According to research, the tower crane was invented in Europe in the early 20th century. 1900 saw the first patent of tower crane, and 1905 saw the boom crane with fixed tower body. After World War I and World War II, tower cranes have developed rapidly, and in recent years, there are various types and strong demand.
China tower crane started in 1950s. Throughout the development history of 50 years, China's tower crane industry has gradually formed a relatively complete system and series spectrum from scratch, and tower crane has become the key equipment in construction, and tower crane industry has also become one of the fastest-growing construction machinery industries in China. It only took us 50 years to complete the development of tower cranes in developed countries for hundreds of years. Now China tower cranes have entered the international market in batches. At present, China has become a big producer of tower cranes in the world, and it is also one of the main demand markets of tower cranes in the world.
The century-old history of tower crane and the 50-year development course of China tower crane are reviewed, and the future of tower crane industry is prospected, expecting China tower crane to move from a big production country to a powerful one as soon as possible.
Review of domestic tower crane in 50 years
In the early 1950s, tower cranes in China started from imitation. 1954, East German architect I tower crane was copied. In 1960s, 25tm, 40tm and 60tm models were designed and manufactured by ourselves, most of which were movable arms. In 1970s, with the increase of high-rise buildings, new requirements were put forward for construction machinery. Thus, 160tm attached tower crane, 45tm internal climbing tower crane and 120tm jack-up tower crane came out one after another. In 1980s, with the rapid development of national construction, the largest 250-ton tower crane QTZ250 came into being. In particular, 1984 has greatly shortened the gap with foreign countries by introducing the technology of French POTAIN company, and made the development of tower cranes in China enter the fast lane.
In recent 20 years, the development of tower crane industry in China has shown the following characteristics.
(1) The market demand is strong, and the production and sales continue to be strong.
Since 1980s, China's tower crane industry has developed rapidly, especially in recent years, the sales volume of tower cranes has been rising continuously, and the statistical sales volume in 200 1 year is 9738. In 2002, it became the first country in the world with an annual output of tower cranes exceeding 1 10,000 units. In 2004, influenced by macro-control and structural adjustment of crane industry, the production and sales of tower cranes decreased; In 2005 and 2006, driven by the rapid economic growth, the production and sales of tower cranes in China resumed rapid growth, with sales exceeding 20,000 units in 2006. Due to the limitation of industry management and statistics, the production and sales of tower cranes have always been a figure that everyone wants to know but no one can tell, because industry statistics only count the sales of twenty or thirty production enterprises, and the sales of the whole industry must far exceed the statistics. According to some industry experts interviewed, this magazine gives the estimated figures (see table 1 and 2) for readers' reference. Undoubtedly, China has become a big producer of civil tower cranes in the world, and it is also one of the main demand markets of tower cranes in the world. According to preliminary statistics, at present, there are more than 400 tower crane manufacturers with production licenses in China, compared with less than 100 in the 1980s.
(two) the introduction of technology, rapidly improve the industrial level.
1984, the state approved Sichuan Construction Machinery Factory, Shenyang Construction Machinery Factory and Beijing Construction Machinery Factory to jointly import the proprietary technology and production license of tower crane from France Potan Company, and introduced three types of tower crane technologies such as F0/23B, and successfully trial-produced FO/23B tower crane in the following year, which was a milestone in the development history of tower crane in China, greatly shortened the gap with foreign countries, and made the development of tower crane in China enter the fast lane. By digesting and absorbing foreign advanced technology, two models, QT80 and QTZ 120, developed in China in the 1980s reached the level of similar products abroad at that time.
In the 1990s, especially since the Ninth Five-Year Plan, the modernization process has been accelerating, and the demand for tower cranes in domestic and foreign markets is getting higher and higher. Large-scale buildings have sprung up in many cities, and large-scale projects such as water conservancy, electric power and bridges have been launched. China tower crane industry has developed many good products by tackling key problems, seriously studying foreign technology and combining with national conditions, and successively produced 400 tons, 900 tons of horizontal arm and 300 tons of movable arm tower cranes. The main performance has reached the level of foreign countries in 1990s, and some new products, such as lifting and distributing tower cranes and flat-headed tower cranes, have entered the market. The development of this series of new products fills the gap in China and replaces and reduces the import of large tower cranes. In the development process, some key problems that restrict the development of tower crane in China have been solved, such as stepless speed change of high-power hoisting mechanism, PLC control and remote control technology of tower crane.
In 2006, Sichuan Construction Machinery (Group) Co., Ltd. introduced the super-large tower crane M 1500( 1500tm) with the maximum lifting capacity of 60t, which set a record for the largest tonnage of tower crane industry in China. Fushun Yongmao Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. introduced the largest tonnage flat-headed tower crane STT553(550tm) in China.
State-owned enterprises have been reorganized and private enterprises have risen.
In 1980s, many provinces had provincial construction machinery factories that produced tower cranes. With the increasing demand for tower cranes in the market, private enterprises have entered. Some original state-owned tower crane enterprises are not in the limelight. Some enterprises, such as Chuanjian, Shenyang Construction Machinery, etc., took the lead in breaking through the tight encirclement in the market and established their own brands. Their popularity has been continuously improved and their market share has been stable. At the same time, a number of private and joint-stock enterprises have risen rapidly and become an important force in the tower crane industry, such as Fushun Yongmao, Shandong Fiona Fang, Jiangsu Zhengxing and Zhejiang Hu Ba. After several years of silence, Beijing Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. and Fushun Yongmao jointly invested to establish Fushun Yongmao Holdings Beijing Construction Engineering Yongmao Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. in June 2006.
China is currently located in the first camp of tower crane manufacturers, including Chuanjian (joint-stock company), Shenyang Sanyo, Zoomlion (model company) and Fushun Yongmao (private enterprise). These enterprises have led the development trend of tower crane industry in China, and they are also the main manufacturers of tower crane export. Although the profits of China tower crane manufacturing industry are constantly spreading, especially in the small and medium-sized tower crane market, there are still many new manufacturers joining in.
(D) The quality of Shandong Tower Crane Group was questioned.
Since 1980s, a large number of tower crane manufacturers have gradually emerged in Shandong Jiaodong Peninsula. Its characteristics are: centralized production enterprises, rapid development and large output, which once accounted for 80% of the national output, with 60 ~ 70 manufacturers (the largest output was Shandong Huaxia Company, which started to enter the tower crane industry in 1995, ranking first in the national sales for eight consecutive years, with more than 6,000 domestic sales and exports in 2006). Products are mainly small and medium-sized tower cranes, and more than 70% are tower cranes below 63tm and 40tm. Low price and poor quality of some products. Due to frequent accidents, Shandong tower crane was once banned in many areas. Since the beginning of the new century, the quality consciousness of production enterprises has been gradually strengthened, and the product quality has been continuously improved. In addition to Shandong, Sichuan, Jiangsu and other places are also relatively concentrated areas of tower crane production in China.
(e) The rapid growth of exports makes it difficult for foreign capital to enter.
With the prosperity of the domestic market, the export performance of tower cranes is also unprecedentedly active. The export of tower cranes in China started at 1988 and has developed rapidly since the 20th century. From 200 1 to 2006, the export volume of tower cranes in China increased from 67 to 1748, an increase of 26 times, and the export countries also increased from 1 1 to 63. In recent years, the export volume of some key enterprises such as Chuanjian, Shenyang Sanyo and Fushun Yongmao has accounted for more than 50% of their annual output. In addition to exporting to Southeast Asia, West Asia and other regions, it has also set foot in developed regions such as Europe and America. Due to the rapid growth of exports, foreign markets are playing an increasingly important role in the consumption of tower cranes in China. It can be expected that the further development of export market will become an important way for China tower crane enterprises to seek greater development in the future.
Compared with export, the import of tower cranes in China is much less in recent years, and foreign-funded enterprises rarely successfully enter China. In addition to Botan 1988' s investment in Zhangjiagang, several foreign-funded enterprises have produced tower cranes in China. However, due to factors such as price and national conditions, the output is very small, some of them have withdrawn their funds and some are still supporting them. In 2006, Comanza and Hangzhou jiepai Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. jointly established Hangzhou Comanza jiepai Construction Machinery Co., Ltd., with an initial investment of 20.4 million US dollars, which has been put into production, and the effect remains to be seen.
Looking at the 50-year development history of domestic tower crane, China's tower crane industry has gradually formed a relatively complete system from scratch and has become one of the fast-developing machinery industries in China. Tower crane industry has formed a relatively perfect mechanism in design, manufacture, management and market development. At present, the overall level of the industry is at the level of foreign countries in the 1990s, but there are also many problems worthy of attention.
Second, the main problems
After 50 years of development, the gap between China's tower cranes and advanced countries has been greatly narrowed, but there are still some problems compared with foreign countries in terms of overall structure, performance and quality, especially in manufacturing quality and reliability. Although there are hundreds of tower crane manufacturers, there are not many with strong strength; The output of tower cranes is huge but the quality is uneven, and the sales volume is mainly concentrated on small and medium-sized tower cranes.
(A) the product structure is unreasonable
Up to now, China has produced nearly 200,000 tower cranes, but there are not many models, most of which are similar. There is a shortage of large and extra-large tower cranes and a surplus of small and medium-sized ones. One of the reasons is that technical regulations restrict product development. In 1980s, in order to facilitate unified management and customer selection, China introduced vehicle classification standards. Although standardized, it greatly restricted the richness and technical progress of tower crane products and was badly beaten in the market. The industry believes that the product model is dead, development is limited, and new varieties are naturally few. However, the developed countries have their own needs in the market, from 1 ~ 2tm micro cranes to 5000tm super-large tower cranes, and each has its own characteristics. The fast tower crane widely used in developed countries is rare in China.
(b) The quality of products is uneven.
At present, the domestic tower crane production is very large, some products are advanced in technology and good in quality, while others have many design and quality problems. This is because the production capacity of tower crane manufacturers varies greatly. Some are well-known enterprises with strong technical capabilities and guaranteed product quality; Some are medium-sized production enterprises with certain technology and production capacity; There are also some enterprises with poor technical equipment and technical strength, which cut into the market with low prices and informal means, causing great impact on regular manufacturers. With the prosperity of the construction market, a large number of small and medium-sized construction enterprises came into being, lacking long-distance transportation rules and abundant funds. They bought cheap tower cranes with low technical content and poor quality at risk, and their use and management were not perfect, which left great hidden dangers for safe construction and production.
(3) Multi-head management and diversified government approval; There are many people who check, permit and accept, but few people are responsible; There are many rules and regulations, but less implementation.
In some places, what kind of products and enterprises can obtain market access qualification after charging, which puts a legal coat or even a dazzling aura on illegal enterprises and opens the door for inferior products to enter the market.
Third, the prospect of tower crane industry in China
With the continuous construction of large-scale infrastructure and the development of new rural construction in China, large, medium and small tower cranes will be favored for a long time, and the coexistence of large and medium-sized enterprises will exist for a long time. We should continue to improve the technical content and quality level of large and medium-sized tower cranes to meet the needs of large-scale key projects and explore the international market; Improve the safety and reliability of small and medium-sized tower cranes.
According to the needs of construction, a variety of structural tower crane products have been developed, among which flat-headed tower crane and movable-arm tower crane have developed rapidly in recent years. Boom tower crane has been paid more and more attention because its boom can be replaced in a certain range, which is very suitable for construction in dense and narrow areas and has unique construction characteristics. In the construction of some super-high-rise steel structures (such as Shanghai World Financial Center, CCTV New Building, International Trade Phase III, etc.). ), a number of large-scale boom tower cranes from FAIVO company in Australia have been imported in China, which should attract the attention of manufacturers.
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