First, cultural relics are different from works of art.
At present, there is a collection fever in the society. There are both cultural relics and artworks, but artworks are not cultural relics. So what are cultural relics? According to Article 2 of the Cultural Relics Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the following cultural relics in People's Republic of China (PRC) are protected by the state: (1) Ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings and grottoes of historical, artistic and scientific value. (2) Modern times related to major historical events, revolutionary movements or famous people are of great commemorative, educational or historical value; Important historical sites, objects and representative buildings in modern times; (3) Precious artworks and arts and crafts in different periods in history; (four) important documents in different historical periods, manuscripts and books with historical, artistic and scientific value. ; (five) representative objects reflecting the social systems, social production and social life of various times and ethnic groups in history. The standards and methods for cultural relics appraisal shall be formulated by the administrative department of cultural relics of the State Council and submitted to the State Council for approval (the administrative department of cultural relics generally thinks that those that met the requirements of cultural relics before 1966 are cultural relics-the author adds them in brackets). Vertebrate paleontology and ancient human fossils with scientific value are protected by the state as well as cultural relics.
There are cultural relics laws and implementing regulations in China, but there is no art law, which brings confusion to the transactions in the market and makes many collectors cheated by so-called auction companies. The cultural relics management department has no management authority over works of art, which makes freelancers rampant.
Second, the conditions for the establishment of cultural relics shops
The establishment of a cultural relics store shall meet the following conditions:
(a) the registered capital of more than 2 million yuan;
(two) there are more than five people who have obtained professional and technical positions in cultural relics and natural history at or above the intermediate level;
(3) Having sites, facilities and technical conditions for the preservation of cultural relics;
(4) Other conditions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations.
Third, the administrative department of cultural relics
Article 8 of the Cultural Relics Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the cultural relics administrative department of the State Council is in charge of the national cultural relics protection. Local people's governments at all levels are responsible for the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative areas. The local people's departments at or above the county level are responsible for the protection of cultural relics.
Supervise and manage the protection of cultural relics within their respective administrative areas. The relevant administrative departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the protection of cultural relics within the scope of their respective duties.
2. How to write the introduction of 100 historical sites?
With the rapid rise of self-media platform, Baidu also provides a platform for the majority of self-media enthusiasts, a big stage to exert their personal charm until they influence the world.
Baijiahao is still in the development stage, but some functions are still not perfect. However, due to the high advertising subsidy of Baijiahao, many media people want to dance with Baijiahao, but they are often stumped by the field, name and introduction. In the registration stage. Let's talk about the field first: the field is a positioning and a classification, which needs to be made clear by the media authors themselves.
So what field do you choose? This can be considered from the following aspects: 1 What will I do? What are you good at? How can you help others and provide value? You can choose the corresponding or similar domain name registration. There are 39 fields for you to choose from.
But the only drawback is that there is no historical field. Friends who want to choose history can subdivide historical figures, historical relics and so on, and choose according to the subdivided fields. What are you interested in? Interest is the best teacher, who can be motivated to break through the obstacles on the road from the media and provide dry goods for a long time.
3 What kind of resources do I have? For example, there are many big cows and talents from all walks of life around me. You can use your self-media concept and their major to naturally create online celebrities, not to mention the benefits.
In addition, if it is an enterprise entity, you can choose the field related to the enterprise business. If it is a product operator of the company, just select the corresponding product type.
Let's talk about names again: names are like appearances. I like to listen when I see it, and I am interested in it. Do you want to go in and have a look In this way, the name is successful.
Pay attention to a few points: 1 Don't be too broad, break it down, and you will know what you want to express at a glance. For example, so-and-so society, this is obviously not good. The word society is so extensive and all-encompassing that it is not suitable for a name.
There can be no such words as group or unit. Individuals highlight individuals, such as a certain association, which may really be a team, but if the account subject is an individual, this is not appropriate.
The name must highlight your field and not be vague. There are several modes for choosing a name: 1 name plus industry field or content: for example, Xiao Li talks about the scientific and technological figures of the times, or Xiao Li talks about internet technology. The advantage of choosing a name is not only to let the audience know the author personally, but also to know what the author is talking about.
2 place names plus fields or elements: This is for local accounts. For example, travel to Nanjing, travel to Nanjing.
The principle of this name is simple and clear, and you can know it at a glance. Don't think too much, the user experience is better and easier to remember.
3 Content type: This principle is to let users know what information you want to express at the first time. For example, in a football match, you can know what your content is at a glance; A glimpse of religion is a religious matter.
3. Common sense of ancient books and cultural relics
It is of great significance for bibliophiles to identify the versions of ancient books. Textual research studies the versions of books from the aspects of font, paper, layout, knife method, ink color, engraving, inscription, manuscript approval and seal. In the case of identifying relatively complete ancient books (that is, full text, preface and postscript, layout, engraver's name, etc. ), review, inspection and judgment of ancient books, not only literature, but also. Identifying editions is a practical and experienced technical work, the essence of which is to be familiar with old books and editions, so as to draw inferences from others. It is best to read more, compare more and practice more when learning version identification methods. As the saying goes, "seeing is believing" doesn't work on paper. You also need to know some knowledge of epigraphy, seal cutting and bibliography. The author studied the ancient book version 10 for more than 0 years, and collected more than 500 copies of each version of Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China.
In the long-term practice, the author gradually mastered the general rules of ancient book version identification and formed a set of identification procedures. Whenever I identify a version, I must first look at the front of the volume, judge when it was engraved from the characteristics of font, layout and paper, and also need the names of reference books, editors and revisers for reference. When I have a bottom in my heart, I will verify the authenticity and read the preface, postscript, catalogue and ending of the volume in detail. My appraisal experience is:
Font recognition. Different times and regions have different lettering. For example, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, European style was widely used, which was thin and delicate, rich and simple. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the Liu style was used for lettering, which was neat and powerful. Liu Ti was often used in Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, it was like Song Dynasty, and later it was like Zhao's page style. Smooth and lively, soft and mellow, the official engraving does not hesitate to work hard, so the font is neat and beautiful, while the bookstore takes engraving as a profit, greedy for more and quick, and the font is so vulgar. The Ming engraving preserved the legacy of the late Yuan Dynasty. From the Jiajing period, it was changed to a rectangular font with horizontal and vertical, horizontal and vertical, straight and rigorous. Most of the engravings in Qing Dynasty are imitation of Song Dynasty, which is particularly soft and refreshing. But since then, the font has become stiff and the lines are as dense as graffiti, which is very unsightly.
Layout. There were many white mouths in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and left and right in the late Northern Song Dynasty. The center of the edition is the name and number of words of the engraver, and there are two columns around the Southern Song Dynasty. The same is true in the Yuan Dynasty, except that there are many fish tails, narrow lines and wide book mouths. Most of the engravings in the early Ming Dynasty were in Yuan Dynasty, and the fonts in Neifu edition were sparse and unique. After Zheng De, he imitated the format of the Song version, and the famous Shi Mao block-printed Jigu Pavilion appeared. The engraving of Wuying Hall in Qing Dynasty is best recognized.
Printing paper. Bookstores mostly print books with low-priced and inferior paper, the official paper is better, and the palace paper is better. Distinguish between bamboo paper, cotton paper, hemp paper and leather paper. In Song Dynasty, hemp paper and bamboo paper were mainly used in prints, while white cotton paper was the characteristic of Jiajing prints. Wanli used bamboo paper and yellow cotton paper, and there were many printed papers in Qing Dynasty.
Ink color, knife method. Books in the Song Dynasty were carved with ink, thick as paint, and the words were black and white, which was very conspicuous. The seal cutting in Song Dynasty is meticulous, and the brushwork is meticulous. The ink color of the Yuan version is mixed, and the knife method is stiff and weak. Some imitations of the Song Dynasty in Ming Dynasty are similar to the original, but after careful comparison, they are not satisfactory.
Butterfly clothes are the main binding books in Song Dynasty, but they are seldom used. Colored-back dresses appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty, which were popular in Jiajing and Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty, and line dresses were widely used in Wanli.
Preface, postscript, version, taboo words. Look at the author of the preface and postscript, look at the edition, official engraving and private engraving. The names of emperors in various dynasties are taboo.
Inscription. There are all kinds of book seals and inscriptions. Many bibliophiles in the Qing Dynasty were good at edition identification, with rich experience and knowledge. Most of their inscriptions and inscriptions have a history of 100 years, which can be used for reference by future generations. Book seal is a token and book seal that a bibliophile stamps his own books to show his ownership and appraisal opinions.
The number of words in the bank. Identification of fakes, for example, Song Jiading block print is half a page with 7 lines, small print with double lines of 15, Song Huang block print with half a page with 10 lines, 18 words, comments with 2 words, lines with 24 words, four sides, left ear and article title.
To sum up, the identification of ancient book versions is more complicated. The above are just some preliminary experiences of the author in collecting ancient books for Tibetan friends' reference.
4. Knowledge of cultural relics
The role of cultural relics is determined by their value.
The functions of cultural relics mainly include historical materials, reference and education. The historical function of cultural relics can confirm the records of documents, correct the fallacies of documents and make up for the shortcomings of documents.
For prehistoric society without written records, cultural relics are physical historical materials to study and restore its social appearance. China ancient literature is the cultural treasure of China. The confirmation of rich and colorful cultural relics and ancient literature records not only increases the authenticity, reliability and preciousness of the literature records, but also increases the physical data and becomes the true witness of the literature records.
On the other hand, cultural relics can prove the history recorded in the literature. If documents and cultural relics are closely combined and mutually confirmed, and all aspects of social history are deeply studied, better results will be achieved. Cultural relics and documents confirm each other, and there are many examples of coincidence.
Sima Qian recorded the lineage of Shang Dynasty in Historical Records. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records of the Wang family in Shang Dynasty unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province are basically consistent with the historical records. In Historical Records, Biographies of Sun Wu and Biographies of Wu Qi, it is recorded that Sun Wu and Sun Bin were officials, each with his own skills handed down from generation to generation, and it is also recorded in Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi.
Since then, Sun Tzu's Art of War has not been circulated, and opinions vary. Bamboo slips of Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War were unearthed at the Han Tomb in Yinqueshan, Linyi County, Shandong Province, which proved the correctness of the records in Historical Records and Hanshu and clarified the doubts and misinformation since Sui Dynasty.
The burial system of jade (jade clothes) in the post-Han period recorded in the Book of Rites has also been confirmed by the complete jade clothes unearthed in Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Shaanxi, Henan, Guangdong, Beijing and other places, as well as the jade pieces on the jade clothes and the gold, silver and copper rays used. The official historical role of cultural relics in ancient times, some historical records made mistakes in the process of copying, some were missing in circulation, and some were deleted by the ruling class, making the official historical role of cultural relics extremely precious.
Its performance is to correct the fallacies recorded in ancient books, revise historical biographies and correct mistakes. Ancient epigraphers used epigraphy to correct historical fallacies and made great achievements.
However, it is limited to stone carvings, and now the information in various cultural relics can be used to revise the literature records. This enables the role of cultural relics to be played in a larger scope.
The records of some historical sites in local chronicles are often based on some legends because of the limitations of the times, the lack of information and the lack of on-the-spot investigation. With the in-depth development of archaeological work, many ancient sites in Cixian County, Hebei Province have been clarified. For example, many ancient sites are called "seventy-two doubts about Cao Cao" in ancient books such as local chronicles. However, the cultural relics (including epitaphs) obtained through cultural relics investigation and archaeological excavation prove that they are not the tombs of Cao Cao's seventy-two suspects, but the tombs of the Northern Dynasties, which are the tombs of the royal family in the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties.
In ancient literature, some articles for production and living are often recorded, and these records are often considered as the time when they were produced, which leads to errors. There are records about lacquerware in Han Feizi and Zhou Li, and some people think that thin-plate lacquerware appeared in the mid-Warring States period.
In fact, China lacquerware appeared in the Neolithic Age. Lacquerware unearthed from Hemudu Site in Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province has been found in many Shang Dynasty sites and tombs. These unearthed cultural relics have corrected the records of Han Feizi and Zhou Li.
The supplementary function of cultural relics is to provide physical data for the history without words, and to study and restore its historical features; For the written history, we need to make up for the shortcomings of written records in order to provide more colorful information than written records. China's various ancient books are valuable materials for studying the history of different periods.
However, due to the limitation of class and conditions at that time, a large number of historical facts, especially those about labor producers, were not recorded, so that many historical facts were lost, many history books were lost and many historical facts were forgotten. At the same time, human society is an extremely complex whole. The historical facts recorded in the literature, the earlier the literature is recorded, the simpler the historical facts are recorded, or even not recorded, which makes many historical facts that can explain all aspects of society missing.
The rich and colorful cultural relics in various historical periods can completely make up for the lack of literature records. The information stored in cultural relics can provide real and reliable information for studying different problems.
Cultural relics with words, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bamboo slips, silk books, ancient manuscripts, ancient prints, stone carvings, etc. , directly recorded different aspects of history, saved a lot of historical materials, so that people can understand the real situation in some aspects. Five kinds of Qin legal documents unearthed from the Qin Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land, Yunmeng, Hubei Province are far beyond the scope of Li Kui's Classic of Law, and already include criminal law, procedural law, civil law, military law, administrative law and economic law.
There are five kinds of medical books unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province, which were written earlier than Huangdi Neijing, and there is no trace of the five elements theory in the content, which fills the gap in the early medical history of China. The historical role of cultural relics as physical historical materials, and the role of cultural relics in proving history, revising history and supplementing history are the first step to carry out scientific research and give full play to the role of cultural relics.
After completing the first step, we will also use these credible and informative materials to study history and promote the development of science, culture and art and economic construction. Historical materials of cultural relics play an extremely important role in the study of thematic history.
The research on the history of agriculture, animal husbandry, textiles, ceramics, metallurgy, architecture, transportation, astronomy, sculpture, medicine, etc. can not be separated from the historical materials of cultural relics, especially in primitive society, which has no written records and can only be relied on. With the development of science and technology, the material composition and stored information of cultural relics are more and more clearly understood, which can provide more detailed and accurate information for the research and writing of thematic history.
Cultural relics, as tangible objects, are very vivid physical historical materials in the study of some special history such as painting and sculpture. It has more special value than literature.
Cultural relics are also of special value for studying the national forms of China's traditional culture. In the research, it is not easy to give people an image concept only by relying on documents and descriptive words. If you add cultural relics and historical materials, and the illustrations are combined with words, it will be clear at a glance.
It is easier for people to understand China from the forms of ancient buildings, paintings and sculptures.
I like the knowledge about cultural relics.
Definition of cultural relics Cultural relics are relics and remains left by human beings in the process of historical development.
It is a precious historical and cultural heritage of mankind. Cultural relics refer to specific material remains, whose basic characteristics are: first, they must be created by human beings or related to human activities; Second, it must be an irreversible past.
At present, the names of cultural relics in different countries are not consistent, and their meanings and scope are also different, so a unified definition of cultural relics has not yet been formed. The scope of cultural relics Cultural relics have historical, artistic and scientific values, and their scope is very wide, involving various fields.
According to the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics, the following items are protected by the state: (1) Ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings and murals of historical, artistic and scientific value; (2) Important historical sites, objects and representative buildings related to major historical events, revolutionary movements or famous figures in modern times, which have important commemorative significance, educational significance or historical value; (3) Precious artworks and arts and crafts in different periods in history; (four) important documents in different historical periods, manuscripts and books with historical, artistic and scientific value. ; (five) representative objects reflecting the social systems, social production and social life of various times and ethnic groups in history. Ancient cultural relics Ancient cultural relics refer to the remains and relics left over from the development of ancient history, also known as ancient material and spiritual cultural relics, with a very wide range.
Ancient cultural relics are divided into two parts. One is cultural relics, that is, ancient cultural sites, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, etc.
Second, cultural relics include a wide range of contents, including various ancient cultural relics, Gu Shuhua and ancient documents. Modern cultural relics Modern cultural relics mainly include revolutionary cultural relics, national cultural relics and folk cultural relics.
Revolutionary cultural relics are buildings, sites and relics with important commemorative, educational and historical values left by the people of China in the revolutionary struggle. National cultural relics are relics and remains that reflect a nation's material culture and spiritual culture and have national characteristics.
Folk cultural relics are relics and relics that reflect folk customs, habits and other folk phenomena. Objectivity of Cultural Relics Value On the whole, cultural relics are historical remains with historical, artistic and scientific values.
As an inseparable whole, the three exist in the material and cultural heritage, permeating and restricting each other. As far as a relic or relic is concerned, it does not all have three values, but it generally has historical value and artistic or scientific value.
An immovable cultural relic, if composed of several individuals, is rich in content and generally has historical, artistic and scientific value. And every object, not all.
The historical value of cultural relics and the historical characteristics of cultural relics can help people restore the original appearance of history. This is an important embodiment of the historical value of cultural relics.
To study the production and life of primitive human society in Paleolithic Age, we can only rely on the remains and relics of Paleolithic Age. The research and restoration of the social outlook of the Neolithic Age are based on the remains and relics of this period, except for ethnographic materials.
A primitive social history, except for the ancient legends and ethnographic materials contained in the literature, is based on the remains and relics of this period and can only be written after comprehensive research. The artistic value of cultural relics is extremely rich in artistic value. As far as its main aspects are concerned, it has aesthetic, appreciation, pleasure (recreation), reference and artistic historical materials.
They both penetrate and restrict each other. Aesthetic value mainly gives people artistic enlightenment and aesthetic enjoyment from the deep level of aesthetics.
Appreciating value mainly gives people a spiritual function and cultivates people's sentiment from the perspective of appreciation. The value of pleasure is mainly to give people entertainment and recreation.
The function of reference is mainly to draw the essence from it and draw lessons from innovation in forms of expression, techniques and techniques. As for the value of art historical materials, it is mainly used as physical materials to study art history.
The scientific value of cultural relics mainly includes knowledge, science and technology. Historical sites and cultural relics reflect the level of science and technology and productivity of that era from different angles and sides, and explain the social, economic, military and cultural conditions of that era.
According to historical materialism, everything created by labor producers was limited by the productivity level at that time, and products beyond the scientific and technological level at that time could not be manufactured. The historical function of cultural relics and functional cultural relics can confirm the records of documents, correct the fallacies of documents and make up for the shortcomings of documents.
For prehistoric society without written records, cultural relics are physical historical materials to study and restore its social appearance. As physical historical materials, cultural relics are the first step to carry out scientific research and give full play to the role of cultural relics.
After completing the first step, we will also use these credible and informative materials to study history and promote the development of science, culture and art and economic construction. The role of cultural relics in proving history: China's ancient documents are China's cultural treasures.
The rich and colorful cultural relics confirm the ancient literature records, which not only increases the authenticity, reliability and preciousness of the literature records, but also increases the physical materials and becomes the true witness of the literature records. On the other hand, cultural relics can prove the history recorded in the literature.
Combining literature and cultural relics closely, confirming each other and studying all aspects of social history in depth will achieve better results.