The field of educational methodology includes not only the technical principles of teaching, but also the composition and evaluation of school activity courses called middle school students, the real dialogue between teachers and students in the classroom, the education of problem-level teachers and female teachers and other related issues.
Experts, whose original meaning is entrusted by God, were first regarded as experts by profess and later by university teachers.
The main purpose of Comenius' On Great Teaching is to show the great teaching of the universal art that teaches everything to all people.
As for great teaching, an illustrated textbook called World Illustration was written in German and Latin by the Korean version. 15 1 The world picture book with theme illustrations is the first textbook in the world. It typically embodies the epistemology that Comenius' discourse is the representation of things.
The principle of "from intuition to concept" in "intuition teaching" is based on Pestalozzi's educational practice and exploration. The process from vague intuition to being able to express concepts in clear language is the process that children experience the principle of adapting to nature and then grow into the main body of modern society.
Synchronous teaching was originally designed to prevent poor children from committing crimes and bring them together to learn new things in the simplest way.
As a teaching step, Rein put forward a five-stage teaching method of "preparing tips, comparing, summarizing and applying". Preparing it means introducing the classroom teaching content to students at the beginning of class, and prompting means explaining the scheduled teaching content and teaching it to students. The comparison link is mainly to compare with the teaching content learned before. To sum it up. It is mainly to summarize the teaching contents completed in class time. Application refers to the application of teaching content to test students' mastery.
Bruner advocates a spiral course, that is, repeating the basic structure of knowledge every academic year.
Vygotsky's "zone of proximal development" refers to the area between the existing development level that children can achieve by themselves and the future development level that children may achieve with the help of others or props. "Scaffolding" refers to the media activities carried out by means of tools and languages in the recently developed fields.
Educational reform focusing on changing your study;
First of all, the change of learning is carried out by getting rid of the industrialized mode of school education effectively transmitting a lot of knowledge. The education required by the new society is dialogue education, creative thinking education and interdisciplinary intellectual education that is not limited to narrow majors. It is an education to cultivate the ability of organization information selection, and it is also a scientific and cultural education. This is a multicultural understanding education. It is an education that attaches importance to the natural ecological balance and promotes the formation of lifelong learning subjects.
Secondly, due to the emergence of lifelong learning society, the core function of school education has changed from locking the transmission of knowledge to cultivating lifelong learners.
Third, learning psychology has changed.
Learning: Starting from the relationship with the object (educational content). It is a cognitive cultural practice to explore the world through questioning and interaction, and to construct the understanding and meaning of the world by oneself.
In the classroom, learning is achieved through social interaction between people, such as the relationship between teachers and students, and the relationship between students and students.
This kind of study is also conducted as a social and political time. In this activity, learners began to practice actively and reweave interpersonal relationships with teachers and other students outside the classroom.
Three practices of learning:
Therefore, the practice of learning is not only a cognitive cultural practice to construct the relationship and meaning between objects. Constructing classroom interpersonal relationship is also a social and political practice, and constructing its own internal relationship is also an ethical existence event.
reflective teaching
Definition: the teaching of "reflective thinking = inquiry" conducted jointly by teachers and students. In this kind of teaching, the teacher's main task is to give children reasonable reasons.
It is the teacher's expectation that affects the sleep communication in daily classroom teaching and makes students achieve excellent results.
I learned a lot of valuable things from my teacher. Rather than the content taught directly from the classroom. But most of them are realized in unconscious inspired events. Reminds me of a sentence: after the teacher forgets everything, the content left behind is the essence. This is what Summer mentioned in 1994 Unteachable, which coincides with the core literacy put forward by experts in recent years.
Speech in communication is considered to have two aspects: content, meaning and social function. Moreover, this communication process is carried out as a language game of saying and receiving words.
Conversational language is a tool to promote teaching and learning, a tool to establish interpersonal relationships in classroom teaching, and an important part of self-identity and personality development of classroom teaching participants.
The more emphasis is placed on the classroom centered on a single subject, the more students are willing to become passive and subordinate, while in the comprehensive learning classroom, students' learning is more likely to form active and subjective learning.
General education aims to cultivate citizens who can undertake public responsibilities in a democratic society and actively respond to the general content of real social problems.
General education is a "three-c" education consisting of educational content with social significance, the consistency of knowledge integrated under learners' subjective learning and the * * * identity of learning condensed by * *.
"Three links" students in the "hidden course"-classroom, train students to pass the exam that can be answered correctly even if they don't really understand, pass the school gate that can avoid the hardships of school life, and pass the teacher who lives under the rights of teachers.
School education School education is regarded as a cultural expression and practical process consistent with the values, interests and concerns of the ruling class that controls material and intangible wealth. It is regarded as a cultural expression and practical process consistent with the values, interests and concerns of the ruling class that controls material and intangible wealth.
Schools are political practice places where the rights of different classes, races and genders compete for cultural hegemony through mutual struggle.
The * * * education organized by the school curriculum has lost its direct connection with the children's experience world, thus making many knowledge internalized in the form of rights appear. Through learning, bring up children together and become other children and students labeled as top students and poor students.
Teachers are not experts, but public servants. The society expects teachers to work like public servants under the bureaucratic management of educational administration.
Teachers are "skilled technicians", and educational practice is the rational application of subject content knowledge, pedagogy and psychology principles and technologies.
Teachers are "reflective practitioners". Educational practice refers to cultural and social practice including the realization and loss of political, economic and ethical values.
Based on the public mission of contributing to human happiness and social progress, teachers can feel the significance and value of this work.
In today's social and cultural confusion and loss, the public mission of education has become an urgent problem to be solved than ever before.
Teacher culture We call a certain pattern of culture formed by teachers in the same professional body teacher culture.
The study of teacher culture has two purposes. First, clarify the tangible and intangible shackles that silently restrict teachers' consciousness and behavior, and explore ways to liberate teachers from these shackles. The second is to explore the possibility of teachers' professional culture and how to build a professional body of mutual cooperation and common growth among teachers.
In order to carry out teaching activities effectively, it is not enough for teachers to only have subject knowledge, so they must realize the practical significance of this knowledge and its connection with other knowledge. We should also recognize the generation process of this knowledge, that is, the various methods to realize this system, and more importantly, the various methods for students to master this knowledge, that is, the teaching methods of flexibly organizing and learning this knowledge in the classroom. Schulman
Essential knowledge fields for expert teachers:
1, four areas related to the subject content:
Educational content knowledge (related subject knowledge. )
General knowledge of pedagogy. Understand the organization of teaching materials and the management of academic level. )
Course knowledge (teaching materials and units. )
Based on the textbook knowledge learned in class.
2. Three areas related to teachers' professional education:
Knowledge about learners and their characteristics.
Knowledge about academic qualifications.
Philosophical and historical knowledge about the value of educational purpose.
Case analysis method
Case analysis is embodied in two modes:
First, lesson learning to understand the main concepts and principles of pedagogy and educational psychology through specific "lesson examples";
The second is to master the thinking mode of teachers as experts to solve practical problems.
The other is to master the way of thinking as an expert by discussing cases.
"Practical knowledge", a "narrative way" in which the teacher is the first person and the students appear in their real names, mostly discusses the diverse meanings of accidental events in the classroom. Later, the way of replacing teachers with T and students with S led to the loss of teachers' first-person subjectivity, obliterating teachers' inherent students and covering up the background of story development in the teaching process.
Narrative is a way to describe and express all the facts of teachers' personal growth, historical and cultural background, educational beliefs, social background of school classroom hell, cultural background of students' growth, personality and so on through cultural inheritance and re-creation among teachers.
The complex and diverse cash society requires teachers to have extensive knowledge, academic qualifications and higher professional knowledge. Therefore, we must first redefine the professionalism of teachers. Secondly, we should actively carry out activities that can promote the growth of teachers in daily life, especially research activities based on school lesson learning and free learning seminars among teachers. Third. It is necessary to fundamentally reform the training and education of teachers. Fourth, we should ensure a variety of on-the-job training opportunities in the system.
If we say that the opportunity for growth is first to reflect on and self-criticize our own teaching in class, then to study in school. Then there are small-scale teaching practice exchange activities between teachers, who can learn from each other freely.
The Third Cultural Revolution
Written during the first Cultural Revolution.
The second cultural revolution was printing.
The third cultural revolution is both an information technology revolution and a cognitive revolution.
This is an information revolution. Information is a concept deprived of experience, personal relationship and background, and it is a symbol to express the meaning of knowledge.
The application of computer in education.
Cai. computer-assisted instruction
computer assisted learning
IAC: Teaching Application of Computer
In the computer age, teachers are no longer the transmitters of textbook knowledge. It will be transformed into a medium between all kinds of information and knowledge carriers outside the clean classroom and students.
Information society is a society in which information constitutes the relationship between people. At the same time, the information society is also a society where learning occupies the center of social activities. In fact, the society in which computers play a role in economic, political and cultural centers has evolved into a "school society" that requires all participants to learn for life.
Future education.
First, with the gradual disintegration of the boundary between children and adults and the binary opposition between them, the binary opposition between teaching and learning in the teacher-student relationship has also begun to change. Teachers are faced with the need to reposition themselves as learners.
Second, in the past, for most students, studying at school was the only way to get in touch with knowledge and culture. Without the experience of studying at school, it was impossible to deeply understand the art of mathematics and history. But nowadays, with the development of information media, almost all the contents taught in schools, not even the knowledge and culture taught in schools, can be found outside the school. Schools that were once isolated from society as a teaching system are now forced to redefine themselves.
Third, the practice of learning constitutes the core of survival, and the activities of cultural inheritance and re-creation will further penetrate into the whole social life. The future of mankind and the earth depends more on people's position and ethics. In a society where children's living difficulties are further aggravated, the functions that education should play and the responsibilities and obligations that schools should shoulder are even more arduous.
Today's school has arrived, and it's time for teachers to change their roles. Since this change needs to be fundamentally changed, it is necessary to seriously explore the root causes, and this change has been accumulated for centuries. Based on the historical structure, it is even more necessary to steadily promote change.