The detailed process of city change and Beijing's defense

> changes in civil engineering > during the period of returning to the Mongolian plateau, cracks appeared. The Wuliangha Department in the northeast, the Tatar Department in the Mongolian Plateau and the Wara Department in the west are all fragmented. Under the attack of continuous use of troops, Mongolian ministries expressed their obedience to the Ming Dynasty. Wuliangha was incorporated into the territory of the Ming Dynasty in the form of garrison, and several Walla leaders also accepted the titles of the Ming Dynasty and were incorporated into the tribute system. For example, Mahamu was named King Shunning, Taiping was named King De, and Tubulo was named King Le. However, the conquest by force did not make the Mongols yield, and the Mongolian grassland endowed them with tenacious character. After decades of recuperation, Mongolians rose again in the north of Ming Dynasty. From the reign of Xuande, Varato Ring (son of Mahamu) began to embark on the road of unifying Mongolian ministries. Tuo Domineering, backed by powerful force, killed Taiping and Batu Polo successively, and unified the Wara Department. For the arch-enemy, Tatar, Tuoba also used troops many times and killed the leader Arutai. Basically unified the Mongolian ministries. Orthodox four years (1439) died in Huan, and he also succeeded to the throne first. Walk up a flight of stairs in Valla. To the west, Hami and Shazhou were controlled, and the whole western region first became a bag. To the east, Wuliangha was defeated, and the Nuzhen in the northeast surrendered, thus establishing the largest Mongolian empire after the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, and the huge Mongolian plateau was once again * * * under the wolf totem. The war between Mongolia and Ming Dynasty is imminent. & gt& gt Fourteen years of orthodoxy (1449), he also resolutely launched a war against the Ming Dynasty on the grounds that the Ming Dynasty insulted Mongolian envoys and refused to be close to Mongolia. In July, Mongolian fighters attacked the Ming Dynasty in three ways, and also led the main army to Datong first. The Ming generals resisted, but Mongolia was in the limelight, and the news of defeat flooded into Beijing like snowflakes. Wu Hao, the general, was killed, while Hou Songying, the viceroy of Datong, and Zhu Mian, the viceroy of Wujin, were killed. The border is urgent! The Ming dynasty is in danger! & gt& gt At this time, Wang Zhengang, the eunuch, had just finished watching Zhang Taihou, who had been suppressing himself, and buried Sanyang's coffin one by one, finally looking forward to his own day. Wang Zhen, a scholar, couldn't help but feel happy from heaven, thinking that this was a good opportunity to make a name for himself, so he strongly encouraged Yingzong to make a personal conquest. At this time, Yingzong was only 22 years old, and it was the time when he was full of blood. He wanted to be as proud as Mao. The old eunuch and the little emperor hit it off, regardless of the opposition of the ministers, and decided to levy. Taking the personal expedition of Chengzu and Xuanzong as a model, it is understandable that Yingzong went out when the border was tight, but all this was rushed and the war was simply regarded as a joke. The day after the order was issued, the troops that went to war hurried on their way. Hundreds of thousands of troops have no logistical support at all, and their rations, uniforms and weapons are not available. Five days before the departure of the whole army, each soldier received 1 two pieces of silver, clothes, fried wheat and other materials. For the convenience of soldiers, every three people are equipped with 1 donkey to carry supplies. With so little logistical preparation, how can we convince the officers and men, and how can we ensure the speed of travel with such a simple means of transportation? The magic weapon that the Ming army relied on to win was temporarily transferred from the armory and hastily distributed to soldiers, who could not operate skillfully at all. On the day this great army went out, it was doomed to failure. The>& gt army hasn't set out for a long time, because it hasn't used soldiers for many years and the soldiers are weak. In addition, the army was short of food and did not go to Datong. The army keeps dying, and the bodies of soldiers lying on the roadside can be seen everywhere. Coupled with days of wind and rain, human feelings are fierce, the war has not yet begun, and the morale of the army has been unstable. Although the accompanying officials advised him to retreat, Wang Zhen went ahead and went west. It was not until Wang Zhen saw the scene of the fiasco of the Ming army, with corpses everywhere and rivers of blood, that Wang Zhencai began to be afraid. Coupled with the unfavorable battle report, Wang Zhen finally changed his mind and hurried east, returning to Beijing by the original road via Fu Xuan (now Xuanhua, Hebei). The army that knew before and felt after followed. After Zhong Shunwu, Ke Zhong, Cheng Guogong, Zhu Yong, Yongshun Bo Xuemao and others were killed successively. /kloc-in August of 0/3, Ming Yingzong's army fled to Tumubao (now southeast of Huailai County, Hebei Province), 20 miles away. Also arrived from behind first, and surrounded the army. The terrain of the civil fort is relatively high, and there are no aquatic plants on the ground. There is a river south of 15, which has been occupied by the Walla army. I dug a well more than twenty feet deep and didn't see a drop of water. Hundreds of thousands of troops were trapped without water for two days. /kloc-in June of 0/5, the Mongols were pseudo-withdrawn, and the Ming army rushed to the river to drink water, and the battle was in chaos. At this moment, the Vara cavalry, who had already been lying in ambush here, flooded in. For a time, the Ming army was in chaos, and there would be no soldiers, no generals and no effective defense. The scattered Ming army fell into the chaos of the vara soldiers. In the disorderly army, he was shot in the head by General Fan, and Ming Yingzong honestly became the first prisoner. The people who died for this farce were hundreds of thousands of Ming troops in the wilderness. "Naked, die unsatisfied, cover the sky and block Sichuan." Dozens of North Korean ministers who went out with the army were also buried with them. Zhang Fu, a British public servant and a famous general who had a knife in Vietnam, died in the disorderly army at the age of 75. The Minister of Operations Kuang, the Minister of Housing and the Minister of Cabinet all gave their lives. > > above is the whole process of civil engineering change. Trying to describe the real history here with some objective words seems to be different from what we know. Because the history we know is actually written by literati, who have the hegemony of words. Their descriptions of eunuchs are mixed with a lot of subjective colors, and they often catch shadows and write some ugly stories of Wang Zhen into the official history. We have no intention of overthrowing Wang Zhen's beliefs. I just hope that everyone can look at the history closer to the truth with a normal heart. Take the number of people as an example. Most books think it's more than half a million people. In fact, the army pieced together in three days was mainly composed of the imperial army in Beijing, and the number of the entire imperial army was only over 300,000 at the peak of the orthodox period. Where can there be as many as 500 thousand people? The real number of people should be as said, "two hundred thousand people were injured by half, one third died, more than two hundred thousand mules and horses, and all the armor weapons were acquired by the Hu people." Li Xian has experienced changes in civil engineering and escaped by luck, so his statement should be closer to the truth. The reason why there are 500,000 people probably follows the saying that Yongle personally recruited 500,000 people. Previous records tried to exaggerate the number of people because it showed how much harm Wang Zhen had brought to the Ming Dynasty. & gt& gt Another major crime of Wang Zhen is that he was stationed in a water-deficient Minbao and did not retreat to Huailai County in time. The reason for this result is that Wang Zhen insisted on being stationed here while waiting for the delivery of his own financial trench car. Is that really the case? In fact, when the Ming army withdrew, Valla's vanguard troops had already caught up with the Ming army. The deaths of Kezhong, Zhu Yong, Yongshun Bo Xueshou and others were just to cover the army. The water source near the civil fort has long been occupied by the Walla army, which shows that the Walla army has surrounded the Ming army. In fact, it was a helpless move for Wang Zhentun to enter the civil fort. While those Ming literati who regarded the change of civil engineering as a great shame did not dare to blame Yingzong, nor did they have the heart to blame those court officials who died in the disorderly army, so Wang Zhen became an ideal scapegoat. After all, he has committed many crimes, and it doesn't matter if he has one more crime. & gt& gt In fact, the changes of the people did not fundamentally shake the foundation of Daming, and the subsequent Beijing Defence War was the most telling. /kloc-in August of 0/6, the news of civil strife spread to Beijing, and the leaderless Ming court was in a mess, so it stepped forward to save the crisis and plan various measures to defend Beijing. On September 6, the emperor ascended the throne, and Yingzong was honored as the emperor's father. On June+10/October 1 1 day, 65438, Valla's army arrived at the gates of Beijing. The fierce battle between the two sides began immediately. & gt& gt65438 June+10/October 1 1 day, the commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, Koryo and Mao Fushou, fought with the Vara Army outside the gate of Zhangyi City, killing and injuring hundreds of people. Although the Ming army won a small victory, the morale of the Walla army did not suffer much. After all, Yingzong is a prisoner first. After regrouping, a larger attack was launched before 10+03, and the main force was ready to storm Deshengmen. The frequent appearance of Mongolian scouts outside Deshengmen aroused Yu Qian's vigilance, and Yu Qian judged that this might be the main direction of Vara's attack. Therefore, Yu Qian ordered Shi Heng to lead a good soldier to ambush in an empty room outside the city, and then sent a small group of cavalry as bait to lure the Walla army. When the Walla army saw it coming, the Ming army pretended to retreat, and soon the Walla army entered the encirclement. Shi Heng came to ambush precipitously, and all the firearms and crossbows in the camp of Ji Shen were fired, causing heavy losses to the Walla army. In hand-to-hand combat, the Walla army was in flight, and the Ming army led by Shi Heng and Fan Guang was even more powerful. Wherever they go, the Walla army is invincible. In this battle, Sun Na, the peace commander of Goboro, known as "Marshal of Iron Blood", was killed in battle. After being frustrated, he was unwilling at first, and then moved to Xizhimen, where he was defeated again by Sun Man and others. Both sides fought hard for five days. They also saw that the city of Beijing could not be captured for a long time and the soldiers suffered heavy losses. They also saw that reinforcements arrived one after another from all over the Ming Dynasty, and the form became more and more unfavorable to them, so they were forced to retreat first. 165438+1On October 8th, all the Walla troops withdrew from the Great Wall, and martial law was lifted in Beijing. The Battle of Beijing ended in the victory of the Ming Dynasty. & gt& gt For defending Beijing, this is only a superficial description. I don't want to leave too much space for Yu Qian's tall and glorious personality, and I don't want to describe Shi Heng's bravery. I want to discuss the relationship between the change of civil engineering and Beijing defense here. In the past, historians described the change of civil engineering as a watershed in the Ming Dynasty, which was a turning point from prosperity to decline. Is that really the case? & gt& gt During the civil strife, it was a great shame for the Ming Dynasty to capture the emperor, but the elite troops of the Ming Dynasty were completely lost? Of course, more than 200,000 imperial troops went to war, and half of them died in battle because of Wang Zhen and Yingzong's nonsense; However, it took less than two months from the fiasco of civil reform to the victory of Beijing's defense war. If the civil change was a devastating blow to the Ming Dynasty, how could Beijing win the defense war? Connecting the two, we can say with certainty that not all the main forces of the Ming imperial army were deployed this time. Even if hundreds of thousands of Ming troops were wiped out, the Ming Dynasty still had enough strength to fight against Vala.