About "shaping", that is, "shaping the international security environment in a way that promotes and protects the national interests of the United States." The main measures taken include: deploying permanent troops overseas; Sending rotating troops overseas; Sending troops to conduct military exercises, joint training or military exchanges; Implement defense cooperation, security assistance and international military cooperation plans; Establish academic centers, train foreign military and political officials and spread western military concepts (Marshall Center, Asia-Pacific Center, Hemisphere Research Center, African Strategic Research Center and Near East-South Asia Strategic Research Center have been established for southern European countries). The above measures have shaped the international environment from three aspects: first, promoting regional stability; Second, prevent or reduce conflicts and threats; Third, contain aggression and threats.
Regarding the "reaction", that is, the US military "is always ordered to respond to crises in order to defend America's national interests, show America's determination and ensure America's world leadership". The ways to deal with it are as follows: first, to deter aggression and threats in the crisis; Second, implement small-scale emergency operations; Third, win a large-scale war. The "Report" particularly emphasizes that the United States must be able to deter and defeat large-scale theater wars that "occurred almost simultaneously in two distant theaters". There are two purposes: first, to prevent another opponent from launching another large-scale theater war by using the opportunity of the US military investing a large number of troops in other regions; The second is to ensure that the United States has enough power to "deter and defeat more powerful enemies under more difficult circumstances."
With regard to "preparation", that is, "we must prepare for the difficult and unpredictable security challenges in the future from now on", the purpose is to maintain the military superiority of the United States when we enter the 2 1 century, so that America's "ability to lead the world and create international conditions conducive to achieving national goals" will not be doubted. The main measures are as follows: First, we should "speed up the modernization process of the US military, replace the aging weapon system with new equipment, arm the army with the most advanced technology, and ensure the long-term military superiority of the United States"; Second, "continue to make full use of the achievements of the military revolution and improve the ability of the US military to perform recent tasks and meet future challenges"; The third is to "completely transform the basic institutions and guarantee institutions of the Ministry of National Defense with the achievements of the commercial revolution"; Fourth, "effectively guard against those unlikely but extremely serious future threats and ensure that they are in a favorable position in the face of emerging threats and respond quickly and effectively."
(3) Determine the three requirements of the national defense strategy for the US military.
According to the report, the defense strategy requires the US military to "not only deal with the current known threats, but also adapt to various operational environments in the future and be competent for various unexpected tasks". Therefore, the following three requirements are put forward for the US military:
First, the US military must be an all-round army. Almighty troops not only refer to the versatility of performing tasks, but also refer to the flexibility of action. Such an army has three characteristics: maintaining a strong overseas presence; Have efficient power delivery ability, that is, the ability to move, assemble, support and deploy quickly anywhere in the world; It has vital support capabilities, namely, high-quality personnel, outstanding commanders, global early warning information system, reliable comprehensive communication capabilities and strategic mobility.
Second, the US military must be able to meet strategic needs. (1) can shape an international security environment favorable to the United States through global military participation; It can deter aggression and coercion without war mobilization; Able to carry out various small-scale emergency operations; Can win two large-scale theater wars that are going on almost simultaneously. With regard to winning a large-scale theater war, the US military must do three things: be able to quickly defeat two opponents before they achieve their goals; Able to deal with enemies who use or threaten to use weapons of mass destruction; It can quickly change from global participation (overseas shaping operations, small-scale emergency operations in many places) to large-scale theater wars.
Third, the US military must be able to overcome asymmetric threats. The so-called "asymmetric threat" means that "countries that are enemies of the United States are increasingly relying on unconventional strategies, tactics and means to offset the conventional power advantage of the United States." The specific contents of "asymmetric threat" include information warfare, the use of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, ballistic missile threats and terrorist actions.
The report emphasizes that developing the ability to counter asymmetric threats has become a key link to maintain the US military superiority into the next century.
(4) Carry out transformation and reform in the army for 2 1 century.
During the second term of the Clinton administration, the U.S. military began to implement the transformation and reform oriented to the 2 1 century. As stated in the report, the purpose of the reform is to "effectively develop and utilize new operational concepts, new organizational forms, new information systems and other new science and technology, so as to make the US military leaner in scale, more responsive, more flexible in action, more accurate in attack and more rigorous in protection", thus defeating any threat in the future with absolute advantage.
National defense system
According to the Constitution of the United States, the President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the supreme commander of the whole army. The president leads and commands the whole army through the Ministry of National Defense, and can leapfrog the command in case of emergency. Strategic nuclear forces are always under the command and control of the president.
The National Security Council is the highest national defense decision-making advisory body. Its legal members include the President, the Vice President, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is his legal and military adviser, and the director of the Central Intelligence Agency is his legal and intelligence adviser. The daily work of the Committee is in the charge of the assistant (adviser) of the president's national security affairs.
The Department of Defense is the highest military organ that the President leads and directs the American armed forces. It is responsible for the formulation and implementation of national defense policies and plans, as well as the overall management of national defense affairs, and carries out operational command over the whole army through the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It consists of three parts: the headquarters system of the Ministry of National Defense, the military system and the operational command system.
The headquarters system of the Ministry of National Defense is mainly responsible for military affairs such as policy, finance and military affairs, as well as coordination among military departments. Under the policy, procurement and technology, personnel and combat readiness, audit and finance, command and communication control and intelligence, legislation, logistics, intelligence supervision, administration, public affairs, supervision, operational test and evaluation departments, respectively, by the Deputy Minister of National Defense, assistant minister, director, director or department head.
The military department system includes three military departments: the War Department, the Air Force Department and the Navy Department. Military departments are responsible for the administration, education and training, weapons and equipment development and procurement, logistics support and other affairs of their own services. They have the responsibility to provide combat troops and corresponding services and logistics support to the Joint Operations Command in wartime, but they have no operational command. The military minister is a civilian, and under him is the chief of staff of various services (the navy is the minister of operations). The chief of staff (naval operations minister) is the highest officer in the service.
Operational command system refers to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (hereinafter referred to as the Joint Chiefs of Staff) and its subordinate joint command and special command. The Joint Chiefs of Staff is not only a military advisory body to the President, the Minister of National Defense and the National Security Council, but also a military command organ for the President and the Minister of National Defense to issue operational orders to the Joint Command and the Special Command. In a sense, the Ministry of National Defense is the military and political department of the President, while the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the military department of the President.
The members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff include the chairman and the chiefs of staff of the three major services (the navy is the Minister of Operations). The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the highest military officer of the US military and the chief military adviser to the President and the Secretary of Defense. The Joint Chiefs of Staff consists of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the National Military Command Center, which are responsible for handling daily affairs and operational command. The U.S. military has nine joint commands, which are the senior operational command organizations of the U.S. military directly under the Ministry of National Defense. Except for those who perform special tasks, all the three armed forces of the United States are organized into a joint command. In the event of a major emergency, the joint command can conduct operational command on the troops prepared by the headquarters.
At present, nine joint commands include five regional commands, namely, European Command, Pacific Command, Atlantic Command (reorganized as Joint Force Command in June 1999+00), Southern Command and Central Command; Four functional headquarters, namely, space command, special operations command, transportation command and strategic command. When necessary, other forces of the Joint Command can also be temporarily placed under the command of the Joint Command in case of emergency according to the instructions of the President.
United States armed forces
It consists of three parts: active duty troops, reserve troops and military civilian personnel. The active forces are divided into four services: the army, the air force, the navy and the marine corps, and are led by the war department, the air force department and the navy department. According to the organizational system, the US reserve forces are divided into two parts: the National Guard and the Federal Reserve. The National Guard includes the Army National Guard, the Air Force National Guard and the Coast Guard, of which the Coast Guard is usually under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Transportation. Reserve includes army reserve, navy reserve, air force reserve and marine corps reserve. Reserve personnel are divided into three categories according to the degree of mobilization: the first category is reserve reserve personnel, that is, selected reserve personnel of reserve forces, which can be immediately used to reinforce regular troops; The second category is reservists to be compiled, that is, individuals who can be recruited when mobilizing; The third category is retired reservists, who can be called up to supplement the troops responsible for operational support and training when necessary. Civilians are part of the employees of the United States federal government. Those who are employed in this country are called direct employees, and those who are employed by the government of the host country are called indirect employees. The types of work are scientists and engineers, administrators, technicians, secretaries and staff, waiters, handyman, etc.
Main character
George W. Bush, President and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces (200 1. 1)
Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld.
National Security Assistant condoleezza rice (200 1. 1)
Admiral Henry H. Shelton, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1997+00)
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of General Richard B. Myers Air Force (March 2000)
Gregory Dahlberg, Acting Minister of the Army (200 1. 1)
General Eric Zinseki, Chief of Staff of the Army (new pass) (1999.6)
Lawrence J. Delanoy, Acting Minister of Air Force (200 1. 1)
Air Force Chief of Staff, Admiral Michael E Ryan (1997.438+00)
Robert peary, Acting Minister of the Navy (200 1. 1)
Admiral Wayne Clark, Secretary of Naval Operations (July 2000)
Admiral Jones, Commander of Marine Corps (1999.7)
Admiral Jean-Metz M. Loy, Commander of the Coast Guard.
Admiral Joseph rolston, Commander of European Command (April 2000)
Admiral Dennis C. Blair, Commander of Pacific Headquarters (1999.2)
Admiral William F. Conan, Commander of the Joint Forces Command (formerly Atlantic Command)
Commander of Southern Command, Marine General peter pace.
General Tommy Franks, Commander of Central Command (May 2000)
Admiral Ralph E. Aberhart, Commander of Space Command (February 2000)
Admiral Charles R Holland, commander of special operations command.
General Tony Robertson, Commander of Transport Command (1998.5)
Admiral Richard Meese, Commander of Strategic Command (1998.6)