Since the reform and opening up in China, the volume and complexity of buildings have been increasing, and the traditional design method based on experience and intuition can no longer meet the needs of architectural development. Modern design methods need to be based on clear goals and order. The design scheme will lay a foundation for systematic design methods, provide opportunities and methods for multidisciplinary cooperation and user participation, and truly meet people's needs for building materials and souls.
First, the concept of architectural design
Architectural design refers to that before the building is completed, designers make a comprehensive conception of the existing or possible problems in the construction process and use process according to the construction tasks, draw up solutions and schemes for these problems, and express them with drawings and documents. Make the completed building fully meet the requirements of users and social expectations. Architectural design in a broad sense refers to all the work to be done when designing a building or a group of buildings. Design work often involves knowledge of architecture, structural science, water supply and drainage, heating, air conditioning, electric power, gas, fire fighting, fire prevention, automatic control and management, architectural acoustics, architectural optics, building thermal engineering, engineering estimation, landscaping and so on. , and need the close cooperation of various scientific and technological personnel.
Second, the elements and principles of architectural design
(A) architectural design elements
1. Building function is one of the main purposes of building, which refers to the purpose and use requirements of the built building. ?
2. Building technology is a means of building houses, including building materials, building structure, building physics, building structure, building equipment and construction technology.
3. The artistic image of architecture is also one of the main purposes for people to build houses, which includes the comprehensive artistic effect created by comprehensive factors such as the body shape of building groups and monomers, the combination of internal and external space, the composition of building facade, detail treatment, the color and texture of materials, and the change of light and shadow.
4. Economical and reasonable. The design of building structure should consider economic rationality everywhere, use local materials, save steel, cement and wood, and reduce costs under the premise of ensuring quality.
(2) Architectural design principles
1. Holistic design principle: Holistic design principle is to comprehensively study the function, composition and development law of the whole building composed of various components, and reveal the characteristics and movement law of the system from the interdependence, combination and restriction relationship between the whole and the part.
2. Comprehensive design principle: any systematic research must be comprehensively investigated from its elements, structure, functions, interrelationships and historical development. Combine analysis organically in the process of synthesis. Proceed from synthesis, analyze on the basis of synthesis, and then return to synthesis. The analysis results of each level should be fed back to the synthesis of the previous level to compare with the whole, and re-analyze, modify and integrate according to the comparison differences, so as to achieve a high degree of unity between the local and the whole.
3. Connectivity design principle: Connectivity design principle requires that many interrelated aspects should be considered, not only all aspects of the research object system itself, but also the system environment. Environment is the external condition of system existence. Systems all occur, maintain and develop in a certain external environment, and interact with other systems in the environment. This interaction includes: resources and pressure provided by the environment to the system, functions and pollution provided by the system to the environment. Therefore, the system and the environment are mutually plastic.
4. Dynamic design principle: Dynamic principle is to explore the internal and external relations of the system, the direction, trend, speed and mode of system development, and also to explore the power, application and law of system development. For architectural design, it is particularly important to base on the present, take into account the future and grasp the development direction of the times.
5. Orderly design principle: the high-level system consists of low-level systems, which have a constructive relationship with the high-level system, and there is a coherent relationship between the systems at the same level. So the system is orderly, hierarchical and hierarchical. And the lower the level, the stronger the combination; Conversely, the higher the level, the weaker the degree of integration. The degree of integration is reduced and the hierarchical structure is more stable. Therefore, the use of rooms has a constructive relationship with functional areas, individual groups and base environment, and its integration degree should be reduced to promote the stability of structure and function. If a functional area relies too much on its upper-level system, once a link in the upper-level system is destroyed, it will inevitably affect its use function and even paralysis. Therefore, it is an important link that should be paid attention to in architectural design to correctly determine the relationship between parts, effectively divide functions and rationally organize various streamline and spatial sequences.
6. Structural design principle: Structure is the combination of elements under the action of relationship, and it is the carrier of expression, which is ubiquitous in things. Structure determines performance, and performance can react to structure. Element is the combination of structure, and the stability and development direction of element movement will affect the stability and direction of structure. Relationship is the function of connecting elements and the link of the system. The quality and quantity of relationship determine the stability of structural performance. Therefore, we must understand its structure.
7. Optimal design principle: the process of system formation is actually the process of differential integration. Different things can be merged together, and they must have identity, mutual needs, mutual support and complementary advantages, which is the premise and foundation of integration. Through the integration of differences, all parts of the building are organically organized together, which stimulates a positive overall effect and promotes "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts".
Thirdly, the procedure and organization of architectural design.
The procedure of architectural design includes: scheme stage, preliminary design stage and construction drawing design stage.
Preliminary design stage: First of all, we should be familiar with the design task book, conduct on-the-spot investigation, and further collect useful information for design. Really understand the environmental situation where the project is located and some relevant local laws and regulations.
The drawings and design documents in the preliminary design stage require architectural drawings to indicate the positioning axis and axis size, total size, building elevation, total height and some positioning dimensions related to technical work. In the design description, the main building materials and structural practices should be indicated; Structural professional drawings need to provide the floor plan and preliminary calculation instructions of the building structure, as well as the basic dimensions of the cross section of structural members; Each equipment specialty should also provide corresponding equipment drawings, estimated quantity and description of equipment.
After the design unit completes the design documents of the preliminary design, it shall submit all the design documents of the preliminary design to the relevant supervision and management departments for approval through the construction unit. Construction drawing design stage: refine the documents of preliminary design, reach the depth of construction according to the drawing, and meet the requirements of equipment and material procurement, non-standard equipment production and construction.
The drawings and design documents in the construction drawing design stage shall provide detailed positioning dimensions, necessary models, quantities and other information of all components, and shall also draw architectural details involved in the project construction. Other majors should also submit relevant detailed design documents and their design basis, coordinate the design of each major, and achieve complete consistency.
After the preparation of construction drawing documents, the design unit shall submit the relevant construction drawing review institutions through the construction unit for the implementation of mandatory standards and specifications.
Fourthly, the creativity and individuality of design thinking.
The individuality of architecture not only comes from its form, but also meets the requirements of individuality and aesthetics on the basis of satisfying its use function. It creates a humanized space with cultural significance by objectifying people's emotional way and lifestyle, which makes architecture and everything related to architecture have the power of personality. The connotation of personalized design is actually a kind of "people-oriented" thought, which is the embodiment of caring for human nature.
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