What are the knowledge points of social work for the elderly? In order to facilitate you to prepare for the social work exam, I will share the knowledge of the primary social work professional level exam-social work for the elderly as follows:
First, the definition of the elderly (China government mostly takes citizens over 60 as the elderly)
★ Division of old age: 60-69 years old is the young age; 70-79 years old is middle age; Over 80 years old
Physiological aging: the eyes need more light to focus and are sensitive to strong light; The ability to distinguish colors is decreased, and there is presbyopia; It is difficult to distinguish different voices; The sense of smell may be seriously impaired, making it difficult to smell gas, natural gas or spoiled food; There may be a higher pain threshold, and it is more prone to low fever or high fever.
Psychological aging: Older people have more crystallized intelligence than young people, which is mainly the result of daily study and life accumulation. Decreased sensory function leads to slow response and decreased memory.
Social role change: it will lose the social role and social relationship symbolizing middle age.
★★★ (1) Needs of the elderly: 1. Health maintenance (the most concerned and eager demand); 2. Economic security ("feedback" is the most important way for the elderly to obtain economic security); 3. Employment and leisure (enriching daily life becomes their new demand) 4. Social participation (social participation is an important demand of the elderly) 5. Marriage and family. Home security (requires a safe and livable family atmosphere and community environment) 7. Arrangements for legacy matters (including children's life, property disposal, cemetery purchase, funeral arrangements, etc.). ) 8. One-stop nursing service (home care, community care, etc. may be required.
★★★★ (2) Matters needing attention in social work for the elderly: 1. Values (which may affect the attitude and behavior of social workers towards the elderly); 2. Empathy and job burnout (empathy-the parties have special feelings for social workers such as full speed; Anti-empathy-social workers treat their clients as elderly people at home, so their feelings for the elderly may affect their services; Job Burnout-Working for the elderly for a long time, such as working for clients with Alzheimer's disease, may lead to job burnout and feel that their work is worthless. )
Second, the main content of social work for the elderly
★★★★ (1) Health service
1. Health promotion and health maintenance services (which are direct services for the physical and mental health of the elderly) mainly include: health education and promotion activities for chronic diseases, dealing with the problems of alcoholism and drug abuse, assisting in stress management, exercise planning, designing measures to prevent injuries of the elderly at home, providing mental health services, promoting preventive services, providing information on age-related diseases, and providing social services and consultation on follow-up health services.
2. Services related to medical care (services to peripheral systems are indirect services), mainly including personal assistance services such as food delivery, family beds, housework, visits and telephone condolences; Travel and mobility services, such as the provision of crutches, wheelchairs and other assistive devices; Technical support such as emergency call system installation; Information consultation, referral, intergenerational assistance, day care, nutritional catering, house maintenance, rest arrangements for caregivers and admission to nursing homes.
(B), dealing with cognitive and emotional problems
★★★★ The four most common cognitive and emotional problems are: depression (affecting the emotions and emotions of the elderly), dementia (affecting the cognitive and intellectual functions of the elderly), delirium (similar to dementia, but sudden onset can be reversed for physiological reasons) and anxiety (typically manifested as excessive anxiety, irrational fear and complaining about physical discomfort).
(3) Dealing with psychological problems
★ Pay attention to five aspects: 1, cherish the present (understand the preciousness of time); 2. Find the meaning of the past to construct the meaning of life; 3. Face up to your limitations and see the shortcomings of your past lives; 4. Help to accept the good and bad aspects of life, use the power grid to seek explanations and forgive others, and make up for the shortcomings; 5. Expand the circle of personal hobbies and sympathy.
(4) Establishment of social support network (classified as ◎)
◎ Formal support (involving more professional knowledge, generally taking more intermediate exams)
◎★★★★ Informal support (i.e. emotional maintenance)
1. Composition classification of informal support system: family members' support for parents (mainly children); Relatives' support for the elderly (brothers and sisters, distant relatives, in-laws, etc.). ); Non-relatives' support for the elderly (neighbors, friends, colleagues, charities, community volunteer services, etc.). )
British scholar Wangge summarized five types of social support networks: family dependence (close contact with family members); Community integration (close contact with family, friends and neighbors); Self-contained (with family, friends and neighbors, but not close); Community dependence (close contact with friends and neighbors); Self-restraint (not interacting with anyone)
2. Main support contents: economic support, emotional support, life care, spiritual comfort, etc.
★★★★ Family is the main source of social assistance.
◎ Building family support with family thinking (referring to treating the elderly as a part of a complex multi-generation relationship system)
◎ Promote the social integration of the elderly.
Third, deal with the special problems of the elderly.
(1) Abuse and neglect of care
★★★★ Type: 1, physical abuse (beating, corporal punishment, restriction of life freedom, forced eating, etc. ); 2. Sexual abuse (sexual behavior without consent, sexual assault, involuntary nudity, etc.). ); 3. Emotional or psychological abuse (making the elderly suffer mental pain by threats, intimidation, harassment and other verbal or non-verbal means, and treating the elderly as children or deliberately cutting off the social contact between the elderly and others as a means to punish or control the elderly); 4. Economic abuse (improper use of economic resources, personal property or other items of the elderly, including forged checks or legal documents); 5. Neglect of others' care (active or passive failure to meet the physical and mental health needs of the elderly, including failure to fully meet the needs of the elderly in terms of diet, shelter, clothing, medical care and physical protection); 6. Self-neglect (the elderly can't take care of themselves completely, and there are no other caregivers, which leads to malnutrition, dehydration, illness without treatment, and poor personal hygiene. )
(2) bereavement
★ Elisabeth Kubler ROSS's research found that when individuals accept their inevitable death or the death of others, they will go through a process:
The psychological process of denial-anger-bargaining-depression-acceptance.
★★★★ The important work that social workers should do when the elderly are dying is as follows: 1. Provide emotional support (help the elderly and their families to deal with their emotions, open their hearts and deal with unfinished business); 2. Fight for reasonable rights and interests on behalf of the elderly and their families; 3. Provide relevant materials and information; 4. Do bereavement counseling.
(3) Hospice care service
It mainly includes: 1, assisting medical professionals to relieve the pain and symptoms of the elderly, including music therapy, pet therapy, drama therapy, etc. 2. Assist the elderly and their families to solve the problem of medical expenses; 3. Provide follow-up services for bereaved people.
★ (4) Suicide
Direct clue: Social workers should further screen the natural tendency of the elderly to say "I want to end myself" or "sometimes I really want to end everything". If there are specific plans and implementation plans, they should take immediate action.
Indirect clue: the old man used some questions to see the reaction of his relatives, such as "You will live better without me" or "I have been in too much trouble these days". Although family members and social workers may find these words irritating, they are in urgent need of help, so we should pay attention to them and not turn a blind eye.
Behavioral clues: I decided to end my life without providing any oral clues and didn't want to communicate with others. They often show some tendencies in their behavior, which should be regarded as a warning signal. Such as: attempted suicide or attempted suicide, packing things, storing medicines, and suddenly giving away valuables.
Fourthly, the purpose and method of evaluating the problems and needs of the elderly.
(1) Precautions for evaluation: 1, physical environment (bright environment, prepare auxiliary devices, such as hearing AIDS, glasses, paper, pens, walkers, crutches, etc. ); 2. Balance the needs of the elderly for self-reliance and dependence on others; 3. Pay attention to the person who initially put forward the evaluation (important others); 4. Pay attention to the heterogeneity of the elderly population; 5. Respect the privacy of the elderly (confidentiality principle).
(2) the working methods of the elderly group (the working rhythm of the elderly group is much slower than that of the youth group, so the team leader should learn to appreciate the progress of the members)
★ Note: 1, respect the right to self-determination; 2. Balance the responsibilities to groups and individuals; 3. Respect the right to confidentiality; 4. Intervene in group dynamics to protect team members from harm.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) community work for the elderly
★★★★ Key target population of community aging work: 1, elderly people living alone; 2. Very old people (over 80 years old); 3. Disabled elderly people; 4. Difficult old people.
Service type of community work project for the elderly: 1, on-site service; 2. Community center service (providing "one-stop" service); 3. Community nursing institutions for the elderly.
★★★★ The basic principle of community work for the elderly: the advantage perspective; Empowerment; Overall planning; Resource connection and integration.
6. Community care for the elderly (community care is changing from service-oriented to demand-oriented)
★ Caring in the community: emphasizing the field,
Community care: services provided by community resources, such as volunteers.
Caring for the community:
★ Type of old-age care institution: apartment for the elderly (service institution for the elderly without any life assistance); Hospice care institution (institution serving the elderly who need to try to care)
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