1 current situation of project cost management in China
1. 1 The project cost is out of touch with the market, and the trace of "planning" is obvious.
First of all, the national unified quota process is long, the update is slow, and the change is small. Secondly, in addition to the unified quota formulated by the relevant state departments, provincial administrative units often use this as a basis to formulate the quota of this province. Even so, the pricing data of these regulations are often compiled on the basis of the price level in big cities, and it is difficult to reflect the market prices in other regions. In fact, the relationship between supply and demand in the market and the change of price level are instantaneous. Although the market is fluid, the differences between regions are also huge. Therefore, the time lag and blind unification of the quota will inevitably lead to the project cost being difficult to reflect the market changes sensitively. Its scientificity and accuracy are even more impossible to talk about.
1.2 The project cost cannot reflect the requirements of the competition mechanism.
Within the scope of market economy, the premise of realizing the optimal allocation of resources is the free competition of the market system. The competition in the field of construction is mainly reflected in the bidding of construction projects, and the core of competition must be price. But in fact, the current project cost valuation method hinders the formation of fair competition. For example, the measurement in the quota is too fine, trying to reflect the various resources consumed by the construction project in an "absolutely fine" way, and the resulting price is inelastic. In the calculation rules of engineering quantity, the construction methods and measures are strictly distinguished, so that competitive expenses cannot be separated from costs. It is not conducive to the improvement of construction level and the formation of competition system. Another example is: in the current pricing method, the charging standards of some expenses are differentiated according to the nature of enterprise ownership or administrative level, which artificially increases the unequal factors in enterprise competition.
1.3 project bidding limit
At present, the lowest bid price method is adopted in the physical construction markets established one after another all over the country, and all the bidding activities of government-invested projects are included in it for collective and unified management, unified bidding procedures and procedures, defined bidding methods, and approved the main bid evaluation methods of various projects, but the bid evaluation methods vary from place to place. For example, bid evaluation method, reasonable low price method, secondary quotation method, bid negotiation method and direct contract awarding method. However, there is a * * * similarity, that is, the pre-tender estimate is established by bidding, and the quotation is limited by the national decision-making standards, and the winning bidder is determined on the basis of comprehensive evaluation. The best in theory and feasible in practice is still in the trial stage in China and has not been fully popularized and applied. Therefore, in bidding, the investment cost is high, which breeds corruption and black-box operation, and the operation process is artificially complicated, so the transaction cost of each link of bidding cannot be reduced. At the same time, it also makes construction enterprises complacent and enterprising.
1.4 The quality of the team is uneven, and the overall quality needs to be improved urgently.
Internationally, the construction project cost budget is considered as a science as well as an art. There are as many as 800,000 workers engaged in project cost in China, and most people's main job is to set a quota. Even in today's higher education, the main learning content of engineering cost students is still how to use the quota, how to set the unit price and so on. Therefore, most people know little about the price theory and practice under the condition of market economy. Even in the construction enterprises, it is popular that "making money depends on the budget officer", which shows that the chaotic situation of black-box operation, unfair competition, subcontracting and cutting corners in the construction market is inevitable.
2 the historical evolution of construction cost management in China
From 1950s to 1970s, China's construction project cost management system was a government planning model. The price of construction products is the planned price formed by the planned allocation of construction tasks, and the base price of budget quota is the quantity price.
From 65438 to 0984, the bidding system of construction projects began to be implemented, and the construction project cost management system began to break through the traditional model, but the form changed, but the content remained unchanged. The legal status of budget quota has not changed.
In the early 1990s, the national construction authorities put forward that "the government should provide macro guidance, enterprises should make independent quotations, prices should be formed through competition, and dynamic management should be strengthened." And "quantity control, guide price, competition fee." But the reform process is very slow, and the reform has not been effective.
Since the middle and late 1990s, the Construction Law, Price Law, Contract Law and Bidding Law have been promulgated successively, and a series of changes have begun to appear in the quota system. The price of some materials has been gradually liberalized, and the price of materials can be adjusted when the project is settled, but it still cannot meet the requirements of the development of market economy.
At the beginning of 200 1, the state announced that the state-owned construction enterprises were gradually restructured and marketized. The quota management mode in most provinces and cities in China will undergo a historic change, and the separation of quantity and price and single quotation will be put on the agenda. The price of materials is expected to be marketized, and the legal status of quotas will also be reduced and become instructive.
3 supporting measures for the reform of project cost management
The reform of construction project cost management involves the economic interests of all aspects of the construction market, and will also have a significant impact on the reform and development of the entire national economy. Therefore, the reform of construction project cost management must be actively and steadily carried out on the basis of corresponding supporting reform measures.
3. 1 change the functions of the cost management department and change the management mode.
First of all, we should make clear the subject of project cost management, and the management scope and functions of the project cost management department should be comprehensive and professional, and go deep into various economic activities within the scope of construction market cost. It is complementary to the management department responsible for bidding before the contract is signed, and it is co-managed. The bidding management department is mainly responsible for the market access behavior of the market, owners, design and construction teams, and the cost management department is responsible for the contract pricing method, cost terms, market price information, cost intermediary consulting institutions and teams, etc. As far as the current situation is concerned, because China's market economy is still in the primary stage, the development of market operation mechanism is still far from perfect, and it will take quite some time for prices to be determined by the market. However, we must look at the quota from the perspective of reform and development. Should be changed, changed, in line with the development of the construction market.
At present, the focus of quota management should be dynamic management. We will continue to improve the post adjustment management measures, regularly publish material price information and material post adjustment coefficient, and also regularly publish the actual wage level for the contracting parties to coordinate labor cost subsidies. Enterprises can formulate enterprise quota price adjustment management measures according to their own technical and equipment capabilities and management level, regularly publish material price information and material price adjustment coefficients, and also regularly publish actual wage levels for the contracting parties to coordinate labor cost subsidies. Enterprises can prepare enterprise quotas according to their own technical and equipment capabilities and management level, and participate in market competition. In the future, the cost management department will do more work, explain the price policy issued by the government, assist the government to formulate unified rules for the calculation of quantities, unify the names of partial items and units of measurement, so that both parties can have a unified understanding of the terms and connotations in the calculation method of quantities, and so on.
3.2 the establishment of market behavior supervision and security system
Socialist market economy is not a laissez-faire free economy, but a legal economy. Government functional departments should use laws and regulations to regulate the market behavior of construction units and construction units, stop monopoly and all kinds of unfair competition according to law, protect the legitimate rights and interests of producers, operators and consumers, play a regulatory role for the healthy operation of the market price formation mechanism, and provide necessary conditions for a fair competitive market environment.
3.3 Strengthen the management of cost consulting institutions and professionals.
Consulting intermediary is the inevitable product of the development of market economy. In recent years, China's engineering cost consulting industry has developed rapidly and played an important intermediary service role in the construction market. But as a new industry, there are indeed many problems: First, the quality of consultants is poor; Second, the business behavior is not standardized; Third, unfair competition is more prominent; Fourth, the contradiction between supply and demand in the consulting market is prominent and the competition is fierce. In view of these problems, we should strengthen management from three aspects: first, straighten out the system and strengthen leadership. Explain to the relevant departments that cost consultation is closely related to project cost management, which is an important responsibility of the construction department, publicize the significance of the development of cost consulting industry, and emphasize the unified centralized management of cost consulting industry by the construction department. The second is to improve laws and regulations and strengthen governance and rectification. It is necessary to strictly enforce the law in accordance with China's construction market management regulations, so that those who do not abide by the law have no market and create an open, just and fair market competition environment. Third, actively cultivate the team of consulting practitioners and improve their professional level. Combined with China's qualification certificate system, we will vigorously promote qualification certification, strengthen the business assessment of employees, abide by professional ethics, strive to greatly improve the quality of employees, and gradually move from a single budget preparation to the whole process of engineering cost consulting services.
In short, the reform of project cost management is imperative. Market economy requires us to abandon the original ideas and practices that are not suitable for market economy, not to cling to shortcomings, but to consider and deal with problems from how to facilitate the development of market economy.
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