The Historical Evolution of Tiananmen Square
Tracing back the history of Tiananmen Square, we can't help but mention the history and evolution of the ancient capital Beijing. Tiananmen Square and all the ancient places.
Like the city walls, they have left a deep mark in the long river of history.
Beijing was a secluded state in the Tang Dynasty, Yanjing in the Liao Dynasty, the capital in the Jin Dynasty, a metropolis in the Yuan Dynasty, and Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the history of China's civilization development for thousands of years, eight dynasties, namely Yan, Da Yan, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing, took Beijing as their capital. Various dynasties built large-scale buildings in Beijing and built ancient buildings with their own characteristics. The earliest indirect influence on Tiananmen architecture was Yuan Dadu in Yuan Dynasty.
In the first year of Yuan-Zhong reunification, Kublai Khan's residence in Yuan Shizu was Kaiping Prefecture (now East of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia). In A.D. 1264, the imperial edict of Yuan Shizu took Yanjing as its capital, and in nine years, it was changed to Yanjing as its capital. The construction of Yuandadu began at 1267 and was not completed until 1285, which lasted 18 years. The Yuan Dynasty abandoned the former capital of Jin Dynasty (now the area east of Lotus Pond in southwest Beijing), which made Beijing once move to the capital. This is a very regular city, a slightly rectangular metropolis, with the south wall on the south side of Chang 'an Avenue and the north wall near the North Third Ring Road north of Deshengmen and Andingmen. There are still intermittent mounds there, called Tuchengzi, which is the earliest North Wall of Yuan Dynasty. Dadoucheng is Miyagi, Imperial City and Dacheng from the inside out. The circumference of the big city is 60 miles, and there are 1 1 gates. Three gates in the south: Li Zhengyang Gate in the middle, Gate in the east and Shuncheng Gate in the west; From south to north in the east, there are Qihuamen, Chongren and Guangxi Gate in turn. In the west, from south to north, there are Pingze Gate and Yimen and Qingqing. There are only two doors in the north, Anzhen Gate in the east and Desheng Gate in the west. The south gate of the imperial city is called Lingxingmen, which is near this meridian gate. There is a T-shaped palace square between Lingxingmen and Li Zhengmen. Later, the court squares in Ming and Qing dynasties were basically built in the middle by using the old site.
Tiananmen Square. There are turrets at the four corners of the city wall, piers outside the city, palaces inside the city, squares behind the city and 50 neighborhoods dotted around. At that time, a famous Italian traveler named Kyle Poirot came to China. When he saw the splendid palaces and beautiful flower beds in the Yuan Dynasty, the city of great Khan, he was greatly amazed: "This city is so beautiful and the layout is ingenious that we can't describe her." The Travels of Marco Polo, which he later wrote, described Dadoucheng, which made this ancient city spread and became famous all over the world. Although Tiananmen Square was not built in the Yuan Dynasty, the architectural pattern of site selection in the Yuan Dynasty and the positioning of the Forbidden City and Palace Square made it feasible to build Tiananmen Square in the Ming Dynasty.
1368 (the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty), the rule of Yuan Dynasty was overthrown, and Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Nanjing. At the same time, Xu Da, a general of the Ming Dynasty, led an army to pacify the Yuan Dynasty and renamed it Beiping. At this time, in order to destroy the "imperial spirit" of the former dynasty, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, especially the Forbidden City, the essence of the Yuan Dynasty, which led to the disappearance of the Yuan Palace painted by Zhu Hu and Dan Danzao. In 1398, Zhu Yuanzhang died and his Sun Wenjian succeeded him. At this time, there was a battle for the throne within the Ming dynasty ruling group. Zhu Di, the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang and the prince of Yan, rose to Beiping, won the throne and ascended the throne of the emperor. Ming Di was changed from the prince of Yan, and Beiping was changed to Beijing in the first year of Yongle (A.D. 1403), which was temporarily called "Hangzai" (the capital of Hangzai in the absence of the emperor).
After Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, came to power, the first important thing was to decide to move the capital from Nanjing to his "land of Longxing" Beijing. The reason why he moved the capital to Beijing is mainly due to Beijing's superior geographical position of "surrounding the sea on the left, supporting Taihang Mountain on the right, benefiting the river in the south, and living in harmony in the north", "there are more than 100 passes in the pass" and "Tianjin can be transported by sea with convenient water transportation". The other is to control the northern and northeastern regions and maintain national stability. Therefore, in the fourth year of Yongle (1406), Judy sent ministers to various places to supervise the people to collect firewood and burn bricks, and recruited craftsmen, non-commissioned officers and migrant workers from various places to start the preparatory project for the construction of Beijing. In the 15th year of Yongle (14 17), the large-scale construction of Beijing officially began, and it was not completed until the 18th year of Yongle (1420). In the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), Judy officially moved to Beijing.
In Ming Dynasty, Beijing was built on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty, absorbing the advantages of capital planning in previous dynasties and referring to Nanjing regulations. All temples, temples, altars, palaces and (gates) are regulated like Nanjing. In fact, the newly-built palaces in Beijing are more magnificent than those in Nanjing. Its outer city is surrounded by the south of the inner city, the inner city by the imperial city, and the imperial city by the Forbidden City. The whole city forms a convex shape. The inner city basically lost the former site of the Yuan Dynasty. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the north wall moved five miles south, up to Deshengmen and Andingmen, and then the south wall moved forward to Zhengyangmen. There are nine gates in the inner city and Zhengyangmen in the south (that is, the main entrance of the Yuan Dynasty); The imperial city is in the center of the inner city. There are six gates: Dong 'an, Xi 'an, Bei 'an, Daming Gate in the south of the square, Chang 'an Left Gate in Chengtianmen, and Chang 'an Right Gate on the right. Miyagi, also known as the Forbidden City, is the core of Beijing. There are four doors: Wumen in the south, Xuanwu in the north, Donghua in the east and Xihua in the west. With the south expansion of the south wall, the imperial city and the Forbidden City moved south in turn, and the imperial city moved south to the north side of Chang 'an Avenue, which is the position seen today. The middle gate of the imperial city was renamed Chengtianmen (now Tiananmen Square) according to the name of Nanjing City in Ming Dynasty, and the end gate was built in Chengtianmen according to the layout of Nanjing City. The south of Gongcheng moved to the present location of the Forbidden City, and the main entrance was renamed from Lingxingmen in Yuan Dynasty to Wumen.
At the same time of building the Forbidden City, two groups of buildings, the ancestral hall and the social altar, were built in strict symmetry, using the left and right sides of the central imperial road in front of the meridian gate and in accordance with the provisions of "Zuo Zu You She". In addition, a T-shaped Palace Square (renamed Tiananmen Square in Qing Dynasty) was opened in front of Chengtian Gate. There are palace walls on the east, west and south sides of the square, so the square is closed. On the protruding side and the southern end of the east and west wings, two doors were opened, namely, the left gate of Chang 'an, the right gate of Chang 'an and the Daming gate in the south (renamed the Qing Gate in Qing Dynasty).
Chengtianmen is an important building in the imperial city. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), when Chengtianmen was completed, it was only a three-story wooden archway with a yellow tile cornice, and the plaque of Chengtianmen hung high in the middle of the archway. Inheriting heaven's gate means "inheriting heaven's blessing" and "being ordered by heaven", which means that the feudal emperor was "being ordered by heaven" and exercised power on behalf of heaven, which should be respected forever.
Tomorrow, in the first year of Shunyi (1457), Chengtianmen was struck by lightning and caught fire. There was no immediate recovery at that time, and it was not until the first year of Chenghua (1465) that Bai Gui, Minister of Industry and Information Technology, presided over the reconstruction. This reconstruction laid the foundation for today's Tiananmen Square. Since then, although it was built in the Ming Dynasty 180, it has not changed much. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng led a peasant uprising army to capture the capital, and Chengtianmen was destroyed by war. In the eighth year of Qing Dynasty (165 1), Fu Lin, the ancestor of Qing Dynasty, ordered a large-scale reconstruction and renamed Chengtianmen "Tiananmen". Later, in the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi (1688) and 1952, two large-scale repairs were carried out, and 1970 was rebuilt, basically maintaining the shape of reconstruction during the Shunzhi period. 1970 Tiananmen Square is 83 cm higher than the original Tiananmen Square, and the overall height is 34.7 meters (the original height is 33.87 meters).
From the 500-year historical track of Tiananmen Square, we can know that Tiananmen Square is a symbol of the long history of Chinese civilization and a historical witness to the rise and fall of feudal dynasties.
Introduction to Suzhou-| Marlboro was released on September 26th, 2006 12: 50: 00.
Suzhou, which enjoys the reputation of "paradise above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below", is located in the Yangtze River Delta plain in the southeast of Jiangsu Province, bordering Shanghai in the east, Zhejiang in the south, Taihu Lake in the west and the Yangtze River in the north. It has jurisdiction over four districts (Pingjiang, Canglang, Jinchang and Suburb) and six cities (Changshu, Zhangjiagang, Kunshan, Wujiang, Taicang and Wuxian), with an area of 8,488 square kilometers, an urban area of 660,000 square kilometers and a total population of 57,654.38+100,000.
In 5 14 BC, Dr. Wu Zixu "tasted water" and "looked like heaven and earth" for Wu Wangjian and Lu Cheng. There are eight underground gates around the city wall, such as the Eight Winds in Heaven, the Eight Watergates and the Eight Diagrams in France. The ruins of this ancient city are still faintly visible. The yamen, barracks, warehouses, workshops, markets, houses and entertainment places in the city are well arranged. The ancient city covers an area of about 14 square kilometers, with land and water in parallel, adjacent rivers and streets, white walls and tiles, and small bridges flowing water. The overall shape is a rectangular double chessboard. The streets are lined with trees and the scenery is pleasant. Sui Kaidi nine years, formerly known as Suzhou. The famous Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal flows through Suzhou, adding new charm to Venice in the East. This name has been used since Sui and Tang Dynasties. Suzhou city was formed early, with large scale and little change, with land and water in parallel and adjacent rivers and streets. The ancient city is still located on the original site, which is rare at home and abroad. So Suzhou still retains many historical sites about Wu Zixu.
Suzhou is one of the first 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China, and its history can be traced back to 7000 years ago. Two kilometers north of Weiting Town, Wuxian County, Caoxie Mountain on the south bank of Yangcheng Lake excavated the site of Neolithic ancient culture, and found more than 1 100 articles for daily life, production and decoration, such as pottery, stone, bone and jade. More importantly, the earliest textile remnant (Ge) in China was unearthed, indicating that Suzhou is one of the birthplaces of China's textiles.
There are 69 classical gardens in Suzhou, among which Master Wang Garden, Humble Administrator Garden, Lingering Garden and Huanxiu Mountain Villa are the most famous. Suzhou gardens are hidden, which is a place far away from the hubbub. They combined the thoughts of Taoism, Buddhism and Confucius, and recreated the miniature of nature with basic elements such as rocks, water, flowers and trees, and architecture, which has rich cultural connotations. Suzhou garden art fully represents the wisdom of China people, and its attainments are unparalleled in the world.
Suzhou is a unique place. Unique not only because of fertile land and mild climate, but also because of her profound cultural accumulation; The advantage of geography comes from heaven, the advantage of culture comes from people, and the unity of heaven and man forms Suzhou, a famous historical and cultural city.
Suzhou ancient city is a bright pearl in the Yangtze River Delta, with Shanghai in the east and Taihu Lake in the west. The annual average temperature is 15.7℃, which belongs to temperate zone, with obvious mild and humid climate characteristics and distinct seasons, and belongs to plain hilly area. The ancient city covers an area of 14.2 square kilometers and is rectangular, narrow from east to west and wide from north to south. There are two inner and outer moats around the city, and there are seven land and water gates and 1 land and water gates around it. Although most of the ancient city walls have been destroyed and the city gates have been demolished, the oldest Panmen and Shuicheng gates are still intact, and moats, water lanes and alleys can still be seen side by side. There are many rivers in Suzhou, with a total length of 35 kilometers. On these wide and narrow rivers, there are 186 arch bridges and beam bridges. So/kloc-Italian travelers Kyle and Poirot called Suzhou "Venice of the East" after visiting Suzhou in the third century, and this reputation has been used ever since.
After 2500 years' washing, the ancient city of Suzhou has a distinct city image: the houses are all white walls and black tiles, imitating the architectural characteristics of Suzhou classical gardens, with white walls and black tiles. Suzhou gardens are the pride of Suzhou. There were 2,765,438+0 gardens in Suzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there are more than 60 gardens at present. Why are there so many exquisite gardens in Suzhou? This has something to do with the history and culture of China and the geography and culture of Suzhou. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Suzhou's economy was very developed, second only to Chang 'an, which laid the foundation for cultural development. With the further development of the imperial examination system, Fan Zhongyan founded Suzhou Confucian Temple School, the first and largest local university in the history of the Song Dynasty. Suzhou has truly become a place where scholars gather. No matter whether they return home dressed in gold or have a sense of security, many of them have passed the scientific examination. They have created a living space in Suzhou that is integrated with nature and coexists with heaven and earth. They infiltrated literature, calligraphy, painting and understanding of life into the garden. Therefore, Suzhou garden is not only a material space, but also the spiritual world of ancient intellectuals. Closely related to Suzhou gardens are Kunqu Opera, Pingtan and Wu Ge. Kunqu Opera is one of the oldest operas in China, which is integrated with Suzhou gardens with elegant wording, soft singing and slow rhythm. Pingtan is a comprehensive rap art, which is dramatic, literary and musical. It not only sings beautifully, but also pays attention to the use of words, which can suit both refined and popular tastes and is deeply loved by all walks of life. Wu Ge, as the floorboard of Jiangnan folk songs, is famous for its fresh and euphemistic tunes and the local characteristics of Wunong soft language.
In addition, Suzhou is a "rich country" with rich products. Suzhou has fertile land and developed agriculture, planting crops such as rice, wheat, rape, sericulture, beans and vegetables. Rice production leads the country, rice quality is excellent, there are famous products such as Su Yunuo. The beautiful Taihu Lake basin is particularly rich in products: Dongting tangerine, loquat, bayberry, ginkgo, tea, water shield and other flowers and fruits have a long reputation, and there are many kinds of fish, among which whitebait, white shrimp and white fish are the most famous, and they are known as the "Three Whites of Taihu Lake". In addition, the hairy crabs in Yangcheng Lake, Suzhou are well-known at home and abroad because of their delicious taste, and are known as the "king of crabs". Mrs. Tang Guoli of Zhang Taiyan has a poem praising: "If Yangcheng Lake crabs are not good, why should we live in Suzhou in this life!" So Suzhou is a typical land of plenty. Planting mulberry and raising silkworms is another major event. "There is no open space in the country, and the shade is beautiful at the turn of spring and summer." Suzhou has a humid climate, four distinct seasons and good cocoon quality. Suzhou, which once had the reputation of "ten thousand horses are clothed in clothes", accounts for more than one-sixth of the country's silk production and one-third of the country's exports, and is among the best in quality and output. It is a famous "Silk House".
With the development of Suzhou's economy, two large areas, namely Sino-Singapore Industrial Park and High-tech Development Zone, have been expanded on the east and west sides of the ancient city of Suzhou. Among the nine emerging industrial cities in the world listed by Business Weekly, Suzhou is the only one in Asia. Suzhou has become a hot spot for international investment and a high-tech gathering area. As long as you walk out of the ancient city, you will be greeted by a modern atmosphere and international urban management. So Suzhou is very big now, covering an area of 8,488 square kilometers, with five counties, eight districts and a total population of 5.8 million. Yesterday's small Suzhou has developed into a big Suzhou and become the most dynamic young modern city.
In a word, Suzhou is a book that needs to be savored. Suzhou's mountains, rivers, bridges, towers, streets and alleys all contain beautiful legends and philosophy of life, which will arouse people's endless reverie. The majestic Tiger Hill recorded the historical facts in the Spring and Autumn Period of Wu Yue. The bells of Hanshan Temple convey a night-mooring near maple bridge's charm to Wan Li; Fan Zhongyan's touching story will remind people of the famous sentence "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later". The ancient city of "rockery and fake water city garden" and the new district and garden of "real mountain and real water garden and forest city" make the ancient civilization and modern civilization set each other off and show the bright future of Suzhou!