① System desensitization method;
② Self-management technology;
③ aversion therapy;
④ Imitation learning;
⑤ Role-playing;
6. Self-confidence training;
⑦ strengthening method;
Cognitive behavioral therapy.
Although there are many specific methods of behavioral therapy, there are many similarities in the treatment process, including the following aspects.
1. Understand the reasons why visitors don't adapt to behaviors or diseases.
Visitors' maladjustment behavior is often not caused by a single factor, but by the comprehensive action of many factors (biological, psychological and social factors). Only by accurately grasping these influencing factors can we lay the foundation for effective consultation.
2. Determine the target behavior (or target behavior) that needs to be corrected.
The maladaptive behavior of visitors is often very complicated, with primary and secondary points; There are "primary" and "secondary". Therefore, it is necessary to determine the main manifestations of the non-adaptive behavior of visitors, that is, to determine the target behavior that needs to be corrected as the goal of treatment. Then, through observation and inspection, the severity and frequency of visitors' maladjustment behavior were recorded, and the baseline of symptoms before treatment was listed as the control index during treatment. For example, the severity and frequency of anxiety can be determined according to the prescribed grading standards of light, medium and heavy. The completion of this work laid the foundation for the next step to formulate a suitable treatment plan.
3. Explain the purpose, significance and methods of behavioral therapy to visitors. Although the implementation plan and procedures of behavioral therapy are formulated by therapists, the implementation process must be actively cooperated by visitors to succeed. On the surface, the therapist is active and the visitor is passive, but in fact, it is necessary to require close cooperation between the two sides, especially the active cooperation of the visitor, which is the key to the ideal effect of behavioral therapy. Therefore, before the treatment begins, it is necessary to explain the purpose, significance and methods of behavioral therapy to visitors, so that they can eliminate unnecessary doubts and psychological resistance caused by ignorance and actively cooperate with the treatment.
4. There are many kinds of behavioral therapy techniques, but each method has its own indication range. At the beginning of behavioral therapy, we must choose one or two most suitable behavioral therapy techniques that are most likely to achieve reliable curative effect according to the clinical characteristics and therapeutic purpose of the target behavior. Sometimes in order to improve the curative effect, it is necessary to cooperate with certain drugs or therapeutic instruments as a comprehensive treatment measure.
5. Give positive and negative reinforcement according to the nature of behavioral therapy technology and the change of visitors' behavior.
In the process of treatment, the therapist gives corresponding positive reinforcement (such as praise, encouragement or material reward) or negative reinforcement (such as criticism, pain stimulation or withdrawal of reward) according to the characteristics of the selected treatment technology and the nature, characteristics, reasons and treatment purpose of the target behavior (such as whether to dilute, transform or reshape the target behavior or form new behavior to replace the old behavior), and changes the behavior throughout the treatment process.
6. According to the change of treatment, adjust the treatment method.
Because most of the maladjustment behaviors of visitors are gradually formed after a long time, the reasons for the formation are also very complicated, and it is difficult to cure them without a certain course of treatment. Therefore, after the start of treatment, it is necessary to make appropriate adjustments to the treatment methods and measures according to the changes in treatment conditions.
7. Transfer the therapeutic effect to the non-therapeutic situation.
Behavioral therapy is generally carried out in special treatment situations (such as treatment rooms), and visitors may be effective in special treatment situations. Whether the curative effect can be transferred to the daily life situation is a common problem in behavioral therapy.
One of the possible solutions is to strengthen the visitors' sense of freedom of behavior and "self-initiation" and train their anti-interference ability by changing the attribution according to the attribution theory, especially the "attribution-maintenance model". We have introduced the related contents in the second section of Chapter 10.
Theoretical Overview: Pavlov and Thorndike are pioneers of behavioral psychology.
Watson believes that behavior can be controlled by learning and training, not the theory of behavioral psychology that genetic factors play an important role.
The psychological school founded by Watson mainly studies human behavior.
According to the theoretical viewpoint of the stimulus-response model, ① can be expressed by the formula r = f (s); ② There is no need to consider the intermediate process between stimulus and response.
Tolman, a new behaviorist, thinks that the theory of behaviorism is correct: ① b = f (S, p, h, t, a); ② There is an intermediary variable between stimulus and response. That is, behavior (b) is a function of test variables, such as environmental stimulus (s), biological drive (p), heredity (h), past training experience (t) and age (a).
What does not belong to Skinner's behaviorism theory is: ① Propose the formula r = f (s, a), where r is the reaction and s is the intermediate variable; ② Put forward the classical conditioned reflex theory. Skinner put forward the theory of operant conditioning.
The formula of operant conditioning is R=f(S, a). S is the stimulus and A is the control variable.
Social learning theory emphasizes the following points: ① the interaction between people and social environment; ② Imitating learning theory; (3) Alternative learning of human beings.
Regarding the concept of alternative learning, the incorrect expressions are as follows: ① Human beings can't foresee the result of behavior and don't need actual experience; ② Alternative learning belongs to the classic behaviorism theory.
Behavioral therapy is a process of overcoming bad behavior habits by using the principles and methods of behavioral learning established by experiments. The definition of behavioral therapy was first put forward by Wopi.
The characteristics of behavioral therapy technology are ★: ① Describe the treatment process with objective operational terms; (2) On the basis of experimental research, the hypothesis and treatment methods are put forward.