1, the difference of world outlook
China people attach importance to overall harmony, while westerners attach importance to difference analysis. China's philosophy pays attention to the unity of opposites and emphasizes the harmonious relationship between man and nature and between people. Western philosophy advocates the independence of the objective world, the separation of subjectivity and objectivity, and opposition without complementarity. Dialectical thinking in ancient China was much more developed than in the West. This way of thinking pays attention to the overall concept and the view of unity of opposites. Both Confucianism and Taoism pay attention to observing things as a whole and paying attention to the relationship between things. When observing things, both Laozi and Confucius pay attention to opposites and their mutual transformation. In ancient China, people infiltrated the concept of this universe model into garden activities, thus forming a unique group space art. ..
Compared with the clear and objective eloquence of the West, most ancient philosophers in China have a Buddhist demeanor. They meditated and realized Tao, but they never got a clear answer. China gardens have this flavor, just as Chinese paintings are freehand brushwork rather than meticulous brushwork, and China people pay attention to harmony, which is "the harmony between heaven and earth". Therefore, they also pay attention to implication, profundity and illusion in gardening, especially the alternation of reality and falsehood, which has become a major feature of China gardens. Western gardens are rigorous, with straight axes and unobstructed. China gardens pay attention to "changing scenery", even small gardens can draw a great depth of field in concealment, and the secret lies in hiding but not revealing, and implicating.
2, the difference of natural view:
The mainstream of China's philosophical tradition is the unity of man and nature, and Yi Zhuan puts forward the unity of man and nature. Its image says: "cut into the way of heaven and earth to help them adapt", and in the copula says: "If the scope of heaven and earth does not exceed, everything will remain." The moderation of nature must conform to its own laws, and the assistance of nature should be moderate, imitating the natural function of nature without excessive, and being used to achieve everything without lack. These are human's progress and maintenance of nature, moderation and harmony, difference and interaction. The idea of advocating nature is first manifested in China people's special aesthetic interest in China architecture. Although the aesthetic principle of peace and nature is based on the scale of human nature, it is also inseparable from the idea of advocating nature. For example, the essence of gardening is "borrowing scenery". "There is a wonderful scene outside the park? Borrow? What is the scenery outside the scene? What time? Flowers, trees, clouds, wind, birds, flowers, invisible scenery and tangible scenery are intertwined into a song. " It can be seen that the traditional gardens in China are ingenious and wonderful. It is obviously a man-made mountain, water and garden, but it is necessary to use flowers, birds, insects and fish, strange mountains and fine water to create a situation of "being as natural as the sky". Especially in Jiangnan gardens, the smaller the garden, the more attention is paid to the beauty of nature. Bai Juyi built a thatched cottage in Lushan Mountain, and wrote a poem saying, "Why do I wash my ears, and the roof falls off the spring?" Why clean my eyes and build them under the white lotus? Holding a pot in the left hand and five strings in the right hand ... A tired bird will get a lush forest, and a dried fish will return to a clear spring. If you don't want to do this, how hard it is. "This ideal of China literati turned into fireworks and private gardens. Even the royal gardens are more leisurely than the western royal gardens.
Third, the differences between Chinese and Western garden layout
The biggest difference between Chinese and western classical gardens in the overall layout lies in highlighting natural scenery or buildings. The outstanding feature of the classical gardening art represented by the French Palace Painting Academy is that the plane composition emphasizes the central axis of the garden, and the avenues, flower beds, pools, fountains and statues in the garden. Small buildings, Little Square, radioactive paths, etc. Are arranged around this central axis, emphasizing this central axis. At the starting point of the height of the central axis, there are tall, rigorous and symmetrical buildings, which control the axis and the axis controls the garden, so the building also controls the garden, and the garden is subordinate to the building. Obviously, the basic guiding ideology of this garden comes from rationalism, that is, "forcing nature to accept the law of symmetry"
The gardens in China are different. Landscape architecture should not only meet the needs of tourists to appreciate the natural scenery, but also become a part of the appreciated natural scenery. In other words, they have both ornamental and ornamental functions. Therefore, landscape architecture should be well coordinated with mountains, water and plants. Therefore, in the overall layout, there is neither axial symmetry nor any law to follow. Instead, it is surrounded by mountains and waters, winding and winding. Not only do flowers and trees leave the original appearance of nature, but even artificial buildings try to conform to nature, uneven and strive to integrate with nature.
Fourthly, the differences between Chinese and western landscape architecture.
People first lived in trees and caves. Since human beings built houses, they have stayed away from the attacks of wind, rain, snakes and beasts, greatly improving the conditions for reproduction, which is an important step for human beings to enter the history of civilization. & lt For a long time, Chinese and western garden buildings have developed independently in a relatively closed system, and there are few opportunities for communication, forming different forms and great differences in personality. Only in modern times, with the exchange and integration of Chinese and western ideas, culture and technology, Chinese and western garden buildings are not only very different from their traditional buildings, but also tend to be more consistent. China's garden architecture is deeply permeated with China's artistic aesthetic taste. Suzhou gardens are exquisite and exquisite, with multiple landscape changes in a short distance, such as the winding path of rockery in the lion forest, which is extremely tortuous. In many places in the garden, the principles of virtual reality, separating virtual reality and concealing virtual reality are reflected, and these principles are reflected in China's landscape paintings.
Garden architecture embodies the ideological pursuit and artistic taste of China scholar-officials. Traditional scholar-officials regarded Qi Zhiping's cultivation as Gao Gui. Both Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and Lu Wang's Neo-Confucianism attach importance to the study of honesty, self-cultivation and family planning. What they practice is the "inner universe", painting and calligraphy in pen and ink, and gardening in plants, rocks and rocks. They contain the vast universe in their hearts, or they regard the inner cultivation of life as the most extensive and important knowledge in the universe, that is, they regard it as the universe. In ancient China, apart from Li Bai and Xu Xiake, there were not many explorers, which was related to the fact that the scholar-officials attached importance to the cultivation of the "inner universe" but not to the exploration of the "outer universe". All these are reflected in architecture, which is manifested in the gorgeous and exquisite content and form. They projected the "inner universe" on the landscape architecture. & gt
The garden buildings in China are mainly wood structures, while the foundations of palaces and the walls of ordinary houses are rammed earth. The skills of bricks used in western garden buildings are unparalleled in the world; Garden buildings in Europe are mainly made of stone. Modern scholars generally believe that this is related to the natural geographical conditions of various places, but I think this is not a very convincing explanation. There is no shortage of stones in mountainous China. Wan Li Great Wall uses more stones than rammed earth. There is no shortage of wood in Europe with dense forests, and the primitive garden buildings in Europe have also experienced the period of umbrella branches and sheds.
The cultural and personality differences between eastern and western nations are also reflected in the materials of garden buildings. Generally speaking, another feature of western garden architecture is its openness, magnificence and unobstructed view. This is in sharp contrast with China's closed, restrained and hidden wall culture. Western landscape architecture can get the main impression from the front direction, and you can get a panoramic view. Even if there are lawns and gardens, they are open-air China's palace buildings can only be seen from the air in multiple dimensions to get the overall outline. In addition, there is a wall at the gate, so there is a poem "How deep is the courtyard". The garden buildings in China are round, complicated and tortuous, and they are not as direct, simple and open as lawns and gardens in the west. China, whether it is a palace or a garden, is surrounded by walls. The wall of western architecture is between if there is something, even if there is something, it will not give people the feeling of being closed and depressed.