Yuanqu is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation, which embodies its unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements and has become three important milestones in the history of China literature.
Yuanqu originated from the so-called "Fanqu" and "Le Hu" and was first circulated among the people, and was called "Street Tune" or "Village Square Minor".
With the destruction of Song Dynasty in Yuan Dynasty, it spread in the vast areas of north and south, centering on Dadu (now Beijing) and Lin 'an (now Hangzhou).
Yuanqu has strict metrical formula, and each qupai has fixed format requirements in sentence pattern, word number, level tone and so on. However, although there is a fixed frame, it is not rigid, and it is allowed to be interspersed within the fixed frame. Some qupai can also add sentences, which is more flexible than metrical quatrains and Song ci. Therefore, readers can find that two songs with the same "Qupai" sometimes have different words, which is the reason (the one with the least words in the same Qupai is the standard frame).
Yuanqu combines traditional poetry, folk songs and dialects, forming a humorous and free-and-easy artistic style, which has a very important impact on the innovative development of Ci.
Yuanqu is another literary prosperity after Tang poetry and Song poetry, which has unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherits the beauty and grace of poetry; On the one hand, in the Yuan Dynasty, the soldiers and soldiers were placed in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine men and ten beggars", and the political monopoly and social darkness made Song Yuan radiate extremely dazzling fighting brilliance and reveal rebellious feelings; Sharp-edged pointed at the drawbacks of society, denounced the society that "not reading is the highest, illiteracy is the best, and people who are not sensible are bragging", and pointed at the world trend that "everyone is embarrassed to live, and no one can see the money". The works describing love in Yuan Qu are also more inflammatory and bold than the poems of past dynasties. All these are enough to keep the artistic charm of Yuanqu forever.
But in contrast, the spread of Yuanqu is by no means as wide as that of Tang poetry and Song poetry. This is because people are not familiar with the style of Yuanqu. Here is a brief introduction.
Yuanqu can be divided into zaju and Sanqu. There are several sets of Sanqu, and poetry takes the difference between songs.
In ancient music in China, the mode is called Gongdiao. The Gongdiao of the song originated from Yan Yue in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The four strings of pipa are defined as Gong, Shang, Jiao and Yu, and each string constitutes seven tones. The seven tones of Gongdiao are called Gong, and the rest are all in tune, resulting in 28 Gongdiao. However, there are only twelve kinds of Yuan songs commonly used, namely, Lv Xian Palace, Lu Nan Palace, Huangzhong Palace, Gong Zheng, Dashi Tune, Xiaoshi Tune, Jiangjunguan Tune, Upward Tune, Upper Corner Tune, Double Tune and Yue Tune. Each gong tune has its own musical style, so there is often a certain habit in choosing the tune. For example, Wang Jide said in Qu Lv: "If you use Gongdiao, you must talk about the joys and sorrows of things. If you are traveling, use Lv Xian and Double Carving. " Mourning music includes Shang and Yue tunes. It's easy to be emotional. "
Every palace tune has a different tune. The number of sets consists of more than two different tunes in Monday Palace.
Yuanqu is a popular style in Yuan Dynasty, which is divided into two parts: zaju and Sanqu. Wang Guowei, a famous scholar in modern times, juxtaposes Yuan Qu with "Chu Sao, Han Fu, Parallel Prose of Six Dynasties, Tang Poetry and Song Poetry" and calls it "a generation of literature".
Qu Yuan
In the history of China literature, great changes have taken place in the Yuan Dynasty, and the beauty of poetry has become popular with music. According to research, the origin of Lunqu can be traced back to the beginning of ancient people's life, "Nine Plays by Jun Tian" and "Bakun by Tian Ge". Confucius also wrote 300 poems as string songs. Anhui, Hunan and other places regard nine songs of Chu as sacrificial songs, all of which are sung with orchestral music, such as Yan Nian Evil Road in Han Yuefu, Painting the Wall of the Pavilion in Tang Poetry and Banquet Song in Song Poetry. Why can a song get the name of music alone? It is also because it is more closely related to music than Yuefu and poetry. It is the extreme development of rhyme literature, so it can take the lead. China's verse literature is closely related to music. As far as ci is concerned, it originated from Tang Quzi, which originated from Yan music in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Song ci is written by sound, that is, first tuning, and then singing according to the music it plays. Another "Examination of Song and Yuan Dramas" contains: 335 Yuan tunes, from Song Daqu 1 1, 75 Tang and Song Ci poems and 28 Zhu Gong tunes. At that time, literati developed another kind of literature. By the end of the Song Dynasty, more new music appeared among the people. Such as Ling, San Ji and folk music in Taiping Yuefu and Yangchun edited by Yang. Song Ci gradually failed to meet the needs at that time, so that the position of "Ci" in vocal music was gradually replaced by "Qu". The literary form of Sanqu originated in the Song and Jin Dynasties. In the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, it was a collection of minority music and North and South minor. The narrative of Nanci includes: Yongjia Zaju is popular, but it is also a village tune, without palace tune and rhythm. Just a strange farmer, the girl in the city sings easily. As the saying goes, the so-called "Sui Xinling" is as great as the music of Qin Yuelou, Dianjiang Lip, Taichangyin and Nian Nujiao. During the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Brahma popular in Bianjing was the music of ethnic minorities. When traveling in Song Dynasty, he once said: Xuanhe came to Beijing, the market was humble for me, and many songs were called numerous songs: Guo, Shikoku Dynasty, Six Dynasties, Manchu Sorting, Pengpenghua and so on. And their words are vulgar, and they were sung by literati for a time. Jin dynasty All the songs are based on the voice of jurchen. Although the words are wrong, they don't hurt the temperament or harm the people. In the northern tune of Central Plains phonology, the novel "Pricking the Ancient", Anahu, the ancient capital of Bai, the evil of Tang Dynasty, Ahuling, the clumsy pace of Yuediao, and Lang of Shang Diao all do not exist. In Wang Shizhen's Preface to Quzao in the Ming Dynasty, the composer changed his words, and since Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Hu songs used were noisy and sad. Between the light and heavy, the words were indescribable, but they were more charming.
Qulv
The tune is in line with the long and short notes of the music. Regardless of Sanqu or Opera, the names of Qupai and tunes are generally indicated in front of Qupai, and each Qupai belongs to a certain Qupai, but there are some (borrowed from Gonggong).
Modes of China's Ancient Music
In ancient music, this tune was called Gongdiao. As long as it is music, it is composed of several tones, five or seven, and its tone sequence is called mode. In ancient music, there are twelve rhythms, five tones and two variations. The name of rhythm has existed since the Zhou Dynasty, while twelve rhythms are chromatic scales, six odd semitones are called rhythms, and six even semitones are called rhythms, which are collectively called six rhythms and six semitones. This 12-meter musical instrument is the name of the ancient blowpipe used to set the melody. Because of its different length, it produces different tones. According to Three Years of Music (Du You Tong Dian) in Book of the Tang Dynasty, the proportion is calculated by Huang Zhong's length of nine inches, with [three points lost, three points gained] and [every eight generations]. The sound of the 12-meter lyre is the lowest sound of the yellow bell, and the chromatic scale rises above the yellow bell. By the time the bell rang, it was equivalent to the twelve tones of western music. The comparison is as follows:
Huang zhong = c
Luda = # C key or C flat key?
Too cluster = d
Clamp clock = # d or e-drop.
Gu Xi (pronunciation) = E.
Lv Zhong = f
Bing = # f or d
Lin Zhong = g
Yi is = # g or a drop.
Lu Nan = a
No lens = # a or b.
Bell = b
The above twelve instruments combine seven scales:
Gong = (notation 1) (ancient name. Open)
Quotient = 2 (feet)
Angle = 3 (working)
Change sign = # 4 (where)
Sign = 5 (6)
Feather = 6 (5)
Change (leap) palace = 7 (B)
The other side's [Rotating Palace] is also the Gong Yin, which is pushed by a unified tube in turn, and * * * can get eighty-four tones. But this is beyond the limits of the human ear. So in the Tang Dynasty, only the twenty-eight tones of Su Qipo were left. Up to now, there are only six palaces and twelve tones in the North-South Song:
Six palaces: Lv Xian, Nanlu, Huangzhong, Lv Zhong, Gong Zheng and Daogong.
Twelve tones: Feather Tone, Dashi Tone, Xiaoshi Tone, General Tone, Shangjiao Tone, Gao Pingtiao Tone, Boundary Tone, Upward Tone,
Jiaodiao, Yuediao, Shuangdiao and Gongdiao.
In Twelve Tunes of Six Palaces, there are no words in Jiezhi, Gongdiao and Jiaodiao. Daogong, Feather Tone, Xiaoshi, Fanshe, Shangjiao and Gaopingze are all rare. The only commonly used palace tunes are, Nanlu, Huangzhong,,, Dashi, Shang, Yue and Shuang. It is the so-called "Nine Palaces". This Jiugong was also a common name in the Song Dynasty, but the name was different after Gong Xuan. Common and ancient names and modern tunes and flute colors are as follows:
Gong Zheng (Huangzhong Palace) = a
Minor key or ruler key, major key (yellow) = b
Small scale adjustment or ruler adjustment, Lv Zhong Palace (Jiazhong Palace) = C.
Small range or long range, double range (clock clamp quotient) = d
B key or ordinary key, Nanlu Palace (Lin Zhong Palace) = E.
Fan Kuai and Lv Xian Palace (Yigongze) = F.
Tune or ruler, Shang Diao (that is, Shang) = g
Six tones or fan tones or minor, (no shot) G six tones or fan tones, Cantonese (no shot) = A.
Sound and emotion
The Gongdiao of Yuanqu has its own voice and emotion, and the music rhythm can be expressed from its Gongdiao. It is divided into six tones and eleven tones, and the * * * meter is seventeen tones. As follows:
Lv Xian Palace sings: fresh and tender, Nanlu Palace sings: lament, Lv Zhong Palace sings: striving for money, Huangzhong Palace sings: rich and moving, Gong Zheng sings: melancholy and majestic, Daogong sings: elegant and quiet, Dashi sings: romantic and charming, Gao Ping sings: smooth and swaying, singing like a beat.
Xiaoling feature qupai
Huang Zhong: When the moon is full, the earth is full of wind, and it is fun day and night. When it is red, what is it?
Main palaces: Parrot Song (also known as black paint crossbow), Gan Caozi, Han Dongshan (also known as Yaoshan), Qingmoban, Putianle and Qingnazuo.
Lu Xian: Taitai, San Fan, Yuan.
Lu Nan: Dried lotus leaf (crispy ball), three-stick drum sound.
Zhong You: Joe caught snakes and swallowed rabbits, changed his head four times, and let loose his hair to celebrate spring.
Dashi: New Moon and Triassic in Yangguan.
Xiaoshi: Apricot, a fairy tale in the sky, is music.
Shangqu: A Hundred Words Know Autumn Preface, Qin Louyue, Embracing Jade Belly, Peach Blossom Waves, and Banana Shout.
Yuediao: Tang Duoling, Pinghu Music (also known as Little Pink) and Frost Corner.
Double tunes: Bai Zi Gui Ling, Hu Daolian, Dade Ge, Happy New Year, Ten-stick Drum, Rushing, Showing New Lotus, Chu Tianyao, Broadcasting Hailing, Jade Case, Zaoqier, Zhilanger, Hua Yanzan, Liuniangzi in Hexi, Shandan Flower, Swimming Fish in Spring and Narcissus in Hexi.
Xiaoling dual-purpose music card set
Huang Zhong: Those who step out of the queue and climb higher and higher, those who stab the ancients, those who get drunk with flowers, those who move warblers, those who hang golden ropes on the four doors, Zhu Zhi Ge (also known as Zhu Zhi Er) Didi, Bao Lao Cui, twins, Taiping Ling and Huang Longyi.
Main Palace: Daodiaoling, Sai Qiu Hong, Bhutto Shirt, Xiaoliangzhou, Zui Taiping (Ling Bo Qu), Liuyaofan, Shuangyuanyang, Fengrusongsong, Liangzhou Lingling and Yan Guosheng.
Lu Xian: parasitic grass, You Simen, backyard flower, drunken Fu Gui, drunken Zhongtian, Banel, Four Seasons flower, green brother, Yiwangsun, backyard flower, soap robe, good sister and cinnamon.
Lu Nan: Four Jade Pieces, Jade Jiaozhi (Jade Jiaozhi), One Flower, Xiangliu Mama, Yichun Ling, Bachelor of Science.
Lv Zhong: Welcome Xianke, Go, Happy III, Chao (also known as Chaotianqu, Jingjinmen), Sijing, Red Rusted Shoes (also known as Chaotianqu), December, Mountain Slope Sheep, Man, Drunk Singing, Happy Spring, Selling Flowers, Yao Folk Songs, Fighting Quails, Pink Butterflies, Drunk, Pomegranate.
Dashi: Nian Nujiao.
Upward adjustment: Wu Ye II (also known as: Tournament Hill. Zhiqiuling), Full House Red, Pavilion Music, Huang Yinger, Tafloxacin, Gai Tianqi, Ying Tianchang, You Huanchi, Brocade, Blue, Manyuanchun and Shangjingma. Jin Juxiang, high balcony. Langley.
YueDiao: Huang Qiangwei, Qingyuan Town, Tianjingsha, Zhaierling (also known as Liuyingqu), Zhu Yingtai, Tingqianliu, Shanglugen, Wuyunmei, Wuyingyingying, ManPailing, Heimaling and JiangShenzi.
Double tune: selling alcohol, sending it to Qiu Jiang, enjoying it in front of the palace (also known as Yan, Feng and Xiao Fuhai), giving it to Yuhuan, Hu, Qian, Yi Yuanbao Silver, Qing Dongyuan, Anahu, Dial Constantly and Water Fairy (also known as Xiang Feifen, Xiang, Ling Boxian and Feng Yiqu).
Celebrate peace. Plum Falling Wind (also known as Shouyang Song and Plum Falling Song), Pan Feiqu (also known as Bu Bujiao), Qingjiang Song (also known as Jiang Ershui), Jasper Jade Xiao, Gui-breaking Order (also known as Moon Song, Gui-breaking Club and Tianxiang Yin).
Xiaoling's zaju also uses qupai.
Huang Zhong: Ancient daffodils, ancient village children's orders, ancient wands, hanging gold ropes, and going down to Huanglong. Main Palace: Straight and good, rolling hydrangea, if scholar, laughing monk, blunt bone flower, broken array, brocade winding path, new lotus leaf, willow piercing fish, brushing hibiscus, fishing lamp reflecting hibiscus. Lu Xian: Shang Huashi, Dianjiangchun, Hunjianglong, Eichhornia crassipes, Tianxiale, Nezha Ridge, Quetiaozhi, Village Drum, Clump, Shengcucurbit Silk,,,, Yuan, You Simen, Houhuayuan Flower, Pu, Queqiaoxian, Jiesancun, Wuwangxiang, Yishu and Zuilog. Lu Nan: Jin Zijing (also known as Reading the Golden Classics and Xifan Classics), He Xinlang, Fighting Frog, Shepherd Pass, Red Peony, Crying Emperor, Night Crying, Manjianghong, Ten Kinds of Brocade, Bukan Palace, Fishing Lamp, Brocade, Brocade, Brocade Pat, Red Malang, Money Flower, Pink. Middle Road: Qi Tianle, Red Shirt Army, Baihezi, General She Shaobian, Qin Yuanchun, weeping Yan Hui, Moth, Pioneer, Tian Zihong Xiuxie, Gu Luntai. Dashi: Yulouchun. Carving on it: Wang Yuanxing, Hexi backyard flower, Ji Xianbin, Xiaoyao Le, vinegar gourd, Wu Xiaosi, Erlang Shen, Cluster Imperial Forest, Amber Cat, Hillside Five Tables, Leisure Order, Haoyuan and Shuangyan. Yuediao: Pinglan people, 1972, Jiaoxieling, Tuxier, Shengyaowang, Malaner, Snail Niang, Xuelimei, Zihuaerwei, Dongyuanle, MianDawei, Zhuolusu, Guisantai, Jin, Xinghuatian, Baozi Ridge, Underwater Fish, Yidiao and Dou Heima. Double tunes: Shengli Ling, Spring Boudoir Garden, Qiao Paier, Yan, Guayu Hook, Bean Leaf Yellow, Seven Brothers, Harvest Jiangnan, Playing Zheng, Sichuan Dialing, Sweet Water Ling (also known as Didi Jin), Molang Er, Shuang, Yanerwu, Wuling Hua, Sanxianqiao and March Begonia.
Qupai once held a song.
Gong Zheng: The shirt taken off has been taken over by Xiaoliangzhou, and Xiaoliangzhou has taken advantage of the wind.
Lu Xian: The flowers in the backyard took the little boy, and Nezha let them take the magpies, branches and parasitic grass.
Lu Nan: Yujiaozhi took four pieces of jade, scolded Yu Lang for taking tea-picking songs, and scolded Yu Lang for taking gratitude to the emperor for taking tea-picking songs.
Lv Zhong: Xi Chun brought Pu Tianle, red shirt, Happy Three brought the Emperor's Four Sides, Happy Three brought the Emperor's Four Sides, drunk, drunk brought a stall to break Xi Chun, drunk brought Xichun, and Yao Min in December.
Month tune: Huang Rose captured Qingyuan Town.
Double notes: daffodils brought laurel-winning orders, wild geese brought victory orders (the song of triumph at Hongmen), wild geese brought jade flutes on Qingjiang River, bamboo branches brought square bricks, brocade flowers brought jade flutes on Qingjiang River, silver ingots brought great virtue songs, wine sales brought happy New Year, the sea broadcast in front of the temple was gratifying, seven brothers were brought, and wine sales brought peace orders and Qingjiang River.
China and Lu played the same tune: drunken singing in front of the temple, with Man Qingjiang as the lead singer.
There are two tones in the main palace: the nagging order has the laurel order.
Zhong Lu took Lu Xian: The goat took Qingge.
Wild geese fall into the Qingjiang River to attract Jasper Xiao;
Jiang Ershui pulls Jasper Shaw:
Bamboo shoots with side bricks:
Flowers on brocade attract green river and jasper Xiao;
A silver ingot with a great virtue song;
Selling wine brings a happy year;
In front of the temple, I like to amuse people with the sea:
Mei Huajiu brought seven brothers:
Sell wine and get peace order: 5, 5. 7,4,6。 (selling wine) 6, 6. 6,7。 2,2,2。 2,6。 (Taiping Order)
Chu Tianyao takes Qingjiang as a mirror: Chu Tianyao: the first five words and eight rhymes are like epigrams; Qingjiang river leads 7, 5. 5,57。
Bring Qingjiang River to Yuhuan;
Drunk singing the front of the house:
Fang Ting, a man, takes Qingjiang as a mirror:
Inconsistent with the order of laurel:
Sheep and green boy on the hillside:
Deliberate practice
[Ordinary Poetry]
Each poem expresses a complete meaning, and its length is extremely short, which is equivalent to a poem or a word, also called "monotonous poem".
[excerpt]
Picking out the most beautiful tune in Sanqu and singing it alone is called "picking the tune". But there is a limit, that is, if the most beautiful music is at the end, you can't pick it out and sing it alone.
[with music]
After writing a song, the composer feels that the meaning is still unfinished, so he chooses a song with the same tone and the melody can be connected with the previous song, and adds the word "band" or "band" between the two songs, which is called "band song".
[Song Collection]
Select the fragmentary sentences with the same tune in each palace tune, combine them into a set of tunes, and give them a new title, which is called "Jiqu".
[restart]
Writing the same tune over and over again is called "starting again". By analogy, in the first sentence, the rewritten song is different from the original song, which is called "changing the head"
[Little command to repeat the story in the same tone]
When faced with creative materials with rich themes and tortuous contents, composers have to end their writing with a tune. At this time, they have to use the same tune again, which is the so-called "poem with the same tone and repeated stories".
[Short command to act out the story in different tones]
The story is told in different tunes or in an alternating way, and the plots between tunes are interrelated, which is called "the poem of the story between different tunes".
Loosening method
[ordinary loose set]
Refers to the commonly used loose sleeve, which is generally connected end to end and has the most complete structure. It is divided into:
(1) South-North set: that is, the two sets of scattered sets of South and North Qu should be used separately according to the different Qupai.
(2) North-South combination: Select the combination with similar tunes in the North-South song as a group, with the North song as the starting point and the South song as the starting point, and the North-South songs are arranged alternately.
[Unusually loose ending]
The usual loose sleeves in front are loose sleeves with heads. The main function of the epilogue is to leave a lingering feeling for the audience before the end of the song. Once a loose collection is written to the last positive song, it will not only be full of meaning but also wrap the full text. At this time, the last song has played the role of ending, so there is no need to end it. The loose sleeve formed in this situation is called "ordinary headless loose sleeve"
【 A beginning and an end, a beginning and an end 】
Based on the first song, every next song should be reused with the first song, so the assembled Sanqu is called "Sanqu with a beginning and an end" and the one without an end is called "Sanqu with a beginning and an end".
Zaju system
[ordinary loose set]
Refers to the commonly used loose sleeve, which is generally connected end to end and has the most complete structure. It is divided into:
(1) South-North set: that is, the two sets of scattered sets of South and North Qu should be used separately according to the different Qupai.
(2) North-South combination: Select the combination with similar tunes in the North-South song as a group, with the North song as the starting point and the South song as the starting point, and the North-South songs are arranged alternately.
[Unusually loose ending]
The usual loose sleeves in front are loose sleeves with heads. The main function of the epilogue is to leave a lingering feeling for the audience before the end of the song. Once a loose collection is written to the last positive song, it will not only be full of meaning but also wrap the full text. At this time, the last song has played the role of ending, so there is no need to end it. The loose sleeve formed in this situation is called "ordinary headless loose sleeve"
【 A beginning and an end, a beginning and an end 】
Based on the first song, every next song should be reused with the first song, so the assembled Sanqu is called "Sanqu with a beginning and an end" and the one without an end is called "Sanqu with a beginning and an end".
Famous yuanqu
Yang Chunqu (topic)
Bai Pu
Good things are never born frugal. Since ancient times, melons are bitter and sweet. Your mother urges you to tighten the clamp, which is very strict. The more you hinder it, the more you feel.
Tianjin Sha (Qiu Si)
Ma Zhiyuan
Dead vines, old trees, faint crows, small bridges and flowing water. The ancient road and the west wind are thin. When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world.
Mountain slope sheep (Tongguan nostalgia)
Zhang
The peaks are like gathering, the waves are like anger, and the mountains and rivers are like Tongguan Road. Look west. Meaningful hesitation, sad Qin and Han dynasties. Ten thousand rooms in Quegong have been buried. Xing, the people suffer. Death makes people suffer.
Flower Selling (Nostalgia)
Zhang Kejiu
Yu Ji died on the banks of the Wujiang River, and the war has burned the red cliff. General Ban Chao died in Yumenguan in vain. The sad flames of Qin and Han Dynasties have made countless people miserable, and those who study can only sigh deeply.
Double Tuned Night Boat (Qiu Si)
Ma Zhiyuan
A hundred years old is like a butterfly in a dream. It's a pity to look back. Today, spring has come, the flowers of the Ming Dynasty have withered, and the midnight light is urgently punished.
[Qiao Mucha] I miss Hanque and Qin Gong. I have made a lot of cattle and sheep. There's nothing to say if you don't care. Cross-cutting the monument in the grave does not dispute the dragon and snake.
[Qing Xuanhe] How many heroes cast foxes and trace rabbit holes. Three and a half legs, know that he is Ye Wei? Do you know that he is Master Jin?
[meifeng] Heaven teaches you to be rich, not too extravagant. It's a sunny night. Seeing that money slaves are as hard as iron, they are not responsible for the romance in Jintang.
[Wind pine] The sun is red and the west is oblique, and the disease is downhill. Clear the mirror and add snow at dawn, and go to bed to say goodbye to your shoes. Don't laugh at the clumsy bird's nest, but the gourd always wears makeup.
【 Dial constantly 】 fame and fortune, right and wrong. Don't mess with the door in the world of mortals, but the green trees should cover the corner. Castle Peak fills the gap between the wall and the thatched cottage.
[Leaving the pavilion for dinner] It takes a sleep to insist, and the rooster keeps crowing. For fame and fortune, when is it?
Ants lined up and bees randomly collected honey, causing flies to compete for blood. Ling Tao Anbaili Society Peigong Lvye Hall. Those who like Qiu Lai: picking yellow flowers with dew, boiling purple crabs with frost, and boiling red leaves with wine. Life is limited, several mountain climbing festivals. Tell my urchin reporter: Beihai came to see me and Daodongli was drunk.