The rapid social change has brought great changes to the development of music culture. With the collapse of slavery and the establishment of feudalism. The old ritual and music system collapsed completely, and the old elegant music was irretrievably lost, while the emerging folk music flourished with its strong vitality. During the Spring and Autumn Period of Confucius' life, he noticed the serious significance of "Zheng Sheng's disorderly music". In the Warring States period, Wei Wenhou's favorite "new music" was not only "Zheng Sheng" or "Voice of Zheng and Wei", but also the folk music of Zheng, Wei, Qi and Song. There are Qi Xuanwang's "Secular Joy" and "Zheng Weisang's Room" in the court of Qin State ... It can be clearly seen that folk music has entered the courts of various countries. In the south, the rise of Chu music provided rich nourishment for the creation of the great poet Qu Yuan. His "Nine Songs" was created by folk songs and dances offering sacrifices to the gods. In the peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty, "Chu Sheng" was based on Chu, under the banner of Chu, and expanded its influence nationwide in the form of rebel army, which played an important role in court music in Han Dynasty.
In the wave of rapid social change, the old order of "learning in the government", which was originally monopolized by slave owners and nobles in education (including music education), began to be broken, and there was a trend of academic downward movement in the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius was the first educator to teach his disciples "poetry, calligraphy, ceremony and music". By the Warring States period, private schools had a greater development, coupled with the prevailing atmosphere of training scholars in various countries, so a large number of "scholars" classes were formed in society. These people come from different classes (many of them are declining aristocrats). They not only received general education, but also had different levels of music knowledge and skills. Their appearance had a certain influence on the development of music culture at that time. First of all, many schools represent the interests of different classes and have different political inclinations. Scholars from various schools, such as Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Fame, France, Yin and Yang, have expressed their views and opinions on music to varying degrees, arguing with each other, forming a vivid situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend. Their music reviews and several monographs (such as Mozi's Leap, Xunzi's Yue Lun and Li Ji)? Yue Ji et al. ) all show the brilliant achievements of ancient music thoughts and have a far-reaching impact on later generations. Secondly, from these people, a group of musicians completely different from those in the old court emerged, such as the famous Boya and Meng Changjun's favorite pupil Yong Men Zhou. In their hands, music is no longer a vassal of etiquette and a tool to promote superstition, but an important means to express people's thoughts and feelings. Together with many musicians from the folk, they merged into a new music trend.
Social change has promoted the development of science. "pipe? Local officials and Lu Chunqiu? The record of the law of gain and loss of music rhythm is the earliest musicological literature in China. The Textual Research of Zhou Li preserved the important technical data of making ancient musical instruments such as Zhong and Qing. They all reflected the high achievements of music science at that time to varying degrees.
Great changes in the Warring States period brought social progress and promoted the development of music culture. However, the feudal separatist situation and the war for hegemony hindered the further development of society, and demanding reunification became the general trend. In 22 1 year BC, Qin destroyed six countries, established a centralized feudal country, and realized national unity. The Han Dynasty, established in 202 BC, continued to maintain a unified situation.
With the establishment of a centralized feudal country, the original situation of a hundred schools of thought contending has not adapted to the needs of the ruling class. Therefore, first of all, Qin Shihuang's "burning books to bury Confucianism" and then Emperor Wudi's "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" all tried their best to strengthen ideological rule. In music thought, there has also been a change from a hundred schools of thought contending to a dominant one. Its obvious symbol is the Book of Rites, which is mainly based on Confucian music thoughts and mixed with some ideological materials from Legalists, Taoists and Yin and Yang schools. As a part of Confucian classics, Yue Ji was highly respected in the Han Dynasty and has always occupied a dominant position.
Yuefu is an institution established by centralized feudal countries to control music culture. It was founded in the Qin Dynasty and was greatly strengthened during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Its establishment had a great influence on the development of music culture at that time. Yuefu has more than 1000 outstanding musicians from various regions and nationalities, and widely collects folk music from various regions and nationalities in China, and on this basis, processes, improves or adapts it to different degrees. These new works include music used for ceremonies such as suburban worship songs, as well as music other than suburban worship. Their application made the court music of the Han Dynasty look completely different from that of the old slave owners. The so-called "Zheng Sheng court", "Chang Yu and suburban temple indecent" (Han Shu? It can be seen that the court music at that time was deeply influenced by folk music.
In 7 BC, Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty ordered "sealing the official position of Yuefu". Of the 829 Yuefu people, 44 1 person "failed to obey the law" or Zheng Zhisheng was cut (Hanshu? Li Yuezhi aims to eliminate the influence of folk music and improve the status of court elegant music. However, although the name of Yuefu has been abolished, there will still be corresponding institutions to replace its functions in the future. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were "Dayu Music" used in suburban temples and "Song Ya" used for shooting, "Yellow Door Advocacy" used for feasting and "Mix Palace Song" used in the army, which actually covered the whole range of Yuefu music. Therefore, the court elegant music has not really been strengthened, and it is impossible to be isolated from folk music. Folk folk music (including the music of ethnic minorities in remote areas) has been concentrated and improved by Yuefu and other corresponding institutions since the Warring States Period, which has made the court music in the Han Dynasty rich and colorful. The main places are the court, the mansion of dignitaries and the manor of landlords, among which the court is the most concentrated, prominent and influential. The performances at that time included various styles and genres, such as drum music, harmony songs, song and dance, musical instrument performances and so on. The most important thing is drum music and harmony. Drum music originated from ethnic minorities in the northern border. After it was introduced into the court of Han Dynasty, it was mainly used in court, road and army. It is very similar to today's military band, with a sense of ceremony. In fact, it also replaced some functions of elegant music in the Zhou Dynasty, and Xianghe songs were mainly used for entertainment and appreciation, so they were widely used and had a wide influence. Among Xianghe songs, Xianghe Daqu is the most important and can best reflect the artistic level at that time. This is a large-scale performance form mainly composed of instrumental music, singing and dancing. It is not significantly different from the court music and dancing in slave society in terms of artistic composition, but its content and style are obviously different. This is mainly manifested in the secularity of Daqu. At that time, Daqu, despite different ideological tendencies, mostly reflected the real life of society from different aspects, unlike ancient music and dance, which had a strong religious color, so its music was more lively and diverse. This is clearly seen from its unique structure and rhythm level of brilliance-melody-tendency-chaos, as well as the use of flat, clear, quiet, Chu and lateral tone and mode colors.
The rise of folk music and the formation and development of drum music and harmony songs, on the one hand, some existing instruments such as cymbals, drums, flutes (flutes), pools, sheng, Confucianism, Qin and Qin have been widely used, and at the same time, many new instruments have appeared, the most important of which are cymbals, horns, flutes (vertical blows) and flutes. Most of these new instruments have strong musical expression. Trumpets and trumpets belonging to the drum music system have strong volume and distinctive timbre; The main musical instruments belonging to the harmony system are bamboo and stringed instruments, most of which have the advantages of matching the rhythm of song and dance. Especially the appearance of pipa, a stringed instrument, is a great progress in the evolution of musical instruments. At this time, the pipa is a "straight handle" with four strings and twelve (three) columns (that is, a straight handle and a round speaker), which is closer to later Ruan and different from the curved neck pipa, but it has its own characteristics and occupies an irreplaceable position in song and dance music. The development of musical instruments, the practice of music creation and performance, and the progress of science also affect the changes of law. The three-point profit and loss method has been the dominant theory in Qin and Han dynasties since it was established in theory at the beginning of the Warring States Period. However, in practice, with the appearance of multi-column pipa and piano emblem on the piano, the legal system of non-three-point profit and loss method (pure method) has been actually applied. Due to the progress of science, it is necessary to change the palace tune in creation and performance. After accurate mathematical operation, we began to find that the twelve laws of students can not return to Huang according to the three-point profit and loss method, so the theory of sixty laws appeared. The proposal of Fang Jing's Sixty Laws has no practical value, but it still has some enlightening significance for future generations to explore the legal system in different ways.
From the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was the 1 stage of music development in China feudal society. During this period, the feudal ruling class tried to strengthen the rule of music culture after establishing a centralized feudal country, so that music could serve to consolidate its rule. However, the more they want to improve the status of court elegant music, the more they become the furnishings of "getting ready for old age", and what really works in practice are new music genres such as drum music and harmony music developed on the basis of folk music. It is these new music genres that have laid the foundation for the next stage of music art development.