At present, the field of psychological counseling in China is mixed, and various schools, therapies and techniques are complicated, even psychological counselors who have studied for many years are deadlocked.
? If you misdirect psychological counseling at the beginning, choose pseudo-psychotherapy or treat some "dirty" techniques as treasures and form preconceived stereotypes, it will be difficult to really enter the psychological counseling industry.
How to choose professional and meaningful therapies and techniques? I think we should first distinguish three different concepts: genre, therapy and technology.
Psychological school: First, the basic connotation of psychological school.
The genre of psychological counseling is a comprehensive system with unique views on human psychology, systematic explanations and corresponding treatment methods, such as psychoanalysis, humanism and cognitive behavior.
The unique views and systematic exposition of psychological counseling schools on human psychology can be divided into the following five parts.
Psychological structure view: What does it explain about human psychology? What is the relationship between the ingredients? What is the level between them?
Psychological development view: what explains the motivation of psychological development? What are the stages of these dynamic developments? What are the characteristics of each stage?
Psychopathological point of view: explains how the structure is destroyed in the process of psychological development, and what is the result after the destruction? What is the specific relationship between different mental diseases and psychological structure and psychological motivation?
Psychotherapy view: According to the viewpoint of psychological structure, psychological development and psychopathology, what is the real state of psychological development? What is the therapeutic goal after pathological symptoms appear? What is the specific treatment idea?
Psychotherapy: the specific and standardized operation and implementation process of psychological counseling and psychotherapy.
In clinical consultation, Freud used psychological structure, psychological development, psychopathology and psychotherapy to analyze the process of visitors, which is called case conceptualization.
Second, the strengths and weaknesses of the school
How to evaluate the pros and cons of a genre? It can be said that existence is reasonable.
Because the understanding of psychology is far from enough, the understanding of human mind by various schools is still at the stage of blind people touching images.
Everyone just touched a part of the elephant. For example, psychoanalysis believes that psychological structure includes consciousness, pre-consciousness and unconsciousness; Psychoanalysis holds that human psychology includes consciousness, unconsciousness and collective unconsciousness; Transpersonal psychology holds that besides human consciousness, there is also transpersonal cosmic consciousness; Behaviorism holds that psychology is behavior.
Psychologist Baker's schools of great psychological structure, such as psychoanalysis and transpersonal psychology, tend to know a person as a whole and emphasize the meaning and value of life, but their understanding of a disease is not accurate and subtle enough, and their methods are not easy to operate. Behaviorism and cognitive school, their psychological structure is relatively narrow, but their explanations of diseases are very subtle, so the treatment methods are also "scientific", such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), systematic desensitization and so on.
According to this standard, what is a good genre? The grand psychological structure can accommodate all kinds of psychology and diseases, the explanation of specific symptoms is very rigorous and delicate, and the specific treatment methods are standardized and effective.
psychotherapy
First, what is psychotherapy?
It can be said that case conceptualization is only the analysis, evaluation and diagnosis of visitors within the consultant. How to carry out psychotherapy? This requires that the operating procedures of psychotherapy correspond to the concept of psychotherapy.
According to the standardization and complexity of operating procedures, it can be divided into therapy and technology. Among them, the standardization and complexity of psychotherapy are far higher than some psychological techniques.
Because each school has its own characteristics in psychological structure and psychological development, their explanations of the same disease are different. Therefore, the methods and skills they use in clinical consultation are very different.
Therefore, psychotherapy is the therapy of psychological school, such as systematic desensitization therapy, aggressive chemotherapy is the therapy of behavioral school, visitor-centered therapy is the therapy of humanistic school, and Datura painting therapy and sand table game are the methods of psychoanalysis school.
Rogers
Second, the evaluation of psychotherapy
Psychotherapy does have advantages and disadvantages. With standards, problems can be solved naturally, and the only thing that can solve symptoms is good psychotherapy.
So, what kind of psychotherapy can solve the problem? It must have the following characteristics:
Targeted: it is based on the concepts of psychopathology and psychotherapy, so it has a strong purpose and pertinence. In other words, it must be conceptualized based on a case.
Standardization: in order to achieve the purpose of treatment, its operation steps should be highly structured according to the purpose. This ensures that you can repeat, verify and master through teaching.
Nature: psychotherapy should conform to human nature and operate naturally, so as not to cause resentment and resistance from visitors.
Concise: the operation steps are too complicated, and it is easy to fail to achieve the goal because of one mistake. Ideal is a solution to the problem. Of course, there is no specific medicine for psychological counseling at present.
Others, such as fun, convenient, easy to master, and it is best for tourists to heal themselves, are the icing on the cake after meeting the above prerequisites. Therefore, the arrangement of Satya, NLP and family system is not a strict psychotherapy technique.
Psychological technology: a relatively standardized and high-level psychotherapy. Psychological technology does not depend on case conceptualization, but is a simple operation based on experience, and it has been proved to have certain curative effect. If psychotherapy is a prescription prescribed by doctors in regular hospitals, then psychological technology is the secret recipe of the people.
Significance of distinction: Why should psychological counselors master the knowledge of distinguishing schools, therapies and technologies? What's the point?
From the perspective of consulting growth, responsible consultants should first go deep into the genre and master the therapy, that is, the professional route. As for which school to choose, it depends on which school you agree with in terms of psychological structure, psychological development and psychopathology.
? From the clinical point of view, only by mastering systematic knowledge, that is, the ability to conceptualize the cases of visitors, can consultants make good use of treatment and technology. No therapy or technology can solve all psychological problems. If technology is mistaken for therapy and genre, it will become more and more bottomless and powerless, because the effectiveness and application scope of technology are very limited.