Hangzhou, as the ancient capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, often has some interesting archaeological discoveries, so that those historical stories that are almost lost in the long river of history constantly refresh our historical cognition.
For example, a tomb excavation information released by Hangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology yesterday gives us a new understanding of the battle of Dingjiazhou (now Tongling North, Anhui Province), which decided the final fate of the Southern Song Dynasty. In this battle, in addition to the notorious fugitive Jia Sidao in the history books, there was also a culprit, Sun Huchen, who took the lead in escaping and caused a rout. Then, the Southern Song Dynasty, which was wiped out as the main force, lost thousands of miles, and Hong Qiwei, the magistrate of Zhenjiang, abandoned the city and fled. This Hong Qiwei is the tomb owner of this archaeological excavation. The campaign information comes from his epitaph. Experts said that since the epitaph was written by the parties concerned, it is more reliable than historical materials in some cases.
This tomb is located in a small village in Lin 'an, and it is the joint burial tomb of Hong Qiwei and his wife. It was stolen three times when it was found, and there was almost nothing in it. However, its scale is very luxurious and huge, and the epitaph left behind is clear and complete, with a lot of information, which not only becomes substantive evidence to judge the identity of the tomb owner, but also allows us to get a glimpse of the complicated historical truth thousands of years ago.
Epitaphs are informative.
My wife is from Hangzhou, and my grandfather wrote Spring and Autumn Annals.
This tomb belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Hong Qiwei. Located in Langbi Natural Village, Lin 'an City. Backed by General Mountain, in front of Nantiaoxi. The bamboo forest is faint, and the scenery and scenery are good. Archaeological Institute started excavation in June last year 165438+ 10. But because it was stolen three times, there was hardly any treasure left in it. Husband and wife are in the same room, male left and female right, separated in the middle, and the epitaph is well preserved. Hong Qiwei's epitaph is somewhat weathered, and many words can't be seen clearly with the naked eye. Moreover, it is written in chic grass, which needs to be distinguished by high-tech means in the later stage, but it has a lot of information.
This Hong Qiwei is from Hangzhou, and there are few historical materials about him. Basically, he mentioned a sentence in someone else's biography. For example, in the Song Dynasty's Biography of Jia Sidao, it was mentioned that Hong Qiwei, who knew Lin 'an Prefecture, did not dare to go to the fields, which seemed to be careless. This shows that Hong Zhiwei used to be a magistrate in Lin 'an, and he often coincides with Jia Sidao.
And his grandfather, Hong, worked as a minister of punishments, a bachelor of Hanlin, a part-time national history, wrote Spring and Autumn Annals, and had a special biography, Song Shi Hong Zikai. However, according to historical records, he died in Duanping years, but there is no record of Duanping years. It is clearly written in the epitaph that Duanping was named Emperor Shen Guogong after his death for three years, and he enjoyed the treatment of the rank of prime minister, which is a supplement to the blank of historical materials.
As for Hong Zhifu's wife Lang, it is almost hard to find traces in historical materials. This time, it will be clear after reading the epitaph. Lang is also from Hangzhou. When he gave birth to his second son, he caught a cold and relapsed in winter. As a result, the doctor gave him a strong medicine, and the beautiful * * * died at the age of 38, while the magistrate lived to be 79, so his wife's epitaph was written by himself.
Although he later married another wife, he spoke highly of Lang, saying that she was good-natured, didn't scold others casually, and her tone was particularly harsh, and she never spoke human words. Lang Xufeng, deputy director of Hangzhou Institute of Archaeology, said that the epitaph also mentioned that Lang's grandfather's name was Lang Jian, and he was named Wulin Hou, which is also not found in historical materials.
Who was running in that decisive battle between Song and Yuan Dynasties?
Sun Huchen was the first to escape from Jia Sidao.
Hong Qiwei also wrote a great event in his epitaph: the battle of Dingjiazhou.
This battle, recorded in the History of the Song Dynasty and the History of the Yuan Dynasty, was the last large-scale decisive battle between the Southern Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, which took place on February 22nd, 1275. In this battle, a person familiar to everyone was involved: the traitor Jia Sidao.
Song Shili said that Jia Sidao sent elite soldiers from the Southern Song Dynasty 130000 to fight the Yuan Army in Dingjiazhou, which is the northeast river in Tongling, Anhui Province today. As a result, Jia Sidao was afraid of death, got cold feet and suffered a fiasco, and fled to Yangzhou by boat.
As we all know, Jia Sidao was later indignant and demoted, and was finally sent to Guangdong to be demoted. On the way to being demoted, he was killed by Zheng Huchen who had been enemies with him. The direct trigger of this chain reaction is the battle of Dingjiazhou. He was killed in July 1275, and this battle has only been fought for five months.
In October of the following year, Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, was occupied in less than one year.
Ding Jiazhou's failure meant the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, some struggles, such as Wen Tianxiang's resistance to Yuan, were all small-scale battles, and it was no longer a climate. The research center of Southern Song Dynasty history of Hangzhou Academy of Social Sciences holds any neutral theory.
What is Hong Zhifu doing at this time? At that time, he was the magistrate of Zhenjiang. When the Yuan soldiers were ready to attack, they abandoned the city and fled. But in the epitaph, only defeat was written, not escape.
Speaking of the battle in the epitaph, Hong Qiwei said that Jia Sidao also tried to recruit the defeated soldiers and fight again, but failed. Most importantly, he also mentioned that Sun Huchen was a striker under the command of infantry, and he escaped first.
In historical materials, there are different opinions about who fled first.
According to the Biography of Bo Yan in the Yuan Dynasty, Xia Gui, commander-in-chief of the water army, fled first: you fled first, and the boat swept like a boat.
The Biography of Jia Sidao in Song Dynasty also said: Like Tao, I also ran to Yangzhou with Hu Chen, and they fled together.
Epitaph records are different from historical materials. Generally, the epitaph shall prevail, because it was written by the party concerned. Lang Xufeng believes that Hong Qiwei's epitaph may have been written in advance or by someone who knows him, but he doesn't need to defend Jia Sidao, whether Sun Huchen fled first or Jia Sidao fled first. Zhenjiang was empty at that time, and it was doomed to be untenable. Logically speaking, his statement is objective.
This is the tomb of local tyrants.
3 1 layer sealing soil, with different colors for each layer.
Hong Qiwei's epitaph is interesting. His stolen tomb is empty to ordinary people, but it is also interesting to archaeologists. The head of this tomb is sealed with earth.
In ancient times, high-grade plots were called graves and mountains. In the Han dynasty, the higher the status, the higher and thicker the land. But it was not popular in the Song Dynasty. However, Hong Zhifu should be careful.
When the author walked up the gentle slope, he was shocked by the closure of the mausoleum. More like a hill, 58 meters long, the highest point 13 meters. Look carefully, this soil is compacted layer by layer, and each layer has a different color.
There are 3 1 layer. Liu Weipeng, an associate researcher at the Municipal Institute of Archaeology, is very calm. He said that the height of 13 meter is high in the Song tomb, and the rammed building is very dense and hard, and the materials used are different. The first 23 layers are compacted with clay, and the 24th to 27th layers are mixed with clay, sand and lime (slag).
Sure enough, he is a famous family in the city. He has been an official for generations and has strong financial resources. The enclosure outside is so elegant that the tomb is even worse.
Because there is a stone fence in front of the tomb, both sides of the stone fence are reinforced with rammed earth. In order to protect the original appearance, archaeologists can only expand the two stolen holes at the top of the tomb and enter the tomb. Unexpectedly, this tomb brick is layered, first brick, then glutinous rice lime, then soil, then soil ... Lang Xufeng told the author about the pressure inside.
White glutinous rice and lime account for a large part, which is what we now call concrete. Commonly used in the ground of ancient buildings, waterproof and moisture-proof, good sealing. Lang Xufeng said that this is completely a locally built grave. This material was widely used in tombs after the Yuan Dynasty. Early tombs are not common, so just seal the soil. Not so fine, which also represents the emergence of a new form of burial.