Occupation is the result of social division of labor and the symbol of the progress of human social production and social life. With the continuous development of economy and society and the rapid development of science and technology, the number, types, structure and requirements of social occupations are constantly changing.
First, the impact of economic development on career development. "
The economic field is the social field with the largest number of occupations and positions. The development of economy needs the society to provide talents needed by various industries, and people also get employment opportunities. Therefore, social economy plays a very direct and particularly important role in the change and development of occupation.
In a society dominated by natural economy, economic growth and development are very slow, and the resulting changes in industrial structure, industry structure and occupation structure are also very slow. After the industrial revolution, human beings began to pay attention to the speed of economic development. In the contemporary era of human society, most countries in the world put economic growth and development in the center or priority position, which directly accelerated the changes of industrial structure and industrial structure. For example, during the industrial revolution, the textile industry was the main industrial industry at that time, and it was not until the 20th century that the steel and construction industries began to surpass it. It took only ten years for the electronics and computer industries to develop into major industries in today's society. With the acceleration of industrial structure and industrial structure changes, the structure, quantity and distribution of occupations change more frequently.
Since the reform and opening up, due to the development of industrial structure, some new industries and occupations have emerged in China, such as leasing and real estate. The social status of service industries has improved, and insurance, advertising, tourism and entertainment have developed rapidly. These are the direct results of economic development.
Second, the impact of technological development on career development
Scientific and technological progress has brought great influence to career development. The development of modern science and technology has brought many new technologies, new products and new processes. The research, development and application of these new technologies and processes will inevitably lead to the substitution of some occupations. For example, with the development of electronic computer technology, traditional occupations such as telegraph, telephone wiring and mechanical typing have gradually come to an end, but new occupations such as electronic communication, network service, electronic security, computer manufacturing, debugging, maintenance, design and training have emerged one after another. With the development of science and technology, career development has become more and more characteristic, that is, the speed of mental labor career development is getting faster and faster, and manual labor career will be less and less: there are more and more occupations in economic sectors and service industries, and the demand in administrative management and other industries is getting less and less.
Third, the future career development forecast
(A) the characteristics of the future occupation
Some experts predict that the future career will present the following three characteristics:
1. The content of vocational education has increased.
All kinds of jobs need more skilled workers with good education and the latest technology, and the occupations of simple manual labor or mechanical operation will be significantly reduced.
In developed countries, the unemployment rate of blue-collar workers in manufacturing industry is higher than that of white-collar workers in management; The unemployment rate of white-collar workers engaged in banking, advertising and other service jobs is significantly higher than that of employees engaged in development and research. In the future, the boundary between white-collar workers and blue-collar workers will become more and more blurred, and the profession will gradually develop in the direction of specialization.
2. Professional requirements are constantly updated.
Some occupations have new requirements for professional content due to new working equipment and changes in conditions. For example, in the past, administrators only required good organizational and coordination skills, problem-solving skills, writing skills, oral expression skills and so on. But now, in addition to the above abilities, they are also required to have social communication, computer-aided management, office automation operation ability and so on.
3. Permanent occupational reduction
Only a few people can have "permanent" jobs, while more and more people will be engaged in timekeeping, piecework or temporary jobs.
(2) Hot jobs in the future
Hot jobs are of great concern to both supply and demand sides in the talent market. Whenever possible, both sides are willing to take the lead in entering hot positions. Because engaging in hot jobs and hiring people with hot professional expertise will help to ensure more opportunities for survival and development in the fierce market competition.
Hot jobs are generally formed according to economic development. 2 1 century is the era of knowledge economy, and high technology and electronic communication will be new economic growth points. Therefore, some occupations related to the rapid development of information, biology and high technology will gradually become popular occupations.
1. China Top Jobs Ranking
According to the information released by China Economic and Trade Commission from 65438 to 0999, the economic situation in China is constantly improving, the quality and efficiency of economic operation of state-owned loss-making industrial enterprises have obviously rebounded, the textile industry began to turn losses in June of the same year, the metallurgical, nonferrous metals and coal industries will also achieve profits by the end of the year, and the situation of petrochemical industry is getting better and better.
In addition, China's accession to the WTO will also have a significant impact on China's economy. Experts estimate that China's accession to the WTO will increase120,000 jobs. With the rise and fall of some industries after China's entry into WTO, it will cause different changes in China's social and professional structure. The demand situation of foreign languages, accounting, commerce, tourism, law, economic management and other majors will gradually become popular, which may re-heat the international economic and trade and occupations related to foreign-related majors that have been in a downturn in recent years. With the rapid development of high-tech enterprises, there will be a big breakthrough in the growth of related occupations.
Experts estimate that the popular occupations in China will develop in the following directions in 2 1 century:
(1) Advanced computer science and technology occupations such as software development, hardware maintenance and network integration. Today's society has entered the information age, and computer applications are becoming more and more popular. It is predicted that within a few years, computer graduates will continue to be popular in the talent market and become the focus of high-tech enterprises. It is understood that in 2000, almost everyone of graduate students and undergraduates majoring in computer science in famous schools such as Shanghai Jiaotong University, Fudan University, Tongji University and South China Normal University had five or six units to choose from, and the market price of their salaries also rose, with the lowest being at least 3,000 yuan; Even computer graduates from ordinary colleges and universities have a monthly salary of not less than 2000 yuan. It is precisely because of the shortage of computer graduates that many employers have to hire graduates majoring in applied mathematics, which makes the value of graduates majoring in mathematics, which was unsalable in previous years, skyrocket.
(2) Electronic engineering majors such as communication engineering and radio technology. With the rapid development of post and telecommunications in recent years, the modernization of communication equipment such as program-controlled telephones and mobile communication networks requires a large number of graduates majoring in electronic engineering such as communication engineering and radio technology. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the state designated the machinery, electronics and automobile manufacturing industries as the pillar industries to promote the whole economic growth and structural upgrading. After a few years, the graduates of related majors will be of great use and have broad employment prospects.
(3) Agricultural occupation. Promoting agriculture through science and education and improving the content of agricultural science and technology provide a broad stage for agricultural graduates to display their talents. A considerable number of agricultural graduates will be enriched to crops planting, vegetable basket project, poultry breeding, agricultural machinery industry or agricultural scientific research institutions in towns and farms. They will rely on their own advantages in mastering modern technology and management, boldly engage in various collective or individual contracts, and gradually develop into a new type of "farmer", "rancher" and "aquatic king" in China.
(4) Tertiary industries such as finance, real estate and information consultation. The technology-intensive tertiary industry is the focus of economic development, and these industries lack highly educated and high-level talents. Although some graduates majoring in finance from non-financial universities will change jobs in the future, graduate students and undergraduates majoring in finance from famous universities are still hot spots in the talent market.
(5) major in politics and law. At present, the team of full-time and part-time lawyers and corporate legal advisers is growing day by day and has become a hot profession. Moreover, with the in-depth development of the market economy, the demand for legal talents in society will expand day by day, and the main source of the future judicial team will be political and legal graduates. In addition, the establishment of the civil service examination system has opened up fair competition opportunities for political and legal graduates.
(6) Normal and medical occupations. It is understood that in the future, the employment focus of normal and medical graduates will be directed to grassroots units with weak technical strength and remote areas, suburbs and first-line cultural, educational and health units to solve the contradiction between urban and rural development and unreasonable structural layout. At present, the reform of weak schools, mobile teaching and medical support programs have been launched.
(7) Environmental occupation. Environmental problem is an increasingly serious social problem and an important subject of human development, which has attracted more and more attention from all countries. With the requirements of the times, there will be more waste managers, waste handlers and environmental research, development and application professionals.
(8) Out-of-hospital medical industry. With the improvement of people's living standards and the development of medical science and technology, the life span of human beings will be extended, and the problem of aging population will appear, requiring a large number of medical and health care experts.
(9) facial make-up. Today, China citizens have generally accepted the concept that "make-up is to show respect". The meaning of makeup is not only the consideration of color, material and collocation, but also its extension will extend to the coordination of makeup with time, place and occasion. In fact, in countries and regions where the beauty industry is highly developed, the classification of makeup has long been "fine", and there are extremely strict standards for distinguishing work makeup from dance makeup. Therefore, the beauty industry will become a hot profession.
(10) International business planner. 2 1 century, business planning will become one of the most popular occupations with the best development prospects, the highest income and the most stable employment. In "1999 Beijing WBSA Business Planner Development Report", Professor Shi Xianwen said that at present, the most lacking talents in China enterprises are business strategists who can provide business planning. These strategists must have rich business experience, be good at speaking or writing, be good at independent thinking, have strong insight and innovative consciousness, and be able to produce good ideas or new suggestions. People who are familiar with the operation mechanism of the industry and have a strategic vision for the development of the industry and can help enterprises overcome the crisis of transformation can always provide new ideas and ideas in their respective fields, discover new fields, new topics and new products with more strategic value, and constantly form unparalleled advantages, so they become the most popular people.
2. American hot jobs list
1999 "American news and world report" conducted a survey on American occupations, and selected 20 of them as 1999' s popular occupations in the United States. Here are some of them for your reference.
(1) technical writer. This profession is to express some technical terms in easy-to-understand language so that the technical layman can understand them. It requires a bachelor's degree in English or technical communication and strong writing skills. The survey shows that the minimum annual salary is $35,500, the middle income is $465,438+03,000, and the highest income is $54,565,438+00,000.
(2) the project manager. The project manager is responsible for whether the budget of the construction project is balanced, whether the project progress is normal and whether the project quality is qualified. Diploma in engineering and building management, rich experience in building construction and management, and understanding of engineering budget is preferred. Its annual salary is $50,000 for junior, $65,064 for intermediate and $86,800 for senior.
(3) Management information system consultant. Small companies and large enterprises need such consultants. Because he can tell enterprises how to engage in e-commerce, how to solve the Y2K problem of computers and related computer problems after the introduction of Euro. It requires employees to have a bachelor's or master's degree in management information system or computer program, and some companies will provide business knowledge training after employment. The minimum annual salary is $5 12000, the middle income is $68,900, and the maximum is $250,000.
(4) speech pathologists. Speech pathologists are often misunderstood. His job is not only to help people with lisp, but also to help people with hearing impairment. He can teach teachers how to simplify teaching methods, teach students how to take notes in class and help students who don't listen to instructions. It is predicted that there will be 654.38+250,000 speech pathologists in the United States in 2005. It requires employees to have a master's degree, relevant work experience and pass the national examination. The minimum annual salary is 38,000 yuan, the middle income is 44,000 dollars, and the highest income can reach 52,000 dollars.
(5) Communication engineer. The communication engineer maintains the normal operation of the mobile phone network and is also responsible for the normal use of the global positioning system. This profession requires practitioners to have a bachelor's degree in communication engineering. The minimum annual salary is $60,800, the middle income is $78,000, and the maximum is $99,000.
(6) Public * * * Relationship Manager. The public relations manager mentioned here is different from the general public relations manager. As Americans invest more money in stocks, bonds and pension funds, banks now need a public relations manager to communicate with customers, who will help them invest, manage cash and credit cards, and even sell insurance and bonds. It increasingly requires employees to have a master's degree in business administration, and at the same time must have good communication skills with customers and sales ability. The minimum annual salary is $40,000, the middle income is $48,300, and the maximum salary is $59,200.
(7) Physiotherapists. As many hospitals in the United States cut expenses, some patients went home to continue their treatment. Therefore, there is a great demand for family therapists in society. Physiotherapists provide on-site service. He helps patients with rehabilitation exercises, provides patients with appropriate medical equipment, and teaches patients' families how to help patients recover. Employees must graduate from a four-year medical school recognized by the American Physical Therapy Association and hold a qualification certificate. By 200 1, employees must also have at least a master's degree. The minimum annual salary is $39,780, the middle income is $57,200, and the maximum income can reach $65,000.
(8) catering guidance. 1999 may be the "banquet year" in the United States, because the American economy has maintained the momentum of development, catching up with the end of the century, and Americans' demand for catering guidance has been rising. In a small company, the food and beverage director works 16 hours a day, and every detail has to be asked from determining the menu to arranging seats. In larger companies, the food and beverage director needs to find the right employees and manage them. At present, many hotels in the United States are recruiting catering directors, requiring practitioners to have sales and hotel experience. The minimum annual salary is $22,800, the middle income is $30,000, and the maximum is $42,600.
(9) Just exploring. A headhunter is the person in charge of finding talents in a headhunting company. Nowadays, talents are more focused on senior managers seeking jobs and outstanding talents in hot industries. To be a successful talent scout, you must have more than three years' working experience in a certain professional field. The minimum annual salary is 50,000 ~ 6,543,800 USD, the middle income is 6,543,800 ~ 250,000 USD, and the highest income is 250,000 ~ 6,543,800 USD.
(3) the decline of future occupation
As the global economy is influenced by the Internet, the pace of career changes is accelerating, and some very familiar occupations, even the current hot occupations, will die out. An expert in the west once wrote an article about occupations that are likely to be out of date in the future 15:
(1) traditional secretary. Since the advent of personal computers, e-mails and fax machines, secretaries have spent more than 45% of their time filing documents, transmitting information, mailing materials, mailing letters and copying materials. But the more advanced electronic office system will make it possible for executives and managers to turn even scribbled notes into memos, which can be distributed by pressing the command key, and the secretary in charge of typing will actually disappear.
(2) bank teller. By the year 2000 (in economically underdeveloped countries, it may be 20 10), almost all bank customers will use ATMs, leaving only a few tellers to handle the front desk transactions of banking business.
(3) telephone operator. It is estimated that in the next few years, telephone and telegraph companies in western developed countries are expected to replace more than half of long-distance telephone operators with automatic speech recognition technology. This technology and automated telephone network and voice information system will make people lose some employment opportunities.
(4) receptionist. Some communication companies in the United States can now provide extremely advanced voice recognition systems, which can handle incoming calls and outgoing calls. Many companies are also developing similar systems, which will cause many large companies and government agencies to cancel the receptionist profession in the future.
(5) Public librarians. Computers have replaced the library card catalogue, and may soon replace the library you know. At that time, people will forget the traditional library and simply inform the library to send books through the Internet.
(6) mining. Due to the gradual improvement of commercial areas, residential areas and real estate, coupled with environmental improvement and the construction of roads, bridges and dams, the construction industry will continue to grow. However, due to the recession of oil and natural gas industries, the demand for minerals such as coal and metals is not high, and the growth of mining industry will be quite limited.
(7) manufacturing industry. Including the setup, adjustment, operation and maintenance of the machine, or the manual use of small instruments to manufacture products or assemble parts. At present, due to a large number of imported products and the automation of foreign production lines, the traditional handicraft manufacturing industry can not escape the fate of decline. The only exception is the operation of plastic appliances, because some metal appliances will be replaced by plastic products.
(8) Transportation. Including mass transportation and cargo handling. Generally speaking, it will continue to grow, of course, there are also different developments due to different industries. As far as the development of bus driver industry is concerned, it will continue to grow rapidly, while truck freight will continue to grow. However, the growth of operators of handling machinery is limited because of the automation of machines, and waterway and railway transportation will also decline gradually because of the invention of new technologies.
(9) Cleaning workers and grass-roots labor. Due to automation, this aspect will grow slowly; It is also affected by factors such as high turnover rate and vulnerability to the impact of business cycle, and the future is not very optimistic.