On the surface, hermits are detached from their thoughts, but in fact, they have endless pains in their hearts. They lead an honest and clean life, not seeking Wen Da, but pursuing their own self-cultivation realm, which is close to the Taoist concept of tranquility. The formation of the dissolute life style and lofty talk atmosphere of scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties was not only related to the influence of Taoist thought advocating nature at that time, but also to the frequent wars at that time, especially the struggle between clans. Talking in peace is also called chatting, talking in peace, talking in peace, talking in peace and arguing in peace. This kind of talk is not aimless, but revolves around the problems that scholars were interested in at that time. For example, "the debate between talent and nature" was a hot issue at that time. For example, due to the popularity of Taoism, more and more people are interested in the study of Zhuangzi and Zhuangzi. In addition, Yi-ology, which is also regarded as elucidating the subtlety of metaphysics, has also attracted people's attention. Therefore, the discussion about "Lao, Zhuang and Yi" (also known as "San Xuan") has become an important content of discussion. Many celebrities, who are proficient in "San Xuan", not only talk tactfully, but also talk and laugh with Kan Kan, becoming a generation of metaphysical masters, such as Yan He of Cao Wei, Wang Bi, Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Xiang Embroidery in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Guo Xiang in Western Jin Dynasty. It had a far-reaching influence on the culture of this period and even the later Southern and Northern Dynasties. For example, the "hermit culture" produced in the special environment at that time is an example. The expression of "hermit culture" is varied, and the more direct expression is that these celebrities hide in the mountains and become hermits, which is a special cultural phenomenon in itself. Although Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, said that "the country has a way to be an official, and the country has no way to hide"; Mencius also said: "If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are rich, you will help the world"; Scholars are proud to be officials, but they hide when they are frustrated. This is natural since ancient times. But the number of hermits in the Six Dynasties was probably the highest in all previous dynasties. Another manifestation of "hermit culture" is the emergence of "hermit poems" that sincerely praise and praise hermit life. Some poems use the word "hidden" in their titles. For example, there is a saying in Zhang Zai's Invitation Poem in the Western Jin Dynasty: "Come and go to donate customs, be detached from the world, stand proudly on the hill, be calm and foolish."
Types of hermits, according to the motivation and purpose, personality, taste and ways of seclusion of literati, the hermits in ancient China can be divided into the following four categories. Species apathy, this hermit's life is indifferent, even his personality is perverse, he doesn't want fame and fortune, and he has no intention of promoting to a higher position; Hiding in the mountains, between green mountains and green waters; If you are happy, you will be greedy. For example, in the Southern Dynasties, there were few hidden exercises in Chu and Apollo. "Widowed and addicted to color, I have lived in waterfall mountain for more than 30 years, isolated from others and only friends." He lived in the lonely peak for decades and finally died of old age. This hermit is not in a hurry for political reasons. This is purely a person who leads an honest and clean life and intends to escape from the noisy world. They regard fame and fortune as light. A quiet heart, like a dead wood, is broad-minded and laughs at everything. The second is to protest against hermits, some of whom retired from official positions, such as Tao Yuanming. Tao Yuanming's life is full of the source of hermit, which is valued by scholars. His life choice in this respect shows a unique and distinctive personality spirit. With the deepening understanding of the dark reality since China's entry into WTO, Tao Yuanming saw through the decay of the Eastern Jin regime and the irreversibility of its demise. In ancient society, since Confucius, it was a better choice for intellectuals to be an official for a living, and the so-called "official", in the original intention of Confucius, was just a means of "Tao". If the world is dirty and the Tao is not feasible, then settle for the second best, don't be an official, and "be independent." The so-called "hiding without Tao" and "floating on the sea without Tao" mean to avoid the world with Tao and not to compromise with the dark reality. Tao Yuanming, on the other hand, completely inherited the idealistic attitude when he chose to be an official. He inherits the teachings of his predecessors, keeps pace with the times, retreats with the times, and does not go with the tide. In the ninth episode of Drinking, Tao Yuanming tactfully and firmly expressed his intention of retiring: knocking at the door in the morning, falling backwards and walking by himself. Ask the son for whom, Fu Tian is kind-hearted. Hu Jiang is far-sighted, and he suspects that I keep pace with the times. It is not enough to live high under the shabby eaves. The world is Shang Tong, may you drown it. I was impressed by my father's words, and I was very angry. If you are sincere, you can learn, but if you violate it, you will not be fascinated. And * * * Huan this drink, I dare not drive back. Li Gonghuan's Notes on Tao Yuanming quoted Zhao Shanquan as saying: "Many generations encouraged Jingjie to be an official and pretend to be an article." It is not difficult to see from the poem that the poet's attitude of refusing to be an official and sticking to a certain ideal of life by seclusion is closely related to Qu Zi's rural spirit, which makes it clear that Tao Yuanming is not that kind of hermit at all. Although Tao Yuanming does not forget the worldly wisdom, his attitude is much more natural than that of Kong Rong, Ji Kang and Ruan Ji, and will not attract the attention of the rulers. Although Tao Yuanming didn't write poems with the theme of "inviting seclusion", his poems reached the peak of "seclusion poems". Of course, the famous poem "Drinking" is the fifth poem: "Building a house is in a human environment, and there are no horses and chariots. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. This makes sense, I forgot to say it. " This kind of "hermit poetry" is really extraordinary. Tao Yuanming's ideal of Wuling Taoyuan is a kind of culture. As one of the symbols of Oriental Utopia, Peach Blossom Garden shows the memory of an ancient lifestyle that is closer to the truth.