Most of Si Kongtu's poems show seclusion of mountains and rivers, and the content is very indifferent. He also wrote a poem to express his confession: "If there is something in the poem, you should still quit. Don't be unfair to poetry. " In the history of literature, he is mainly known for his poetics. His "Twenty-four Poems" is a theoretical reflection of the high development of Tang poetry art and a masterpiece of pure poetry art at that time. "Twenty-four Poems" divides the artistic expression of poetry into twenty-four styles, such as vigorous, implicit, strange, natural and refined. Each style is a product, and each product is illustrated by twelve vivid four-character rhymes. It had a far-reaching influence on later literary criticism and creation.
Si Kongtu's theories on the development of poetry are Yin Kun and Jiao Ran, which pay attention to implicit verve and mellow artistic conception of Qingyuan, and advocate "meaning is beyond taste" and "near but not floating, far and inexhaustible" (Talking about Poetry with Li Sheng); Pay attention to "the image outside the image, the scene outside the scene" ("Ji Pushu"). He highly praised Wang Wei and Wei's poetic style, but criticized Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi for being "vigorous and furious". He also praised Li Bai's and Du Fu's works and Han Yu's songs and poems, which are magnificent, but they are not exclusive. In a collection of poems about Li Sheng, he once quoted some poems that he was proud of, such as early spring, mountains and rivers, south of the Yangtze River, chardonnay, funeral, Taoist temple, summer scenery, Buddhist temple, suburban garden, Yuefu, loneliness and ease. Most of them preferred quiet beauty to express leisure. Some of his works, such as, Wang driving xiaoyi to visit Chongyang, crazy titles, accidental books, the feeling of Hehuang, etc. , also reveals his unique sad hug.
Twenty-four Poems is his poetry monograph, which is called Poems for short. Among them, the artistic style and artistic conception of poetry are divided into 24 kinds: vigorous, diluted, slim, calm, lofty, elegant, refined, vigorous, beautiful, natural, subtle, bold, smart, meticulous, wild, strange, tortuous, realistic, sad, descriptive, super-conceptual, elegant, broad-minded and flowing. It is different from Zhong Rong's Shi Pin, which focuses on evaluating the source of the writer's works.
Aesthetic ideology
Si Kongtu's aesthetic thought contains many levels. In his aesthetic masterpiece "Twenty-four Poems", there are not only explanations of various styles, but also explorations of creative methods, and more fans of the poet's own cultivation. These also have a strong guiding role and reference significance for contemporary aesthetics.
Si Kongtu's "Twenty-four Poems" expounds the twenty-four styles of poetry with twenty-four artistic conceptions, which are undoubtedly fine and exquisite. However, after in-depth thinking, these twenty-four styles also contain Si Kongtu's consistent aesthetic thoughts, such as the pursuit of nature and the weakening of aesthetic interest based on Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thoughts; Si Kongtu's aesthetic theories, such as "the intention is beyond the taste" and "the image is beyond the image", are also vividly reflected in Twenty-four Poems. "Nature" is the highest ideal aesthetic realm of China's ancient literary creation, and its philosophical and aesthetic basis is that Laozi and Zhuangzi advocate letting nature take its course and oppose man-made. Liu Xie said in the article "Wen Xin Diao Long": "Clouds and clouds are more beautiful than painters; Flowers and trees are flourishing, and brocade craftsmen are not surprised; Husband adorns natural ears. " So the first two sentences of this product say: "Watch, don't talk about your neighbors." It means that the truly beautiful poetic scene is for yourself, and you don't have to look for it deliberately, so the next two sentences go on to say: "All roads lead to Rome, and spring warms bloom." "All Roads" and "Zhuangzi"; Fu Bao: "Tao can be carried, and it is also." Tao refers to nature. If we can live in harmony with nature, we can start and become spring, and we don't need to try our best to pursue it. The further development of this idea, such as bloom's, such as the Chinese New Year, is a natural phenomenon, not produced by manpower. The "truth" of "truth without taking it" refers to the natural truth and giving it to it. These two sentences say that those who give nature will not lose nature, and those who want to rely on human strength will lose nature. The last four sentences say that "you people" live in an empty mountain, not against the cat's wishes. After the rain, they took a walk and occasionally picked up apple grass at will, not intentionally. "Shu Yan" in the two sentences of Shu Yan Gan is an auxiliary word. For example, the Book of Songs says, "Choose words." "Affection", affection and sex refer to the nature of nature. "heavenly army" refers to the free operation and endless cycle of heaven. "Zhuangzi" says: "It is the sage who makes peace with right and wrong and rests on the sky." Heaven, don't be equal to heaven. Cheng Yue: "If heaven is equal, nature is equal." This means letting everything run in a natural balance. These two sentences mean to understand the free change of everything with the nature of nature. Li Bai's "Emei Mountain Moon Song" says: "Emei Mountain falls on the Pingqiang River in the autumn of half a month. Qingxi went to the Three Gorges at night, and the four gentlemen did not see Yuzhou. " Sailing in the river on a moonlit night, the boat is integrated with the landscape, such as the appearance of nature, without a trace of artificial axe chisel.
Si Kongtu's artistic style embodies various styles of beauty developed from two basic styles of masculinity and femininity. The Summary of Four Treasures of the Study's General Catalogue says that it "lists all kinds of bodies, but does not focus on one body", and Xu Yinfang also says in the postscript that "its teacher is poetry, with a wide range of portals and eclecticism". The greatest contribution of Shi Pin to the theory of artistic style is to study the artistic style of literature from the general discussion of literary language style. In the Tang Dynasty, the theory of poetry and prose began to divide, and the style theory in poetry theory gradually turned to the artistic conception style of poetry, which can be clearly seen in Jiao Ran's 19-character style theory, while Shi Pin is a pure poetic artistic conception style theory. This is very different from Liu Xie.
An official in his life
Si Kongtu was an intellectual writer in Tang Dynasty. Born in a middle-level official family, his great-grandfather, grandfather and father were officials and doctors. According to the history books, there are not many literary talents, but they are not called in rural areas. Later, his article was appreciated by Jiangzhou secretariat Wang Ning. Wang Ning returned to the DPRK as assistant minister of rites, paid tribute, and took the senior high school entrance examination in Xian Tong, Tang Yizong for ten years (AD 869). He was promoted to the first place in Jinshi, at the age of 33, and was praised by Wang Ning, which made him famous. Soon, Wang Ning was demoted to the secretariat of Shangzhou because of this incident. Si Kongtu was grateful to him and offered to accompany him. Tang Xizong was an official for four years (877), and Wang Ning was appointed as an observer of Yuxuan, known as the shogun. In the second year, the imperial court named Si Kongtu as the imperial history in the temple. Because I couldn't bear to leave Wang Ning, I was moved to the left as the main thin of Guanglu Temple and to Luoyang in the east. At that time, Lu Xie went out with him and lived in Luoyang. He likes his talent and personality very much and often travels with him. Once, Xie Lu passed Si Kongtu's mansion and wrote a poem praising him on the wall, saying, "The surname is ordinary and expensive, and the official class is humble." If the old man is here, don't worry. "Later, Lu took back North Korea to reunite with him, and called Sikongtu as the history of does, looking for a doctor.
In the first year of Tang Xizong Guangming (880), the Huang Chao Uprising Army invaded Chang 'an. Si Kongtu's younger brother had a slave named Zhang Duan who participated in the Huang Chao Uprising. He enthusiastically publicized the benefits of the rebels to him and advised him to meet them. He refused and went back to his hometown by the river. Later, I heard that Nuozong lived in Fengxiang, so I went to visit him and was made an imperial edict, a calligrapher in China. In the second year of Guangming, Nuozong fled to Chengdu, but failed to catch up and returned to the river. From then until his death for more than 20 years, Si Kongtu basically lived a passive seclusion life, and most of his poems and poetics were written during this period.
live/dwell in seclusion
Si Kongtu was born in a bureaucratic landlord class family, in the era of Huang Chao Uprising and the imminent collapse of the Tang Dynasty. In the great historical turmoil, he didn't have the courage to face the reality, so he adopted a secluded life attitude. After returning to his hometown, he didn't communicate with the people or contact with the government. But "a pot of idle sun and moon, Long song into Wuling River" ("Ding Weigui Wang Guangu"). "The Nong family has its own Kirin Pavilion, and the first fame is only poetry." ("Five Villages in Li Jishan Watching Apricot Blossoms") At that time, Wang Chongrong's brothers were all guarding Hanzhong and admired his reputation. He often gives more gifts, but he refuses to accept them. Later, he was tricked into making an inscription and gave thousands of silks. Si Kongtu piled them up in Yuxiang City for everyone to use. Later, he settled in the ancestral home of Wangguan Valley in Zhongtiaoshan Mountain. In this "Xanadu", there is a "Spring Stone Forest Pavilion, which is quite called the interest of seclusion", singing with eminent monks and celebrities every day. Tang Zhaozong acceded to the throne and called him into the DPRK several times, worshiping Scheeren, assisting doctors, assistant ministers of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of War, but he refused to accept his resignation on the grounds of an old illness. To this end, he specially built a pavilion in Wangguangu Manor, named "Xiu Xiu Pavilion", and wrote an article "Xiu Xiu Pavilion" to clarify his ambition: "Xiu Mei is also beautiful. Have a rest. It's beautiful. Call it a gift, and it is also appropriate to take a break; There are points, and it is appropriate to rest; If you are in a barren land, you should rest on three occasions. And falling less, long and fast, old and pedantic, these are not used to save time, it is appropriate to take a break. " He also named himself "bosom friend" and "endure humiliation", and wrote a poem "endure humiliation", repeatedly chanting "take a break, Momo Momo" to express his intention of "living better".
In the history of literature, Si Kongtu is mainly famous for his poetic theory. His poems (and several letters such as Talking about Poetry with Li Sheng) are the theoretical reflection of the highly developed art of Tang poetry and the masterpiece of pure artistic theory of poetry at that time. "Poetry" divides the artistic expression of poetry into twenty-four styles, such as vigorous, implicit, strange, natural and refined, each style is a product, and each product is illustrated by twelve vivid four-character rhymes. However, his poetics lacks strict systematicness, especially one-sided emphasis on the so-called "meaning beyond rhyme" and "meaning beyond taste", advocating a detached artistic conception far from real life experience, and ignoring the ideological nature and great social role of poetry. All these were inherited and developed by Yan Yu's Canglang poems in the Song Dynasty and Yang Yu's poems in Wang Shizhen in the Qing Dynasty, which had a lot of negative influences on the criticism and creation of later generations. Related works include Poems of Saints in Sikongbiao, including 100 Complete Poems of Tang Poetry, Gankun Zhengqi Collection and Four Series. The Anthology of Four-hole Sages includes Sikuquanshu and Four Series. This episode and Jiayetang Poems are accompanied by proofreading notes by Miao et al.
Evaluate Si Kongtu's poems, which mostly show the leisure of mountains and rivers, and the content is very thin. He also wrote a poem to express his confession: "If there is something in the poem, you should still quit. Don't be unfair to poetry. " In the history of literature, he is mainly known for his poetics. His "Twenty-four Poems" is a theoretical reflection of the high development of Tang poetry art and a masterpiece of pure poetry art at that time. "Twenty-four Poems" divides the artistic expression of poetry into twenty-four styles, such as vigorous, implicit, strange, natural and refined. Each style is a product, and each product is illustrated by twelve vivid four-character rhymes. It had a far-reaching influence on later literary criticism and creation. Outside autumn scenery, everything feels leisurely. If there is no moon this night, a year will be wasted. -Si Kongtu's Mid-Autumn Festival in Tang Dynasty
Wandering outside autumn scenery, everything feels leisurely.
If there is no moon this night, a year will be wasted. Autumn and Mid-Autumn Festival, Jiazi is heavy today, and life is only self-pity. The ceremony is in the first day, and the afternoon is next year. -Yuan Ri, written by Sikong Tu in Tang Dynasty
Jiazi is heavy today, and there is only self-pity in his life.
The ceremony is in the first day, and the afternoon is next year. During the holidays and Chinese New Year, I feel that the green trees in the village are overcast and yellow flowers are rare. Far away, the spring grass is green, and waterfowl are flying. -Si Kongtu's Lonely Hope in the Tang Dynasty
The trees in the village are dark and the yellow flowers are sparse.
Far away, the spring grass is green, and waterfowl are flying. Write Spring Scenery and Read More Si Kong Tu Poems >>