With the development of modern science and technology, many new ceramic varieties have appeared in the last hundred years. They no longer use or rarely use traditional ceramic raw materials such as clay, feldspar and timely, but use other special raw materials, and even expand to the scope of non-silicate and non-oxide, and many new technologies have emerged. The literature of the United States and some European countries has understood the word "ceramics" as a general term for various inorganic non-metallic solid materials. So the meaning of ceramics has actually gone far beyond the narrow traditional concept in the past.
In China, the production of pottery-making technology can be traced back to 4500 BC to 2500 BC. It can be said that an important part of the development history of the Han nationality is the history of ceramics. The achievements of Han working people in science and technology, as well as their pursuit and shaping of beauty, are reflected in many aspects through the production of ceramics, and have formed very typical technical and artistic characteristics of each era.
A place where historical ceramics are fired.
China had been able to produce quite exquisite porcelain more than 1000 years before Europe mastered porcelain-making technology. Judging from the development history of China ceramics, the word "ceramics" is generally divided into two categories: pottery and porcelain. The development of traditional ceramics in China has experienced a long historical period, with a wide variety and unique technology. Therefore, the classification of traditional ceramics in China needs to consider not only hard technical indicators, but also the classification methods of traditional habits and the changes of scientific and technological knowledge in ancient and modern times, so as to draw more effective classification conclusions.
Before summer
From the legendary Yellow Emperor Yao Shun to the Xia Dynasty (about 2 1 century-BC16th century), painted pottery marked its development. Among them, there are typical Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture and Qijia culture later discovered in Gansu. After liberation, a large number of beautifully made painted pottery were unearthed from the prehistoric site in Anbanpo, Xi 'an, which was amazing. According to legend, Yao spread the world to Shun, Shun spread the world to Yu spread the world to his son and started the so-called "home world". Xia Chuanzhi was ruthless and tyrannical. Shang Tang released him and became emperor on his own, so he began to conquer the Tang Dynasty. Shang ruled the world for more than 600 years (about16th century BC-about1/century BC) until. After being conquered, he committed suicide and the world returned to Zhou. The ruling period of the Zhou Dynasty was roughly from1/century BC to 22 1 year BC, and the effective rule actually ended in 77 1 year BC. The period from 475 BC to 22 BC1year is called the Warring States Period. By 22 1 year BC, the Qin Dynasty had risen and unified China, but it lasted only 206 BC and was replaced by the Han Dynasty. During these thousands and hundreds of years, in addition to daily dining utensils, things used for sacrificial ceremonies have also developed greatly.
Han Dynasty
In the Han Dynasty from 206 BC to 220 AD, the creative materials of artists and craftsmen were no longer mainly jade and metal, and pottery was paid more attention. During this period, with the development of firing technology, relatively strong glazed pottery generally appeared, and the word "porcelain" began to appear in Chinese characters. At the same time, through the trade routes from Xinjiang and Persia to Syria, China began to communicate with the Roman Empire, which promoted the cultural exchanges between the East and the West. From this period, we can also see the clues of external influence in ceramic products. Buddhism was also introduced into China at this time.
Six dynasties period
During the Six Dynasties (AD 220-58 1), the rapidly rising Buddhist art also had a corresponding impact on ceramics, leaving obvious traces on the modeling of this season's works. The Sui Dynasty seized power in 58 1 year, ending the long-term division between North and South, but it was not until 6 18 that it was replaced by the Tang Dynasty.
the Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty (6 18-970) is regarded as a great period in China's art history. The technology of ceramics has been greatly improved, and many exquisite porcelain varieties have appeared in large numbers. Even using today's technical appraisal standards, it can be regarded as real high-quality porcelain. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the hero was taken by surprise, followed by a dynasty struggle, that is, the Five Dynasties, which lasted until 960 AD. During the war years, a new ceramic variety-Chai Kiln Porcelain (Xiao Kiln) appeared, which was widely praised for its excellent texture, but it was extremely rare that it could be passed down from generation to generation.
Song dynasty
In the Song Dynasty (960- 1279), the ceramic industry flourished and began to export to Europe and Southeast Asian countries. Famous kilns with different characteristics, such as Jun kiln, Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln, have sprung up all over the country, and their products are becoming more and more colorful. Due to the invasion of the (Liao) Khitan and (Jin) Nuzhen nationalities in the northeast, the rulers of the Song Dynasty were forced to move south and were later destroyed by the Mongols. In A.D. 1280, the Yuan Dynasty was established and Shufu Kiln appeared. Jingdezhen began to become the center of China ceramic industry, and its reputation spread all over the world. The white porcelain produced in Jingdezhen is in sharp contrast with the underglaze blue ornamentation. Since then, blue and white porcelain culture has been deeply loved by people in various historical periods.
Ming dynasty
The Ming Dynasty ruled from 1368 to 1644. During this period, Jingdezhen's ceramic manufacturing industry was absolutely the best in the world, occupying a prominent position in technology and art, especially blue and white porcelain. In addition, Dehua kiln in Fujian, Longquan kiln in Zhejiang and Cizhou kiln in Hebei are also famous for their different styles of high-quality ceramics. With the suicide of the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng led the peasant uprising army into Beijing on 1644. From Wu Sangui's summoning of the Manchu army to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 19 1 1, Manchu rule lasted for more than 200 years. Among them, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong are considered to be the most glorious periods of ceramic industry under the rule of Qing Dynasty, and many products with complex technology appeared, and all kinds of colored glasses and glazes were extremely rich. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the government was corrupt, the national fortune declined, and the people were in poverty, and the ceramic manufacturing industry in China went from bad to worse.
Republic of China period
After the founding of the Republic of China, some ceramic research institutions were established in various places, but their products were simply copied from some foreign designs except the previous generation, and there was no development at all. At the beginning of the Republic of China, warlord Yuan Shikai attempted to restore the monarchy. He once made a batch of porcelain with the year number "Hong Xian". These porcelains are not technically processed, mainly pastels and ancient styles. Due to frequent civil wars, foreign invasions and poor people's livelihood, the entire ceramic industry has declined in an all-round way. Until the founding of New China, there were no products that attracted worldwide attention.
Edited on 20 15- 12-07.
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Who invented ceramics?
In ancient times, ancient people invented and began to use pottery. As for who invented pottery in which year, there is no textual research. The invention and development of ceramics are as follows: the Shang and Zhou Dynasties was a period of gradual transition from pottery to porcelain, and it was also a stage of the occurrence and development of primitive celadon. At that time, some pottery used kaolin as the raw material of tires, which on the one hand increased the firing temperature and made the tires firm and watertight; On the other hand, it also makes the tire color change from dark to light, and improves the cleanliness. The surface of the vessel is coated with a high-temperature glaze made of plant ash and porcelain stone. After firing at a high temperature above 1200.c, combined with fetal glaze, the ware has the conditions of porcelain. But at that time, the manufacturing technology was low, and there was still a certain amount of iron in the tire. When sintered at a slightly lower temperature, the color is dark and the light transmittance is poor. It has a certain primitiveness. The original celadon in the Eastern Han Dynasty was beautifully made, and the tires were mostly gray. The glazing method is changed to dipping glaze, and daily utensils such as bowls and plates are used. Canadian pots and pans have become the mainstream. Celadon of the eastern han dynasty is similar to the original celadon in shape and decoration, but there are essential differences in the chemical composition and firing temperature of fetal glaze. The fetal celadon in the Eastern Han Dynasty is dense and hard, and the fetal color is mostly gray or light blue-gray, with a high degree of porcelain and a crisp tapping sound. The glaze layer is uniform, and the fetal glaze is closely combined, with only a few cases of glazing and glaze accumulation; The glaze color is bluish green, some are bluish yellow, but the glaze color is even. The use of porcelain became more popular in the Tang Dynasty, and the firing technology of porcelain developed rapidly. Porcelain tea sets, tableware, wine utensils, stationery, toys, musical instruments and practical bottles, pots, cans and other utensils are almost ready. The ceramic modeling of the Five Dynasties mostly followed the style of Tang Dynasty. Extended data:
Maintenance of ceramics 1. Household detergents can be used for daily cleaning. 2. First, use soap with a small amount of ammonia water or a mixture of flaxseed and turpentine with the same amount to get stronger decontamination and polish the tiles more brightly. 3. If strong dyeing liquid such as strong tea or ink is spilled on the brick, it should be scrubbed immediately. 4. Wax the polished tiles regularly to achieve lasting protection, with an interval of 2-3 months. 5. If there are several scratches on the brick surface, you can apply toothpaste to the scratches and wipe them clean with a soft dry cloth. References:
Baidu encyclopedia-ceramic
5 Like 4, 109 Browse 20 19-08-27
Who is the inventor of porcelain?
China porcelain evolved from pottery, and the original porcelain originated more than 3000 years ago. The predecessor of porcelain is primitive celadon, which is the product of the transition from pottery to porcelain. China first invented and used traditional handicrafts and daily necessities made of kaolin. As early as 8,000 years ago in the Neolithic Age, China's ancestors had already made and used pottery. On the basis of the development of pottery-making technology, primitive porcelain was created in the middle of Shang Dynasty as early as 3500 years ago. After long-term improvement, mature celadon was fired at the end of the Han Dynasty in the 2nd century. Since then, porcelain has spread from China to other countries, and China has won the title of "the country of porcelain" in the world. In the long-term practice of making pottery and firing porcelain, the selection of raw materials, elutriation of mud, molding of utensils, glazing and firing kiln have been obviously improved and improved, forming a complete technological system. By the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the mature celadon was finally fired. The appearance of porcelain is a great contribution to world civilization.
20 likes 253 views 20 19-0 1-22
Who invented ceramics?
The invention of pottery is an important process of human civilization-it is the first time that human beings have created new things by using natural things according to their own will. According to the late Paleolithic pottery pieces found in Nihewan area of Yangyuan County, Hebei Province, the pottery in China has a long history of 1 1700 years. Pottery is made of mud (clay), dried and then fired. It is the crystallization of mud and fire. Our ancestors knew about clay for a long time. As early as in primitive society, they could not live without clay everywhere. They found that clay soaked in water is sticky and plastic, and becomes hard after drying. The use and understanding of the history of fire is also very long. It was used about 2.05 million to 700,000 years ago in the Yuanmou era. In the long primitive life, the ancestors found that dry mud became more solid, hard and waterproof after firing, so pottery was produced. The invention of pottery has opened a new page for human beings to use, transform and confront nature, which is of great historical significance and a milestone in the history of human production and development. According to the known archaeological materials, exquisite pottery products include gray pottery in the late Paleolithic period 65,438+0,000 years ago, red pottery in magnetic mountain culture more than 8,000 years ago, painted pottery in Yangshao culture more than 7,000 years ago, "eggshell black pottery" in Dawenkou more than 6,000 years ago, white pottery in Shang Dynasty more than 4,000 years ago, and 3,000 years ago. However, some special pottery varieties still have unique charm, such as Song and Liao tri-colors, teapot, glass, flowers and pottery sculptures in Shiwan, Guangdong, which are unique and have high ornamental value. However, pottery has always been a low-grade product in the primary stage of civilization, and its own defects doomed it to be gradually eliminated by history. Porcelain is a great invention in ancient China. In the long historical years, the industrious and wise Chinese ancestors turned hostilities into friendship, wrote brilliant chapters and made great contributions to human civilization. China ancient porcelain, which enjoys a high reputation, has become the pearl of major museums in the world, and will be more and more widely studied by experts and scholars in China and even around the world, and will be treasured by collectors and ceramic lovers. The invention and development of China porcelain has a gradual development process from low level to high level and from primitive to mature. As early as 3000 years ago in Shang Dynasty, primitive celadon appeared in China. After the development of 1000 years, it finally got rid of the primitive porcelain state and fired a mature celadon of the eastern han dynasty, which is an important milestone in the history of China ceramics development. After more than 330 years of development in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty, China was politically stable and economically prosperous in the Tang Dynasty. Social progress has promoted the development of porcelain industry, such as white porcelain in Yao Xing in the north, such as Yin Xue, and celadon in Yueyao in the south, such as jade and ice. Two kiln systems forming "North White and South Blue". At the same time, snow glaze, patterned fetal glaze, underglaze colored porcelain and applique decoration were also fired in the Tang Dynasty. The Song Dynasty witnessed an unprecedented development of porcelain in China, with a hundred flowers blooming. Porcelain kilns are spread all over the north and south, with many famous kilns and various categories. In addition to blue and white porcelain series, black glaze, blue and white, painted porcelain are also emerging one after another. The products of the world-famous five famous kilns, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln, Ding Kiln and Jun Kiln, are cherished by the world. There are also Yaozhou Kiln, Hutian Kiln, Longquan Kiln, Jian Yao Kiln, Jizhou Kiln, Cizhou Kiln and other products with their own styles, each leading the way, showing a prosperous situation, which is the first peak in the history of China ceramics development. In the Yuan Dynasty, the "Floating Beam Porcelain Bureau" was set up in Jingdezhen to manage kiln affairs, invented the binary formula of porcelain stone and kaolin, and fired large-scale porcelain, successfully firing typical blue-and-white porcelain, glazed red porcelain and uncle porcelain, especially blue-and-white porcelain, which has epoch-making significance in the history of China ceramics. The main porcelain kilns left over from the Song-Jin War are still in production today, among which Longquan Kiln is larger than that in the Song Dynasty, and Mei celadon is a fine product in Longquan Kiln in the Yuan Dynasty. There is also Ge Yuan porcelain with "gold thread and iron thread", which should be the product of imitating the official kiln of the Song Dynasty and a rare treasure. In the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, the Imperial Kiln Factory was established in Jingdezhen. Over the past 200 years, many high-quality, exquisite and complex products have been produced, such as Yongxuan blue and white and copper red glaze, Chenghua Doucai and Wanli multicolored, which are rare treasures. The existence of imperial kiln factory also promoted the further development of folk kiln. Jingdezhen's blue-and-white porcelain, white porcelain, colored porcelain, monochromatic glaze and other varieties, like flowers, have become the national porcelain making center. There are Dehua white porcelain products in Fujian, which are very beautiful. The development of Kang, Yong and Gan porcelain reached its peak in Qing Dynasty, reaching the highest level in history, which was the second peak in the history of China ceramics development. Jingdezhen porcelain industry is unprecedented, maintaining the status of China's porcelain capital. Kangxi not only restored the characteristics of all fine products since Yongle and Xuande in the Ming Dynasty, but also created and fired many new varieties, firing blue and white, with bright green color, alternating shades and distinct layers. Langyao also restored the high-temperature copper red glaze firing technology that has been lost for more than 200 years. Lang Yaohong and Gunn Hong are both unique. There are also sky blue, saran, bean green, brown, imitation ding, malachite green and purple and gold glaze, all of which are successful works. In addition, the enamel porcelain created by Kangxi is also famous all over the world. Although the history of Yongzheng Dynasty was only 13 years, the porcelain-making technology reached its peak, and Yongzheng pastel was very delicate, which became a new variety with blue and white as its beauty, and was called "national porcelain". Monochrome glaze, blue and white, underglaze red, enamel color, pastel and other varieties in Qianlong period, on the basis of inheriting the previous new varieties, the products are extremely exquisite and the varieties are also innovative. Qianlong period was a turning point in the rise and fall of China porcelain industry, and porcelain art went downhill after Jiaqing. Especially during the Opium War in Daoguang period, China was reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and its national strength was exhausted. The porcelain industry plummeted until Guangxu period, but it recovered slightly. However, the Revolution of 1911 broke out in 19 1 and the Qing Dynasty perished. The development history of ancient ceramics in China has lasted for thousands of years, and has since declined.
25 like 1, 1 14 browse 20 16-03- 10.
Who is the inventor of porcelain?
China porcelain evolved from pottery, and the original porcelain originated more than 3000 years ago. The predecessor of porcelain is primitive celadon, which is the product of the transition from pottery to porcelain. China first invented and used traditional handicrafts and daily necessities made of kaolin. As early as 8,000 years ago in the Neolithic Age, China's ancestors had already made and used pottery. On the basis of the development of pottery-making technology, primitive porcelain was created in the middle of Shang Dynasty as early as 3500 years ago. After long-term improvement, mature celadon was fired at the end of the Han Dynasty in the 2nd century. Since then, porcelain has spread from China to other countries, and China has won the title of "the country of porcelain" in the world. In the long-term practice of making pottery and firing porcelain, the selection of raw materials, elutriation of mud, molding of utensils, glazing and firing kiln have been obviously improved and improved, forming a complete technological system. By the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the mature celadon was finally fired. The appearance of porcelain is a great contribution to world civilization.
16 browse 2020-04-02
Who invented ceramics?
Ceramics were not invented by one person, but were discovered unintentionally in the process of human evolution and development. Humans have learned to use fire to defend themselves and barbecue food. In the process of using fire, they found that the soil around the fire was burned and hardened, that is, the tools, articles and utensils for firing ceramics were fired in this way, which gave birth to pottery. Pottery and porcelain are two different things. Pottery is fired with clay, and porcelain is fired with porcelain clay (stone), each with its own characteristics. Tao was born about 12000 years ago (foreign archaeological discovery), and primitive porcelain was born about 3000 years ago (domestic archaeological discovery). China is the inventor of porcelain. As early as the Shang Dynasty, there were primitive celadon, but the real porcelain was produced in Jingdezhen from the end of the Southern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty 700 years ago. It is made of kaolin, so it is the ancestor of porcelain, and now it is also forged by ancient porcelain. The ancestors of pottery are all over the world.
42 Zan 562 browse
What kinds of porcelain do you have? What kind and price of porcelain? differentiate
The types of porcelain, if not properly maintained, will seriously harm porcelain, which is not conducive to the long-term preservation of porcelain types, especially the fine porcelain, and should be carefully maintained. The maintenance of porcelain types must be handled with care.