Liu Bei (161-June10,223) was born in Zhuoxian County (now Zhuozhou City, Baoding City, Hebei Province), the founding emperor of Shu and Han during the Three Kingdoms period, and Emperor Zhaolie of posthumous title, also known as a historian.
Liu Bei is a descendant of Liu Sheng, the son of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, and is called Hou Zhi in Linyi in Canon.
Xiong Liu, Liu Bei's grandfather, was promoted to Lian Xiao and was appointed as an official of the East County. Liu Bei's father, Ricas, died young. Young Liu Bei and his mother made a living by weaving mats and selling shoes, and their lives were very difficult. There is a mulberry tree on the fence in the southeast corner of Liu Bei's house, which is 50 feet high. Seen from a distance, it looks like a car cover. People who come and go think that this tree is not like a mortal thing, and this family will be different. When Liu Bei was a child, he played under the tree with his family's children and pointed to the mulberry tree and said, "I must take such a feather car in the future." Liu Bei's uncle Liu Zijing said, "Don't talk nonsense, let our whole family be killed."
Xiping was four years old (175) and Liu Bei 15 years old. His mother asked him to go out to study. Liu Bei, fellow countryman Liu Deran and Gongsun Zan of western Liaoning, worshipped Lu Zhi, the satrap of Jiujiang. Liu Deran's father Liu often subsidizes Liu Bei and treats him and Liu Deran equally, but he is dissatisfied with Liu's wife. Liu said, "There are such children in our family, not children. Gongsun Zan and Liu Bei made friends, Gongsun Zan was older than Liu Bei, and Liu Bei took Gongsun Zan as his brother. Liu Bei doesn't like reading very much. He likes dogs and horses, music and beautiful clothes. He is seven feet five inches long, with his hands down to his knees and can see his ears. I don't like to talk, I can be kind to servants, I can't show my emotions, I like to make friends with heroes, and local heroes are vying to be attached to Liu Bei. Zhang Shiping and Su Shuang, big businessmen from Zhongshan, took their daughters and sold their horses to Zhuo Jun. When they meet Liu Bei, they give him financial support, and Liu Bei can gather a lot of people.
In the first year of Zhong Ping (184), the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising broke out, and Liu Bei, 23, was named as an Anxi county commandant for his meritorious service in suppressing the insurgents. Later, the court ordered that anyone who became an official because of the meritorious military service should be selected and eliminated, and Du You of the county should recall Liu Bei. After knowing the news, Liu Bei went to the post office where Du You stayed. Du You said that he refused to see Liu Bei, and Liu Bei held a grudge and bound Du You. Later, General He Jin sent Wu to Danyang to recruit soldiers, and Liu Bei joined him on the way. When he arrived in Xiapi, he made meritorious service with the thief and served as Xiami County Cheng, and soon resigned. Later, he served as Gao He Gao Tang Ling. Soon Gaotang County was attacked by thieves, and Liu Bei defected to Gongsun Zan, making him a Sima.
In the second year of Chuping (19 1), Liu Bei fought with Tian Kai, the secretariat of Qingzhou, and Yuan Shao, the priest of Jizhou. Liu Bei was promoted to try to defend the plain county magistrate because of his repeated meritorious deeds, and later led the country of the plain. Liu Bei, guard against thieves and robbers outside, and be charitable at home. Even ordinary people who are not scholars can sit at the same table with him and eat with him without being picky. Liu Bei won the hearts of the people when he was in the plain. Ping Liu, a county citizen, disobeyed Liu Bei's rule and instigated an assassin to assassinate Liu Bei. Liu Bei knew nothing about this and was very polite to the assassin. The assassin was deeply moved and couldn't bear to kill Liu Bei, so he confessed the truth and left.
Guan Hai, the remnant of the Yellow turban insurrectionary, led all the troops to attack the North Sea. Kong Rong in Beihai was surrounded by a large army, and the situation was critical. He sent Taishi Ci to break through and ask Liu Bei for help. Liu Bei replied in surprise: "Beihai Kong Xiangrong actually knows that there is Liu Bei in the world!" Immediately send three thousand soldiers with Taishi Ci to the Beihai rescue. When the Yellow Scarf Army heard that reinforcements had arrived, they all fled, and Kong Rong was able to clear them one by one. After Yuan Shao attacked Gongsun Zan, Liu Bei and Tian Jiedong joined forces.
In the first year of Xingping (194), Cao Cao attacked Xuzhou again in the name of revenging his father. Xuzhou herded Tao Qian, who couldn't resist and asked Qingzhou secretariat Tian Kai for help. Tian Jie and Liu Bei went to the rescue together. Liu Bei has more than 1000 soldiers and thousands of hungry people. When he arrived in Xuzhou, Tao Qian gave Liu Bei four thousand Danyang soldiers, and Liu Bei returned to Tao Qian. At this time, Zhang Miao and Chen Gong rebelled against Lu Bu and attacked Cao Cao, and Cao Cao's base fell, so they returned to Yanzhou. Tao Qian made Liu Bei the secretariat of Yuzhou, and made him station troops in a small way.
In the second year of Xingping (195), Tao Qian was seriously ill and said to another Zhu Mu, "Without Liu Bei, Xuzhou can't be settled." After Tao Qian's death, Elk Zhu led Xuzhou people to welcome Liu Bei as the satrap, but Liu Bei did not dare to accept it. After repeated persuasion by Chen Deng and Kong Rong, Liu Bei led his troops to capture Xuzhou.
In the first year of Jian 'an (196), Cao Cao named Liu Bei as the general of Town East and appointed him as Yicheng Hou Ting. Yuan Shu led the army to attack Xuzhou, and Liu Bei met him. The two armies were at loggerheads in Xuyi and Huaiyin. At this time, Lu Bu ambushed Shapi and captured Liu Bei's wife. When Liu Bei returned to the army, the army broke up halfway, but he took the rest of the army and took Guangling from the east. Defeated by Yuan Shu and transferred to Haixi, it was extremely difficult. He had to help the army in the East China Sea with his family wealth. So he made peace with Lu Bu, and Lu Bu returned Liu Bei's wife to him, and Liu Bei returned it to Xiao Pei.
Soon, Liu Bei called up more than 10 thousand troops again, and Lu Bu led the army to attack Xiao Pei. Liu Bei was defeated and went to Cao Cao in Xudu. Cao Cao gave Liu Bei food and grass and made Liu Bei a shepherd in Yuzhou. Later, Liu Bei was called "Liu Yuzhou".
In the third year of Jian 'an (198), Lu Bu sent Gao Shun and Zhang Liao to attack Liu Bei. Although Cao Cao sent Xia Houdun to save him, he was defeated. Peicheng was finally breached, Liu Bei's wife was captured again, and Liu Bei fled alone. Liu Bei met Cao Cao in Liang, so he joined forces with Cao Cao to attack Lu Bu. After Lu Bu surrendered, Liu Beili advised Cao Cao to kill Lu Bu. Later, Liu Bei and Cao Cao returned to Xudu and were named left generals.
In the fourth year of Jian 'an (199), Dong, a general riding a chariot, accepted the imperial edict of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, and Liu Bei was afraid to join at first. Later, Cao Cao and Liu Bei talked about heroes through cooking wine. Cao Cao said to Liu Bei, "The heroes in the world today are you and me." Liu Bei got a fright and dropped his chopsticks. Knowing that Cao Cao could not tolerate himself, he colluded with Dong Cheng and others. At that time, Cao Cao sent Liu Bei and Zhu Ling to attack Yuan Shu, and Yuan Shu died on the way. Later, Liu Bei marched into Xiapi, killed Che Zhou, the secretariat of Xuzhou, left Guan Yu to guard Xiapi, exercised his satrap duty, and returned to Xiaopi himself. In the East China Sea, Chang Yi and other counties and counties obtained tens of thousands of troops from Liu Bei and Liu Bei, so they joined Yuan Shao against Cao Cao in the north. Cao Cao sent Guo Pei Liu Dai, a general with a long history, and Zhong Wang, a corps commander, to attack and was repelled by Liu Bei.
In the spring of the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), something happened. Cao Cao personally crusaded against Liu Bei, who was defeated and Guan Yu was captured. Liu Bei fled to Qingzhou, which was the secretariat of Yuan Tan. Liu Bei once recommended him as Cai Mao and led an army to meet Liu Bei. Liu Bei went to the plain with Yuan Tan, and sent someone to tell Yuan Shao that Yuan Shao left Yecheng for two hundred miles to meet Liu Bei and stayed for more than a month. Liu Bei's scattered foot soldiers also slowly gathered here.
In July of the fifth year of Jian 'an (200), Liu Pi, the leader of the Yellow Scarf Army in Runan, and others defected to Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to lead the troops, and Liu Pi went south. Guan Yu died at the hands of Cao Cao and went back to Liu Bei to help him. Cao Cao sent Coss to attack Liu Bei. Liu Bei returned to Yuan Shao because of the unfavorable war. He wanted to leave Yuan Shao, and on the grounds of contacting Liu Biao, he led his army back to Ru 'nan, where he worked with Gong Dushi, the figurehead of the Yellow Scarf. There are thousands of people. Cao Cao sent Cai Yang to attack and was killed by Liu Bei.
In the sixth year of Jian 'an (20 1), Cao Cao personally crusaded against Liu Bei and Liu Bei voted for Liu Biao. Liu Biao personally went to the suburbs to meet Liu Bei, and was treated by the distinguished guests, so he stayed in Xinye. Jingzhou heroes all went to Liu Bei, causing Liu Biao's suspicion. Liu Biao secretly guarded against Liu Bei.
In the seventh year of Jian 'an (202), Liu Biao ordered Liu Bei to lead an army north to Yexian, and Xia Houdun, Yu Jin and Li Dian led an army to resist. Liu Bei pretended to retreat and set an ambush. Li Dian felt cheated, but advised him. Xia Houdun didn't listen and was defeated by Liu Bei. Fortunately, Li Dian arrived in time. Liu Bei's troops were too small. Knowing that the stalemate was not dominant, he withdrew. After staying in Jingzhou for several years, Liu Bei felt that he was old and his career had not been built, so he had the idea of "sighing his beard". When Cao Cao attacked Wuhuan, Liu Bei suggested to Liu Biao to sneak attack on Xudu, but Liu Biao did not adopt it.
In the 12th year of Jian 'an (207), Liu Bei went to Longzhong to visit Zhuge. After three visits to the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang presented Liu Bei with a pair of longzhong couples.
In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Cao Cao led the army south, and Liu Biao died of illness. Liu Cong, the second son of Liu Biao, stood by, and the messenger surrendered to Cao Cao. Liu Bei was stationed in Fancheng, unaware of the sudden arrival of Cao Cao, and didn't know the situation until Wancheng. Then he led the army to leave and passed Xiangyang. Zhuge Liang suggested that Liu Bei attack Liu Cong and occupy Jingzhou, but Liu Bei and Liu Biao were cousins. Liu Bei called out to Liu Cong outside the city. Liu Cong dare not come out. Liu Cong's men and many Jingzhou scholars took refuge in Liu Bei. When the sun is shining, there are more than ten people, carrying thousands of trench, walking more than ten miles a day. Liu Bei also sent Guan Yu to meet him in Jiangling with hundreds of boats. Someone advised Liu Bei: "Now we should hurry to save Jiangling. Although we are large in number, we have too few soldiers. If Cao Cao comes, how can we stop it? " "But Liu Bei said," If you want to achieve great things, you must put people first. Now that so many people have left their homes to follow me, how can I bear to leave them! "
In the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Liu Bei, together with Sun Quan led by Zhou Yu, defeated Cao Cao in Chibi, and four counties in Jingzhou in the south. Liu Bei borrowed Sun Quan's Jingzhou Jiangling (South County) to occupy five counties in Jingzhou.
In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Liu Zhang took Zhang Song's advice and sent Fazheng to invite Liu Bei to Sichuan.
In order to help them deal with Zhang Lu, Fa Zheng and Pang Tong suggested that Liu Bei take profits at this time. Liu Bei left Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others guarding Jingzhou, and went to Shu with tens of thousands of soldiers to meet Liu Zhang in Fucheng. During this period, Zhang Song, Pang Tong advised Liu Bei to attack and kill Liu Zhang, but Liu Bei refused because he had just arrived in Shu and was not convinced. Liu Zhang recommended Liu Bei to be Fu's agent, be a captain in the official department, ration Liu Bei's soldiers, supervise the White Water Army, and make him attack Zhang Lu. Liu Bei went north to Meng Jia, but the defenders did not enter. He built a stout tree to win the hearts of the people.
In the seventeenth year of Jian 'an (2 12), Zhang Song was killed while exposed, and Liu Bei turned against Liu Zhang. According to Pang Tong's plan, Liu called Yang Huailai, a white water army, to chop Pang Tong and annex Pang Tong's soldiers. Huang Zhong and Huang Zhong were ordered to attack Liu Zhang and take Fucheng.
In the 18th year of Jian 'an (2 13), Liu Zhang sent Liu Gui, Lingbao, Zhang Ren, Deng Xian and Wu Yi to stop Liu Bei in Fucheng, but they were all defeated by Liu Bei and Wu Yi surrendered. Liu Zhang sent Li Yan and Mianzhu to stop Liu Bei, and Li Yan led the people to surrender. Liu Bei's military strength became stronger and stronger, and he divided his troops to pacify counties and counties. At the same time, Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun were also transferred to Shu. Zhang Ren and Liu Bei retreated to Luocheng, and Liu Bei led his troops to attack it. Zhang Ren attacked and was killed by Liu Beijun. Liu Xunsui can't hold on any longer. When Pang Tong led the army to attack Luocheng, he was killed by Liu Ya at the gate.
In the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Los Angeles was besieged for nearly a year before it was conquered. Liu Bei is surrounded by Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun. When Liu Bei sent Du You to Jianning, Li Hui said that he would drop Ma Chao. Ma Chao came to Chengdu, and Liu Bei ordered him to lead an army to the north of the city. At that time, the whole city was shocked. Liu Bei sent Jian Yong to surrender to Liu Zhang, and then led Yizhou to shepherd, enabling many talents in Shu.
Twenty years after Jian 'an (2 15), Sun Quan thought that Liu Bei had occupied Yizhou and wanted to return to Jingzhou. Liu Bei, a statue of Liu Bei in Wuhou Temple in Chengdu, responded: "I will give Jingzhou to you when I get Liangzhou." Sun Quan was furious and sent Lu Meng to attack Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang. Liu Bei then led 50,000 troops to the police and let Guan Yu enter Yiyang. In the same year, Zhang Lu fled to Brazil in the middle of Cao Cao Ding Han. Liu Bei heard that on the one hand, he made peace with Sun Quan and divided Jingzhou equally. On the other hand, he sent Huang Quan to meet Zhang Lu, but Zhang Lu had surrendered to Cao Cao. Cao Cao left Xia and Zhang He to guard Hanzhong and invaded Brazil many times. Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei and Zhang He to Wakou to fight. Zhang He was defeated in Nanzheng, and Liu Bei returned to Chengdu.
In the 23rd year of Jian 'an (2 18), Liu Bei led the troops to attack Hanzhong, sent Ulan and Tong Lei to seize Wudu, and was killed by Cao Hong. Liu Bei led a great army to occupy Yangpingguan, but refused to meet Xia and Zhang He.
In the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19), Liu Bei abandoned Yangpingguan, crossed Mianshui in the south and camped in Dingjun Mountain. Xia led an army to attack Dingjun Mountain and was killed by Huang Zhong. Then Cao Cao himself rose up and fought for Hanzhong. When Liu Bei heard this, he said, "Although Cao Cao has come, there is nothing he can do. I must have Hanchuan. " After Cao Cao arrived in Hanzhong, Liu Bei rallied his troops and refused to take risks. Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun intercepted Cao Jun's grain in Hanshui, and more and more Cao Jun fled and had to retreat. Liu Bei won the battle of Hanzhong and sent Liu Feng and Meng Da to occupy Shang Yong. In the same year, Liu Bei was promoted to king of Hanzhong.
However, shortly after the occupation of Hanzhong, Guan Yu went to the Northern Expedition alone. Although the seventh army was flooded and captured by the imperial guards, Pound, Wei Zhen Huaxia and Coss in Fancheng, Monroe of Soochow crossed the river in white and attacked Jingzhou. Guan Yu was captured by Wu Jun and killed.
In the first year of Zhangwu (22 1), after Cao Pi usurped Han to build Wei, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han and the title of Zhangwu. In the same year, Liu Bei thought Guan Yu's revenge was the name, and sent troops to crusade against Wu Dong. Zhang Fei was victimized by his subordinates. Sun sent messengers to make peace, and Liu Bei was furious and refused. Wu Pai, Lu Xun and other soldiers arrived in Zigui and were defeated by Wu Ban, the general of Shu. Liu Beijun occupied Zigui and sent it to unite with Wu in Wuling.
In the spring of the second year of Zhangwu (222), Liu Bei sent Huang Quan to supervise the Jiangbei water army and led the army to March. In autumn and July, he was defeated by Lu Xun, a general of the State of Wu, in the battle of Yiling, and his generals Feng, Feng and Feng were killed. Liu Bei retreated to Yong 'an. When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei was stationed in Bai Di, he was very scared. He sent messengers to make peace, and Liu Bei agreed.
In the third year of Zhangwu (223), in March, Liu Bei left Zhuge Liang alone. In April, Liu Bei died at the age of 63, Emperor Zhaolie of posthumous title. The temple was named Zu and Hui Ling was buried.
Liu Bei established the Shu-Han regime in Sichuan. At that time, Sichuan's traffic was relatively backward and there were many mountain roads. Liu Bei and Prime Minister Zhuge Liang made great contributions to the development of Sichuan postal service.
After Liu Bei established the Han Dynasty, in order to deal with Cao Wei in the north, he established a military base for the Northern Expedition in Hanzhong area. In order to get through the main military traffic routes, four main roads were opened between Sichuan and Hanzhong, namely the famous Ziwu Road, Luo Luo Lu Road, Xiexie Road and Jinniu Road. Shu Han also established Baishui Pass, which is an important military pass in Hanzhong. The mountains around Baishuiguan are covered with beacon towers. A series of pavilions were set up within 400 miles from Baishuiguan to Chengdu, the capital of China, to ensure the normal operation of the post office. In Jingzhou area bordering Wu Dong, General Guan Yu also set up a military communication hall along the Yangtze River, and the beacon tower reached the front line of Xiangfan from the rear.
Wei in the north and Wu in the east. According to historical records, Xu Jing, a famous scholar, wrote letters to his old friends in the north, such as Hua Xin and Wang Lang, ministers of Wei, to "make good use of the old friends". There is a letter to Xu Jing from Wang Lang quoted from the reflection of Wei Lue, saying that "there was a book the previous summer but it didn't arrive, but now there is a book that leads to the previous topic". Other ministers of Wei and some ministers of Shu and Han corresponded frequently. Chen Qun, an official of Wei State, wrote a letter to Zhuge Liang asking about Liu Ba, an official of Shu Han. There are more friendly letters between Shu Han and Wu, and Kyle told the general of Wu when he was on a mission to Wu. Zhuge Liang often writes to his younger brother Zhu Gejin and general Lu Xun.
The characteristic of Shuhan Post is that there is almost no car delivery, and most of the postal services are delivered by mail horse. People who do this work are called "post people". This is probably because Shu is located in the southwest, mostly in remote mountainous areas, with uneven roads.
Shuzhi is the law. When Liu Beichu entered Sichuan, he left everything unsatisfactory, and ordered Xu Ci, Qian Hu, Meng Guang and Lai Min, who were familiar with the canon system and the old law at that time, to take charge of the old literature and create the canon system first. After pacifying Yizhou, they set out to make a code. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, Li Jue, Liu Ba and Li Yan participated in the formulation of Shuk. The specific content of Shu branch has been lost, but according to Zhuge Liang Biography, although the law enforcement is strict, it is fair and the people have no complaints.
Liu Bei criticized the amnesty system of Liu Biao and Liu Zhang, and Zhuge Liang also pointed out the reason why Liu Zhang ruled Yizhou. In his view, the so-called virtue policy promoted by Liu Zhang is to win people's hearts with small favors, respect subjects to a beautiful high position, overstep the law, establish the majesty of the law, and the law enforcers will be grateful and govern the people with titles. When the title is increased, they will know that glory, honor and grace are used together, and they are advancing and retreating. This is the key to governing the country. It not only contains the idea that the rule of law by legalists is superior to the rule of virtue, but also embodies the theory of evil nature, the basis of legalists' theory.
Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang govern the country with both law and courtesy, prestige and morality, emphasizing "discipline of law" and "persuasion of good and rejection of evil", that is, taking law as the body and emphasizing the principle of fairness and objectivity; Taking morality as the use, focusing on educating people. Take the method of Shang Yang, not superstitious about its authority, take its logical method, and combine Confucian education to combine the method of doing with education. After such a "rule of law innovation" movement, the work efficiency of the Shu-Han regime was obviously improved, and the official management was gradually clear. In the late Shu and Han Dynasties, Fei Yi, the ruler, granted amnesty to the world for many times. Meng Guang, a senior farmer, quoted the stories of Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei and strongly reprimanded Fei Yi.