What is the role of the earth walls on both sides of the Qin terracotta warriors and horses? After thousands of years of corrosion and oxidation, the shed built of wooden columns and thatch has completely disappeared, and now only the earth wall can be seen. The earth walls themselves are wide and long. What is the role of the earth walls on both sides of the Qin terracotta warriors and horses?
What are the functions of the earth walls on both sides of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses 1 Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses is located in Xi City, Shaanxi Province, and is one of the three must-see attractions in China, alongside the Forbidden City and the Great Wall. Many foreign dignitaries visited China and were full of praise. Former French President Jacques Chirac even commented that the discovery of Terracotta Warriors can be said to be the eighth wonder. You can't have been to China without seeing the Terracotta Warriors.
I believe everyone knows the story and discovery process of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. 1in March, 974, an old farmer accidentally discovered the burial pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum while drilling a well. After the exploration and excavation by archaeologists, thousands of terracotta warriors and horses were born one after another, and their realistic modeling and superb craftsmanship attracted the world's amazement.
However, it is curious that even though the Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been publicly displayed for many years, the thick earth walls around them have not been cleaned up yet. Why? Some people speculate that there may be other funerary objects that have not been excavated. Is it true?/You don't say.
First, the earth wall with great responsibility.
First of all, what is certain is that there is really only soil in the earth wall, and there is nothing else. And its main function is to protect these huge terracotta warriors and horses from external forces.
At that time, Li Si, the prime minister of Qin State, was ordered to build a mausoleum, and Qin Shihuang asked him to use the word "magnificent" to show his status as emperor. It's best to make a copy of all his things now and move them underground so that he can continue to enjoy them after his death.
Li Si was extremely clever, and naturally he quickly understood the boss's meaning and designed the mausoleum to be quite grand and domineering. It not only covers a vast area, with a total area of 654.38+200,000 square meters, but also has rich funerary objects, including the Terracotta Warriors and Horses, which are rare in the world.
Of course, it is not enough to just put these treasures in the mausoleum, but also to ensure that they can last forever. Therefore, Reese ordered craftsmen to build earth walls, scaffolding and trees in the pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses, and cover them as much as possible to reduce their damage rate.
After thousands of years of corrosion and oxidation, the shed composed of wooden columns and thatch has completely disappeared, and now only earth walls can be seen. These earth walls themselves are wide and long, and with the repeated tamping by craftsmen in those years, their hardness is comparable to that of rocks, which can play an excellent load-bearing role.
According to historical records, Guanzhong area suffered an earthquake of magnitude 8, but the terracotta warriors and horses were hardly damaged, which shows the importance of earth walls. In addition, the Terracotta Warriors pit has also been burned, but only the Terracotta Warriors in the ventilation part of the tunnel have been damaged, and other areas are still intact. It can be seen that the earth wall also has the function of wind and fire prevention.
Second, the reason why the earth wall cannot be removed
First of all, destroying the earth wall will make the Terracotta Warriors lose their protection. Although the protective shed was built on the pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses, it can only play the role of wind and rain, and has little effect on the protection of geological disasters with great harm. If a large piece had been poured, it would have been an incalculable loss.
Secondly, the cleaning process may cause damage to the Terracotta Warriors. As mentioned above, these earth walls have been treated by special techniques and the texture is very hard. If you only rely on manual cleaning, it will be too time-consuming and laborious. If it is cleaned by large machinery, it is easy to encounter terracotta warriors and horses, and the cost is too high.
Finally, cleaning the earth wall will destroy the integrity of the Qin Mausoleum. Like the Terracotta Warriors in the pit, the earth wall has historical research value. They are part of the Qin Mausoleum, just like the ancient city walls, which are of great help to the study of ancient architecture culture in later generations.
What is the role of the earth walls on both sides of the Qin terracotta warriors and horses? The School of Cultural Heritage of Northwest University cooperated with the Qin Mausoleum Museum to publish the latest research results in the international authoritative journal Archaeology. The researchers found a new type of multi-purpose composite material on the terracotta warriors and horses in Qin Dynasty, which was widely used in the filling, bonding and leveling processes in the production of terracotta warriors and horses. The researchers said that during the archaeological excavation of the Terracotta Warriors pit in the past, they found this material in the head and crown of the Terracotta Warriors, including the broken parts of the abdomen and legs of the Terracotta Warriors. The latest research results provide a new basis for understanding the production technology, protection and restoration of terracotta warriors and horses.
On June 265438+1October 2 1 day, the latest news was released by the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum. In 202 1 year, archaeologists excavated two passing holes in the middle of the north side of pit No.1 of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, * * * cleared out 25 pottery figurines, extracted 17, and completed the matching of 12. New discovery of pit 1 of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. Among them, the unearthed figurines of senior military officers (commonly known as "general figurines") are of great significance for understanding and studying the layout of the whole No.1 pit.
What is the role of the earth walls on both sides of the Qin terracotta warriors and horses? According to the news from the online business report meeting of the Qin Mausoleum Museum held in 20021a few days ago, important achievements have been made in the archaeological excavations of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit No.1 and Pit No.2, the M 1 tomb on the west side of the Qin Mausoleum, and the East Gate site of the outer city of the Qin Mausoleum in 20021:
Another general map and a middle-level military attache map were unearthed in pit 1 of Terracotta Warriors, which is of great significance to the study of the layout of the whole pit 1.
In the second pit of Terracotta Warriors, we have a new understanding of the connotation and layout of the "crossbowman" troops, and found senior military officials and the surrounding armored warriors;
The excavation of Tomb M 1 on the west side of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was completed, and all unearthed objects showed that the owner of the tomb was distinguished. There were three pits where horses and chariots were buried, and 15 clock was found, as well as many gold, silver and bronze figurines with dancing, dancing and animal images.
Rammed soil abutments and doorways, as well as tiles and braised soil, were found in the ruins of the East Gate of the Outer City of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. It was found that there were ancillary buildings on both sides of the gate doorway, and the destruction of the gate was related to the fire.
Pit 1 of Terracotta Warriors:
Another general figurine and a middle-ranking military official figurine were unearthed.
It is of great significance to study the arrangement of the whole No.1 pit.
△ Schematic diagram of shading effect
The burial pits of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are a group of large burial pits outside the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, among which the No.1 pit has the largest area, with a total area of 14260 square meters. According to the arrangement density, about 6,000 pieces of pottery figurines and horses can be unearthed after all excavations. Pit No.1 of Terracotta Warriors is divided into 27 exploration areas of 20m× 20m. The excavation of the whole pit can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage, from May of 1978 to September of198, five exploration points (T 1, T2, T 10, t/kloc) at the eastern end of No.1 pit were investigated. In the second stage, from March of 1986 to the beginning of 1987, five prospectors (T 1 1, T 12, T 13, T2 1, t2. The third stage is from 2009 to now, and the excavation site is located in T23, with an excavation area of 400 square meters.
△ No.1 pit excavation site
The excavation site of 202 1 is located in the middle of the north side of No.1 pit, originally numbered T24. National Cultural Heritage Administration has an approved excavation area of 30 square meters, with specific areas of G8 and G 10 tunnels.
Among them, G8 cleaned 15 pieces of pottery figurines through holes, extracted 10 pieces, and completed 8 pieces of matching. G 10 cleans the pottery figurines 10 through the hole, extracts 7 pieces, and completes the matching of 4 pieces. The terracotta warriors and horses were seriously damaged and moved in a large position. * * * Clean up and extract 14 small pieces, all belonging to G8.
△ No.1 pit excavation site
The unearthed pottery figurines are well preserved, and a scientific protection plan has been formulated, and these pottery figurines are transported to the protection and restoration room in time for protection and restoration. The mold in the figurine pit has also been dealt with in time, ensuring the safety of cultural relics and the environment.
The terracotta figures excavated this year are mainly located behind the train tracks, which is special. Among them, a general figurine was unearthed in G8 and an intermediate officer figurine was unearthed in G 1 1, which is of great significance for understanding and studying the array of the whole No.1 pit. Archaeologists have sorted out the middle and senior military attaché s unearthed since the discovery of the Qin terracotta warriors pit, especially the middle and senior military attaché s unearthed in the No.1 pit, and put forward that the arrangement of the military array in the No.1 pit may be symmetrical in the north-south and east-west directions.
Pit 2 of Terracotta Warriors:
We have a new understanding of the connotation and layout of the crossbowman troops.
Found senior officers and armored soldiers around them
The Terracotta Warriors Pit No.2 is one of the important tombs of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum. 1May, 976, local trial excavation was carried out. 1994 to 2008, the first comprehensive excavation was carried out, exposing the part above the shed wood, basically clarifying the stratum, shape, architectural structure, nature and other contents of the No.2 pit, and excavating and cleaning up some painted pottery figurines.
The second excavation began on 20 15. The excavation work strictly controls the excavation area, and in line with the working idea of "horizontal expansion" and "vertical deepening", it focuses on solving related academic problems, such as solving the composition problem of green paste mud in terracotta warriors and horses pits, exploring the quantitative collection mode of color information of terracotta warriors and horses, and solving the chromium salt oxidation problem of weapons in terracotta warriors and horses pits through excavation.
△ No.2 pit excavation site
According to the archaeological excavation plan, the first unit of crossbowmen Square T2 1(K5)60 (K5) 60m2 was excavated on 202 1, which further revealed the connotation and layout of the unit. Through excavation, we have a new understanding of the connotation and layout of the "crossbowman" troops.
The main results are as follows: The upper layer of T2 1K5 clay figurines and the east wall of K5 were cleaned, and most of the clay figurines were exposed to the ground. * * * Extracted 447 groups of various data and 47 samples, further revealed and understood the buried connotation of No.2 pit, and provided new data for the study of Qin figurines.
△ No.2 pit excavation site
First of all, senior military officials and armored warrior figurines around them were found in this area, not all of them were vertical shooting figures in the studio, which made people have a new understanding of the types and distribution of K5 pottery figurines. Secondly, in the process of scientific excavation and on-site protection of painted pottery cultural relics, we constantly accumulate experience to provide reference for the protection of other similar cultural relics. Thirdly, the traditional color recording method is changed, and the digital recording method is used to quantify the color recording, which provides data accumulation for the establishment of the color database of Qin figurines. Fourthly, extract the residual green gypsum from the burned shed wood, and plan to analyze the mineral composition and element composition, and put forward a more comprehensive explanation for the formation of green gypsum. Finally, through the relevant microscopic information obtained from excavation, the metal elements and soil environment of K5 bronze weapon were analyzed, and the chromium salt oxidation of No.2 pit weapon was further analyzed.
Tomb M 1 on the west side of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum:
Completed the excavation of Beimu Road and two burial pits,
The owner of the grave is honorable. There are three burial pits for horses and chariots, and 15 chimes were found.
Since 20 13, the Museum of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor has continuously excavated Tomb QLCM 1 on the west side of the Qin Mausoleum (referred to as Tomb 1 for short). For many years, because the land lease problem has not been solved, Beimu Road and two burial pits have not been excavated. This year, after many efforts, this problem was finally solved successfully, and the tombs were completely excavated.
In 20021year, the main work was the excavation and indoor repair of Beimu Road and two burial pits. Archaeologists use past methods to arrange exploration methods and carry out excavation. The backfill of the pyramid-shaped mound is exactly the same as that of the south pyramid-shaped mound. The upper layer is finely rammed, the lower layer is roughly rammed, and the rammed nest is exactly the same. No stolen holes were found.
There are three burial pits, one in the south (P 1), located on the west side of Nanmu Road, which has been excavated before. The overall structure is a box structure. Four horses, a wooden cart and a dog are buried. There are bows and hats, arrows, gold deposits, gold and silver ornaments, etc. It is almost the same as that unearthed around the Qin tombs.
△ Jade Ding Unearthed from Linxi Tomb
Two burial pits (P2 and P3) in the north are located on the east side of Beimu Road. Re-explore them before digging to confirm their scope.
Pit P2 is 9 meters long, 6 meters wide and 5.2 meters deep, and it is 5 meters away from Tomb North Road 1.5 meters. Found a stolen hole. In a corner, a disturbing pit was found, which should have been dug by local farmers when leveling the land. There are many pieces of pottery in it, and the words "South", "Salty" and "Xianyang" are written on them.
P3 Tomb Pit is 26.5m long, 5m wide and 2m deep from Tomb North Road 17m. The reason why it is shallow is that when the land was leveled in early years, more than 2 meters above it was destroyed. Its structure should be the same as that of P 1, box-shaped, with an upper shed and a width of about 20 cm. There is a 13 stolen hole in the burial pit, and bows and hats are found in the stolen hole.
△ Gold and silver camels unearthed from Linxi Tomb
Indoor restoration, including the restoration of pottery, bronzes and small objects.
The extracted pottery is seriously damaged. At present, the restored pottery includes big cocoon-shaped pots, small cocoon-shaped pots, pottery pots, pots, pots, lamps and so on. The size of a big cocoon-shaped pot is 60 cm. Partially restored pottery lamps 16, pottery bricks 6 and pottery pots 7.
There are similar problems in the restoration of bronzes, and relatively complete ones such as pots, beans, pots and chimes are easier to repair. However, the walls of many utensils are inherently thin and fragile and difficult to repair.
At present, the cultural relics that have been completely restored include: gold and silver camel, gold dancing sleeve figurines, copper flat pot inlaid with colored glass, jade tripod, silver box, silver riding figurines, silver hound, gold-plated copper paving head, etc.
△ Small animal shapes like deer unearthed from Linxi Tomb
△ Small bronze figurines unearthed from Linxi Tomb
Among them, there is a small animal, which is vivid in shape, like a deer, lying on its stomach, with its big ears facing up and looking alert. There is also a small bronze man, very awkward, wearing a crown, holding things in both hands, and his expression is very solemn.
Through excavation and cleaning, archaeologists have a clearer understanding of the nature of the tomb-the tomb buried with the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor has a lofty status and distinguished status. All the unearthed objects show that this is a noble life scene. High-level tombs, three burial pits for chariots and horses, 15 clock, many small bronze statues of gold and silver, with images of music, dance and animals. Everything shows the luxurious life of the nobility.
East Gate Site of the Outer City of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum:
Rammed soil abutments and doorways, tiles and braised soil were found in the east gate of the outer city.
There are ancillary buildings on both sides of the gate, and the destruction of the gate is related to the fire.
△ Exterior view of the East Gate Site of the Outer City of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum
The east gate site of the outer city of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is located in the south of the outer city wall of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum. It is located on the east side of the paddock, about 200m away from the paddock of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in the west, about 260m away from the east gate of Ruins Park in the north, about 20m away from the east wall of Ruins Park in the east, and about K980 1 about150m away from the south. Since 1962, archaeologists have conducted many archaeological investigations and explorations on the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor and its surrounding areas, and got a preliminary understanding of the east gate of the outer wall of the Mausoleum. It is roughly determined that the site of the east gate of the outer wall is rectangular in plane, with a length of 77 meters from north to south and a width of 22.4 meters from east to west, but the number of openings and the architectural structure are not clear.
△ Top view of the East Gate site outside Qin Shihuang Mausoleum
In order to provide reliable information for the display and restoration of the outer wall of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and promote the archaeological research of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, with the approval of National Cultural Heritage Administration, the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum Museum conducted an archaeological excavation of the East Gate site of the outer city of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum from September 20265438 to February 20265438.
This archaeological excavation has made a detailed excavation plan. Guided by stratigraphy, we pay attention to the smallest unit of accumulation, adhere to multidisciplinary joint research from the perspective of burial, promote archaeological excavation together with architectural experts, and arrange 30 exploration sites, with an actual excavation area of 1 1,000 square meters (about half of the site).
△ Top view of the East Gate site outside Qin Shihuang Mausoleum
The stratigraphic relationship of the East Gate site in the outer city is simple. In addition to 7 natural gullies, 3 modern artificial gullies, 1 modern sewage gullies, 4 modern tombs and 1 modern ash pits, rammed earth abutments, 1 doorways, tiles, braised soil and other buildings at the east gate of the outer city are mainly found. Five stone building materials, 1 ironware, 1 Gan Long Bao Tong and 1 Republic of China copper coins were unearthed.
△ The rammed nest discovered by archaeological excavation of the East Gate site outside Qin Shihuang Mausoleum
The main achievements of the excavation of the East Gate site in the outer city of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are as follows:
The scale, shape and structure of the east gate site outside the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang were clarified. The excavation confirmed that the east gate of the outer city belongs to the rammed earth platform foundation building, which is a door-to-door structure, and the door opening was treated by pyrotechnics. There are artificial stone building materials at the edge of the door and the corner of the high platform, and it can be determined that there are ancillary buildings besides the city gate wall.
The construction process of the east gate of the outer city of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum was clarified. According to the relationship between strata accumulation, it can be determined that a large foundation pit should be excavated at Dongmen site first, and then fine rammed in the pit. Coarse rammer is used between the fine rammer in the pit and the fine rammer near the pit. On the basis of rammed soil, walls and ancillary buildings are built, and the outside of the walls is plastered with grass mud. Judging from the slab tile, tile and stone building components, there are ancillary buildings on both sides of the doorway of the gate. Judging from the existence of braised soil and carbon chips, the destruction of the city gate is related to fire.
It provides basic data for studying the orientation, ritual layout and mausoleum system of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, and is helpful to understand and study the scale, grade and layout of ritual architecture of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum.
It is understood that in the next step, archaeologists will continue to adhere to the multidisciplinary cooperation between archaeology and architecture to carry out excavation research, continue to carry out archaeological work of ancillary buildings between the east gate of the inner and outer cities, gradually clarify the architectural structure and layout of the eastern part of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, and clarify the distribution and connotation of the remains of the east gate of the inner and outer cities, so as to provide information for the study of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum system.