heilongjiang Province today. The Biography of Bohai Sea in the New Tang Dynasty says that the Bohai Sea "takes Su Shen's hometown as its capital and is named Longquan House". Jia Dan's "Entering Siyi Daocheng" said that the Bohai Sea entered Beijing "facing the sudden Khan Sea, 30 miles southwest of Su Shen City", and the place where the Bohai Sea entered Beijing was now Tokyo City in Ning 'an County. According to the literature, Su Shen is located in the middle reaches of Mudanjiang today. By proving the elegance found in archaeology and judging the cultural sites of Su Shenren again, it can be determined that Su Shenren is an ancient nation in Northeast China that originated in Mudanjiang Valley today, and also has the earliest political contacts with the Central Plains Dynasty.

There are different translations of Fuyu and Fuyu. Historical Records describes the economic regions in the Qin and Han Dynasties, saying: "Metropolis is also between Hefei and Bo ... Wuhuan is adjacent to Fuyu in the north", while Lun Heng Ji Yan describes the legend of Fuyu Guo Li: "The barbarians in the north came from the arms of the king's maids, and the king wanted to kill them. The maid said to him,' I was so angry that I fell from the sky like a chicken, so I was pregnant.' "After birth, that is, the father of her husband Yu Dongming. It shows that the legend of Fuxi's ancestor also has the characteristics that Dongyi takes birds as messengers from heaven. Fu Yuli's country centered on the flat area in the middle reaches of the Beiliu Songhua River, and its first separation was probably distributed in the Wuyuer River basin, a tributary of Nenjiang River.

The birthplace of Dongyi is Shandong Yi, and Shuowen Jiezi is interpreted as "the people of the East", which refers to a relatively broad region. Guo Moruo's explanation of "Shandong Peninsula and Huaiyi Island" is concrete. A new concept-Dongyi culture came into being after archaeological discoveries of the sites of North New Culture, Dawenkou Culture, Longshan Culture and Yueshi Culture. Because these archaeological sites are distributed in the surrounding areas centered on Taiyishan area in Shandong, they are self-contained, so the area referred to by "Yi" in this new concept is more specific, and it can be recognized that its birthplace is Shandong. Because Shandong was the seat of Qi and Lu in ancient times, it was also called Qilu, later referred to as Lu, and Lu was Shandong. From the composition of the word "Lu", we can also see its relationship with "righteousness". The word "Lu" carved on the bone of Dongyi looks like a fish cut open to dry, and it looks like a pictographic word "six", with a "U" across the mouth at the bottom. The Oracle Dictionary explains that "Liu" was originally a simple "land" and was later borrowed as a number. It can be seen that what Reuben means is related to living. Judging from the ruins of Dongyi people 5,000 years ago, most of their houses are half-houses, which shows that the original meaning of "Lu" was originally a hieroglyph representing the residence of Dongyi people. The "Liu" and the bronze inscription "Lu" in the upper part of Oracle bone inscriptions have gradually evolved into "fish", while the "mouth", "Li" and "seal" in the lower part have evolved into "day", and "fish" and "day" form a knowing word, indicating that the semi-land houses of Dongyi people have been replaced by bungalows. It is doubtful that Shuo Wen Jie Zi interprets "Lu" as "grilled fish on the fire". Since there is only one practical Chinese character with fish as the radical, can it be understood as drying dried fish in the room? Shandong is made up of people, fields, water and the sun. Can it be understood as a sunrise place where the Yi people live in compact communities, the land is fertile, the aquatic products are rich and the sea is close? And Lu is actually such a rich coastal cultural holy land. (Ding Zaixian's Interpretation of Dongyi Culture and Shandong Bone Carvings, Chapter 19, Section 1, Page 662) China Literature and History Publishing House 20 12. In the more than 400 years of Xia Dynasty, except for the war with Hu in Shaanxi today, there was no record of wars with tribes and countries in the western regions. In contrast, the struggle between Xia and the East is much more intense. After Xia Qi was killed, she became the queen (king) and spread to Taikang, that is, the "generation" of Houyi changed greatly, and then Han Daiyi and Shao Kang were restored for forty years. It was not until Shao Kang's son died that the poor families were eliminated and the Xia Dynasty was consolidated. From the late Qing Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, the struggle against Dongyi lasted for about half a century, mainly in northern Shandong, northeastern Henan and southern Hebei, as well as the border areas between Shandong and Henan and Hebei. After that, the conquest and communication between the eastern tribes and Fang moved to the southeast of Mount Tai one after another, and the name and distribution of Jiuyi have been described in the Distribution of Dongyi. In the late Xia Dynasty, the relationship with Jiuyi seemed to have improved. In the first year of Fadi, there was a situation that "all foreigners were facing the door and all foreigners were dancing". It may include barbarians in all directions. Judging from the relationship described in the Annals of Bamboo Books, it is mainly the barbarians in the East. With regard to the demise of Xia Dynasty, ancient books recorded that Xia Jie fled to Nanchao after the defeat of Mingtiao War. It is generally believed that he arrived in Dongyi area, which is now Chao County, Anhui Province. Gou Jian also said that the more successful he is, it may be a manifestation of his identity. These can be questioned and have yet to be confirmed. After the Xia Dynasty and its demise, some Xia people moved eastward to the Huaihe River Basin, Taihu Lake Basin and even Hangzhou Bay, but there are some archaeological evidences. It is a fact that some Xia people gradually integrate into Dongyi and Baiyue.

There was also a struggle between Dongyi and Shang Dynasty. Records show that the Shang Dynasty conquered Dongyi for a long time and on a large scale, covering the Huaihe River basin. "Shang clothing is like abusing Dongyi", "Shang and Zhou are rebels of Dongyi", and even think that the large-scale war between Shang and Zhou is one of the main reasons for the demise of Shang Dynasty. However, in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, merchants had a close relationship with Dongyi.

The relationship between Erzhou and Dongyi can be roughly divided into three stages, namely, the period from the early Zhou Dynasty to Kang Wang; Xiao Wang from Mu Wang to the middle of the week: Before that, Wang moved to Pingtung at the weekend.

At the beginning of BC 1 1 century, Zhou Wuwang joined hands with 800 western vassal states and nationalities. After the battle of Konoha, the Shang and Zhou Dynasties perished. Wu Geng, the son of Zhou, is still a vassal, and his third uncle Guan, Cai and his brother Huo are the "three supervisors", and a battalion is set up to supervise Wu Geng. Even with such careful arrangements, I still can't sleep at night when I return to Haojiang, because the influence of Shang descendants and Dongyi is still great. Two years after the demise of Shang Dynasty, King Wu died, and his younger brother Zhou Gongfu succeeded to the throne, but the "three supervisors" were dissatisfied. Wu Geng took the opportunity to unite Yan, Bogu and other great powers in the East against the Zhou Dynasty. Duke of Zhou then made a massive crusade to the East. The object of this expedition to the East is not only the descendants of Shang Dynasty, but also the inscriptions cast by them when they became kings and washed the tripod, which recorded the conquest of "East corpse" (foreign country) and "East or" (country). Yan is located in the east of the old city of Qufu County and is the center of the group. Bo Gu is in the southeast of Boxing County. Both of these countries originated from Gan Group, a Fang country in Shang Dynasty. At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was the most powerful country in Dongyi. According to Records of Historical Records, Zhou Wuwang once named Won Qiu as the King of Taigong, and Won Qiu was the center of Bo Gu. Duke Zhou was appointed to the election, and the country name was Lu, which was the center of the election. When Bo Gu rebelled against the election, there were many other eastern countries and tribes. "On Mencius Teng Wengong" said: "The Duke of Zhou is the king of soldiers. After three years of election, the king will be destroyed by 50." Most of these 50 countries are located in today's Shandong Province, and there is also Huaiyi, which is located in Huaishui area. According to various ancient records, at the beginning of his reign, the Duke of Zhou killed Wu Geng, exiled Cai Shu, occupied the election, and exiled the monarch after three years of war. Even after the decisive victory of the Duke of Zhou's crusade, the Duke of Qi, at the beginning of the founding of Yingqiu, "later came to fight against Yingqiu. On the side of the camp, it is easy. " After fierce fighting, Qi established a country. Until the Spring and Autumn Period, Lion sometimes went to war with Qi. The son of the Duke of Zhou was sealed in Cheng, and ",Xu Rong and Xing" made Lu "the eastern suburbs can't be opened". Shi Ji Fei Shi says: "The public says:' The people won't fight, obey orders, and Xu Rong will prosper together'", and Confucius Biography says that this is a declaration of "today's conquest of Huaipu is the glory of Xuzhou". Bo Qin ordered his soldiers to prepare weapons, food and grass to boost their morale and go forward bravely, otherwise, "you will be punished regularly!" " "After the war, although Lu was able to establish the country and become the queen of the king," Wang Naida rebelled again after his election, and Wang Naida defeated Qiyang and marched eastward. "Such a large-scale conscription, after the victory, is also a large-scale reward. The gold casting device is a celebration, and it is also a number of proclamations such as "multi-party". It can be seen that Wang Cheng's conquest of Dongyi had a great influence. After these repetitions, Dongyi in Shandong no longer became Zhou's old enemy, Zhou's rule was consolidated, Dongyi area was stabilized, and there was no need for military punishment for more than 40 years.

By (about 976-922), the center of Dongyi's influence had moved to the Huaihe River Basin, commonly known as Dongyi, and Xu's influence was the largest. Xu's surname and Wan's surname originated from the bird totem group, centered around Sihong County, and distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Huaishui River. "Yi Zhou Shu Zuo Roger" said: "Uncle Zhou and Xiang, as well as Yin, Yan and Xiong, are full of rebellion." Here "bear" is the mistake of "winning", and "English" and "winning" are homophonic. It can be seen that Xu Rong, who became the King Crusader, was a barbarian. When he arrived at King Mu, Xu was already king: "He led the Jiuyi people to conquer the Zhou Dynasty and arrived in Hexi. King Mu was afraid of his arrogance, but he was ordered by the eastern governors to be the master of Xu Yanwang. Rebecca is located in the east of Huangpi, five hundred miles from Fiona Fang. He is benevolent, and he is thirty-six countries on land. " Later, King Mu and King Chu attacked Xu and were killed. "Das Kapital" said: "In the last years of King Mu, more than 40 countries returned to the East. When King Mu went to the Western Regions, he heard that Xu was far away, so he sent Chu to catch him by surprise, smash him and kill the prince. His son moved north to Pengcheng and tens of thousands of people followed. " Xu Yanwang's story recorded in ancient books is completely different. Around the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, Xu was the strongest among the people and was severely hit by Chu, which is close to historical facts. Until the Spring and Autumn Period, Xu was still a big country in Huai, Yi and China. Xu Yanwang's "benevolence and righteousness" has won many people in the East, which shows that his civilization level is relatively high. The bronze casting techniques and inscriptions of kings and national vessels handed down from generation to generation are relatively mature, close to the level of governors in the Central Plains. Although it is a weapon in the Spring and Autumn Period, it also shows that Xu's civilization has a long history.

In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the center of Dongyi moved further south, and now Dongyi in Shandong followed Huaiyi instead. At this point, the ancient books still call it south, while the bronze inscriptions call it south. At that time, the inscription Hou rebelled against Zhou, "introducing the corpse of Nan Huai (Yi) and Dong Zhi, and extensively cutting South or (China) and East or", which not only endangered the eastern vassal states, but also threatened Luoyi, the capital of Zhou. Zhou mobilized the strength of the Sixth West Division and the Eighth Yin Division to settle down. Wang Xuanshi's instrument "Xi Jia Pan": "Wang Zhengzi (division) has become a square (capital), and as for the corpse of Nanhuai (city). Huai corpse (Yi) used to be a (silk) (bribe) person ... "According to Mr. Guo Moruo's textual research, Jia is Ji Fu mentioned behind the inscription (Bo), which is mentioned in the poem" Xiaoya June ". After Yin Jifu defeated the hooligan, Zhou Xuanwang sent him to collect Huaiyi's tribute "Shi Ya". "Jianghan" said: "Jianghan floats, martial arts are rising, and bandits are safe, so I want to ask for it. "The Preface to Poetry says:" Jianghan is Yin Jifu's wonderful propaganda for Wang Ye. " It can be seen that it is the same event as that recorded in Xi Jia Pan. According to statistics, in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Ye met three foreigners in the south, six foreigners in the south and only one foreigner in Huai. That is, the south may be moved to the south of the Huaihe River because of its center, and the same place may also develop to the middle and upper reaches of the Huaihe River because of its influence, threatening Mrs. Jianghan in the south of Zhou and governors such as Jiang and Cai, that is, the south to Luoyi. Since Nanyi and Nanhuai meet together, it should refer to Jingchu. In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal family declined and the princes became stronger. Chu in the south and southeast became the threat of Zhou family. However, both Chu and Dongyi have widely accepted the influence of the Central Plains culture and gradually embarked on the process of sinicization.