/kloc-one day in 0/644, Li Zicheng captured Beijing. Emperor Chongzhen, who ordered a fine for Yuan Chonghuan, a frontier hero, never had the momentum to kill Yuan Chonghuan that year. The emperor's old son, alone, (followed by a eunuch from Wang Xinglai) climbed Jingshan Park "personally" and jumped on a tree "personally". So the Ming Dynasty ended. In the treasury of his court, there are still 35 million and 200 thousand glistening silver left. The emperor is reluctant to give it to the victims all over the world, to the soldiers, to the people for their own use, and to leave it to Li Zicheng.
Li Zicheng captured Beijing. This bumpkin wants nothing. He just wants money. He plundered money by various means. Although he established the Dashun dynasty. Unfortunately, this dynasty is short-lived. Wu Sangui, an important official in the border area of Daming, was angry with the beauty and led the Qing troops into the customs. The Qing army and the Ming army in Wu Sangui jointly attacked and defeated Li Zicheng. Soldiers and warriors in Li Zicheng, each with a lot of gold and silver tied to his belt, missed the silver around his waist in the war and were defeated in the battle. Li Zicheng hurried out of Beijing and fled south with hundreds of cars loaded with gold and silver along the way. Li Zicheng was finally killed in Jiugong Mountain. In a blink of an eye, the Dashun dynasty was finished in a hurry. Silver harmed Dashun.
The corruption, civil strife, corruption and infighting of the Dashun regime in the Ming Dynasty were all exploited by Dourgen. He was justified. He occupied Beijing without bloodshed, and the Qing army went south, destroying various anti-Qing forces and starting the Qing Dynasty's rule over China.
After the Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion, the Qing Dynasty gradually declined. By the year 19 1 1, the powerful Qing dynasty had finally come to the end of history. This dynasty, which was highly praised by today's historians and established a prosperous period of Kanggan, was dying at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century.
Manchu soldiers slaughtered tens of millions of people in China. It bloodbath Jiangnan, bloodbath Lingnan. Tu Jiangyin, Tu Kunshan, Tu Changshu, Tu Haining, Tu Guangzhou and Tu Ganzhou. In the thirty-seven years after the war, the population of China dropped sharply from 51.650 million in the next three years (1.623) to 1.908 million in the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1.660), killing 32 million Han people and reducing the population of China by nearly two-thirds! When the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, it was the time when China killed many people. Not the first time.
One, and two. Even if there are new people, it is unprecedented. Such a cruel regime is unpopular. Its demise is natural and popular, and the times are natural.
19 1 1 year, the anti-Qing people of the new Qing army in Wuchang unfortunately exploded while testing a bomb, so they were nervous and urgent and decided to rebel in advance. This is the Wuchang Uprising. The Wuchang Uprising was neither initiated by Sun Yat-sen nor directed by him. It has certain spontaneity and contingency. Then Huang Xing came to command, and Feng of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army was sent to suppress it. The Wuchang Uprising caused a nationwide shock, and the provinces declared their independence one after another. Yuan Shikai used his troops to put pressure on the uprising troops and used the uprising troops to put pressure on the Qing court. Under the pressure of the Wuchang Uprising New Army and the wave of independence in various places, coupled with Yuan Shikai's carrot and stick, the Qing royal family had to abdicate, and from then on they could only be emperors in Zijin City. Although you can still go to court like a house, the once famous Qing Dynasty has come to an end.
On the day of the demise of the Qing Empire, its gross national product was still in the leading position in the world. It also has a powerful army. His army, in addition to the Eight Banners fighters, also has six towns in Beiyang with advanced weapons. Unfortunately, strong national strength didn't help, and strong military strength didn't help either. It is still dead.
What is even more strange is that the day when the Qing Empire perished was also the time when "reform and opening up" achieved brilliant results. Empress Dowager Cixi and Yuan Shikai advocated opening up, which really meant a resurgence. The western constitution, police system, technology and schools were also learned in the Qing Dynasty. However, this kind of ZTE is just a dead end and will soon perish.
Why did Qing die? This is really weird. This is an interesting question and a thought-provoking one.
The demise of the Qing Dynasty was due to corruption.
When discussing Qin and the death of the Six Kingdoms, Su Xun thought that the death of the Six Kingdoms was not in Qin, but in the Six Kingdoms, and the death of Qin was not in the Six Kingdoms, but in himself. The rise and fall of a dynasty is mainly responsible for itself. This was the case with the Qin Dynasty and the Six Kingdoms, and so was the demise of the Qing Dynasty.
Because of the corruption in the Qing Dynasty, the Revolution of 1911 was overthrown by itself rather than by revolutionaries. The revolutionary just gave it a gentle push and it collapsed. In terms of strength, the revolutionaries are still very weak compared with the strength of the Qing Dynasty. Sun Yat-sen's Huizhou Uprising, Huanghuagang Uprising and Zhennanguan Uprising all ended in failure, and the Qing Dynasty suppressed them easily. After the Wuchang Uprising, the new army of the Qing army could easily recapture Wuchang and suppress the uprising. The demise of the Qing Dynasty was first due to its own corruption.
Qing dynasty, called Qing dynasty, is not clear about Qing dynasty. Officials at all levels bought and sold officials, squandered and pocketed, and moths, large and small, gnawed at the country, and the Qing Dynasty was finally hollowed out. At the end of Qing Dynasty, corruption became the norm. The Qing dynasty was just a hollowed-out giant tree, a riverbank that had been loosened by countless ant nests. Once the wind and waves hit, it collapsed.
Corruption in the Qing dynasty, let's look at the truth of history.
Xuantong three years (19 1 1), as the internal affairs office of the Central Organ Affairs Bureau (about equivalent to the Central Office), its annual budget for supporting silver was as high as10.24 million, while it was only 402,000 in Xianfeng years, a full increase of 24 times. As for matters such as impersonating public funds, squandering waste, and misappropriating disaster relief food, it is endless.
The corruption of upper-level officials in the Qing Dynasty is shocking. Xiao Shenyang is a powerful official under the emperor. His position is equivalent to that of a member of the Politburo, at least above the minister. He has been in power for more than twenty years, and the amount of corruption and bribery is priceless. He Shen's embezzled treasure in his life is worth the income of the imperial court 10. In addition to gold, silver, jade and other treasures, gold and silver ingots 1000, placer gold over 2 million, red gold 4.8 million and silver 9.4 million. Plus all kinds of banks, pawn shops, antique shops, fields and so on. All of them were converted into money, totaling about 800 million to 654.38+0 billion taels, and even the property of his servants was confiscated more than 7 million taels. Therefore, there was a folk proverb at that time: "A gentleman falls and eats it, which is more than a celebration."
At that time, corruption became the norm and gift-giving became the norm. Big officials are like this, and so are ordinary officials. Officialdom in Appearance is a novel that exposes the ugliness of officialdom in the late Qing Dynasty. An official in the book said that "being an official for thousands of miles is only for money", which shows that collecting money is the first rule of Qing officialdom. In the book, Tang Erluan said: "I want to go to Beijing this time to catch up with George's birthday, just to get some generous gifts." Think about it for me. How much should I prepare for this tribute? "He Xiaoxian said," if you don't, you can't take it out. I think you can get twenty thousand to thirty-two thousand pieces of silver. Do you think that's enough? "Tang Erluan giggled again." What is twenty or thirty-two thousand silver enough? At least 102,000. "You see, how generous local officials are in giving gifts to please the court. Their money, of course, is not their own, it is exploited.
The market of buying and selling officials in Qing dynasty was very prosperous, which can be described as both. It has become a common practice for businessmen and scholars to donate officials, and relevant officials have benefited from it, achieving a win-win situation. The court got the money and the buyer got the official. One third of the state's fiscal revenue comes from selling officials. In A Dream of Red Mansions, Jia Rong's wife Ke Qing died, and her father-in-law Jia Zhen spent several thousand taels of silver to donate an official to her son. It can be seen that buying officials was very common at that time, and people were not surprised, let alone ashamed. The book "Officialdom in the Sky" also records the universality of buying officials. In the book, a character said, "Wang Mengbiao of Yushan is thirteen thousand, Tong Biebo of Pingxiang is eight thousand, Hu Zigen of Xinchang is six thousand, Mo of Shangrao is five thousand five hundred, Lu of Jishui is five thousand, and Wang Jiegang of Luling is six thousand. . . . I can't remember it at the moment, at least twenty or thirty, and my pens are all accounted for. " A local bureaucrat sold twenty or thirty officials at prices ranging from several thousand to tens of thousands, with a total of at least one hundred and twenty-two thousand pieces of silver. Besides, I don't seem to shy away from servants. Such a situation can only be compared with an organization minister in a city in the northeast today.
The degree of official corruption in the Qing Dynasty was also very high, and there were various ways to pay bribes. Some send money, some send antiques, and some send women. It depends on everyone's hobby, in short, it is what they like. For example, "Officialdom in the Sky" wrote a gift to senior officials, "I know the temper of this old main hall, and I hate people paying money to honor him. If you give him money, you will be angry and say, "I am not a mercenary." You underestimate me. "How can you send money without stumbling? Therefore, he loves antiques and you have to give them. " This experience was learned by later generations that an official in Chongqing also took bribes, including Zhang Daqian's paintings. This method seems to have been learned from that ancient nave.
The officialdom in Qing Dynasty was corrupt, so was the army. The army is seriously involved in smuggling activities. Some officials in the army smoke opium when they have money, and it is common for the army to smoke opium. During the Sino-Japanese War, some officers and men smoked a lot before the war. The Beiyang navy, known as the world's top eight, is vulnerable to the Japanese navy, although its ships are powerful. Corruption in the bones is the main reason for the total annihilation of the Sino-Japanese War.
State-owned enterprises in the Qing Dynasty were also very corrupt. The Qing dynasty engaged in "reform and opening up" for a while and technology introduction for a while. In the Westernization Movement, power is the core productivity and the most basic factor of production. Generation after generation of Qing entrepreneurs, the most successful are government-run entrepreneurs. Or entrepreneurs in collusion with officials. Some scholars have done statistics. 1885- 1894 Among the 55 people who started private enterprises, 2 had the title of administrative minister, 5 had alternate roads and alternate roads, 6 had alternate magistrates and alternate magistrates, and 7 had other miscellaneous duties. With the deepening of reform and opening-up, the "political enthusiasm" of entrepreneurs in the Qing Dynasty continued to heat up. After the Sino-Japanese War, 1900, 64 private enterprises were newly established. Among the founders, there are 5 people with the titles of minister, temple and minister, 9 people with alternate positions, 17 people with alternate positions such as magistrate, magistrate and magistrate, and 28 people with other miscellaneous positions. According to the statistics of 1878- 1907 100 private wool mills, half of the founders have the status of donating officials. If you have a little economic ability, you can buy an official cadre's identity, write it on a business card, hang it on the beam and engrave it on a tombstone. At that time, Galeries Lafayette paid attention to letting some people get rich first. We should also pay attention to letting some people who get rich first donate an official and become people in the system. In the Westernization Movement, people who get rich first are all related to officialdom, or officials themselves.
In any political power in history, if corruption is not contained, there will eventually be more corrupt officials than non-corrupt officials, and corrupt people will look better than non-corrupt people. If this happens, no matter how glamorous the appearance of the imperial court is, the body of the country will surely become riddled with holes. Even if you spend more money on maintaining stability, it will be difficult to maintain it for a long time. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, let alone 100%, more than 70-80% of leaders at all levels were corrupt to an unmanageable level. The demise of the Qing Dynasty is natural. If it does not die out, it will violate the basic laws of historical materialism.
Didn't the Qing Dynasty know that corruption was serious? That's not true. It has also sent letters again and again, and it has repeatedly opposed corruption. Empress Dowager Cixi also realized that corruption would ruin the Qing Dynasty. Her old man once personally launched an anti-corruption campaign. However, corruption in the Qing Dynasty continued to develop, from local to overall, from small corruption to large corruption, and finally got out of hand.
Why is Cixi weak in fighting corruption? For example, in the case of Yang Naiwu, Zhejiang Province, from corrupt officials to extorting confessions by torture, protecting officials and shielding each other, it has caused a big unjust case and a big unjust prison. Empress Dowager Cixi allowed ordinary people to appeal in Beijing at that time, and ordinary people appealed to petition. There's no private black COP like Ding Yuan to beat you up. After learning the news of her sister's petition, her old man sent someone to investigate and review Yang's case. At that time, the newspaper also exposed the corruption in this case, and the Queen Mother also seriously dealt with a large number of officials who took bribes and perverted the law in this case, and exiled and imprisoned them, which reflected the momentum of anti-corruption. When Qu Hongming revealed that Yuan Shikai bribed Baylor, the military leader, to buy the administrative power of the three northeastern provinces, her old man's house also sent people to investigate and collect evidence, which was very efficient and had little determination to fight corruption. However, corruption in the Qing Dynasty increased. What is the reason?
First, the bureaucratic system allows corrupt people to collude with each other, up and down, left and right, and squeeze together. There are corrupt people above, and there are corrupt people in the neighborhood. The benefits of corruption go up and down, and corruption has a strong umbrella. At this time, anti-corruption is too shocking and the cost is too high. You can only turn a blind eye. Even people who want to fight corruption are worried about the dangerous situation after their failure to fight corruption, so they stay away.
Second, corruption has accumulated over time, and the corrupt people in the officialdom are intertwined, from a few to a majority, and the whole officialdom has become a paradise for corrupt people. At this time, if a few officials want to fight corruption, it is already a minority against the majority, and they are weak and are likely to be driven out. It may even be accused of corruption. Real corrupt people can suppress different factions in the name of anti-corruption as long as they are politically correct. When anti-corruption has become a bargaining chip and tool in the political struggle, because most people have been corrupt at that time, corrupt people have become accustomed to it, and those who are not corrupt will be scared instead. At this time, if we really want to fight corruption, the resistance and risks are great, which is already a factor that politicians have to consider.
Third, once corruption reaches a certain level, thoroughly exposing corruption will seriously damage the image of the Qing Dynasty and shake its foundation. Therefore, the anti-corruption in the Qing Dynasty only exposed some petty corruption, and exposed some stragglers and self-employed corruption. For example, if a corrupt element is related to the officials of the magistrate, magistrate, household department or ritual department, Qing is unwilling to investigate it thoroughly. Because find out what, green face? Where is the face of Cixi? What is the national image? Better cover it up. Green or green, it is still very shiny on the surface.
In this way, corruption in the Qing Dynasty developed, which finally made the Qing Dynasty shake the foundation of the country. Finally, I got a terminal illness and couldn't support it.
The infighting accelerated the demise of the Qing Dynasty.
Authoritarian regimes cannot handle the balance between different political forces and different forces. Fighting for power and profit is the normal state of authoritarian regimes. If trees fall and buildings fall, infighting will inevitably intensify. The struggle within the ruling clique has intensified, thus greatly weakening the power of rule. This was the case in the late Qing Dynasty.
The infighting in the late Qing Dynasty was manifested in many aspects.
The first is the dispute between the post-party and the imperial party.
Although there is a contradiction between Galeries Lafayette and his adopted son Emperor Guangxu, it is not superficial, but it is still within the scope of * * *. After the reform and political reform, the contradiction between the post-party and the imperial party intensified. On the surface, after the victory of the party, Cixi came forward to seize power directly, and Guangxu was placed under house arrest in Yingtai. Empress Dowager Cixi may be one of the founders of the country's leaders under house arrest. It was not until more than half a century later that Cixi's method was taken seriously again. After Cixi was placed under house arrest in Guangxu, although the scenery was beautiful on the surface, her rule was not justified enough, which was not recognized by foreign envoys and was not bought by the people of the whole country. This is very unfavorable to the stability of the Qing dynasty.
Cixi has a contradiction with her adopted son Guangxu, and also has a deep contradiction with her own son Tongzhi Emperor. This contradiction led to the early death of Tongzhi youth. Galeries Lafayette and his brother-in-law (husband's brother), who is a minister of military affairs, also have contradictions. The relationship is tense. This endless infighting has greatly weakened the ruling power.
Second, the fierce struggle between dignitaries and ministers.
A life-and-death struggle broke out between two important officials in the late Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, Yuan Shikai, the military affairs minister, was the representative, on the other hand, Qu Hongji was the representative of Qing Dynasty. The two factions launched a life-and-death struggle, which accelerated the demise of the Qing Dynasty.
History is complex and overlapping. At that time, the forces that opposed and suppressed the reformists, and later some people became reformists, such as Yuan Shikai. Among those who oppose the reform, there are both high-ranking officials who are afraid of losing their power and Manchu nobles who have enjoyed privileges for generations. Their opposition is understandable. But among the opponents, there is also an honest and clean minister Qu Hongji. His opposition is out of concern for Yuan Shikai's ambition. The way he opposed it was to take advantage of Lafayette's mentality of cherishing power and loving power. He knows the psychology of Galeries Lafayette, that is, no matter how it is reformed, it will not move her milk brand. When Cixi asked him for advice, she suggested to Empress Dowager Cixi that with the Prime Minister's yamen, all the power of employing people and handling government affairs fell on the Prime Minister. "Are you at ease, Empress Dowager?" The clever queen mother immediately understood that Yuan Shikai's reform was to divide her rights. This is not bad, is it?
At the command meeting of 1905 1 1.2, when discussing the reform plan, the Western Empress Dowager handed Qu Hongji the Draft of the New Official System, one of the political system reforms compiled by Yuan Shikai. Four days later, after a long period of brewing and countless shouts, the constitutional reform plan was finally grandly launched, which was the first stage of a great political reform plan. In this scheme, the power of the imperial court remains unchanged, and the power of Empress Dowager Cixi remains unchanged; The power of the old military department, everything is the same. Its great change is that several old government offices have changed their names, and nothing else has changed. In other words, the bottle is changed and the wine is old; The soup has changed, and the medicine is still that medicine. Of course, this reform also has its greatness. It finally reformed a new department, namely, the postal department, which is responsible for postal and telegraph work.
Yuan Shikai, the great "reformer" who presided over the reform plan, saw the change of the situation. He was puzzled, but he knew that Galeries Lafayette was the most powerful man in China, and he fell out of favor and was suspected. This is a dangerous thing. No matter whether the reform is successful or not, there is always no personal life. Now, he doesn't want to be a great reformer, nor does he want any power or power. He wrote to the imperial court to remove him from twelve official posts such as railway, telegraph and ship. After handing over power, Cixi was relieved. As a result of this reform struggle, reformers who actively advocated reform were transformed.
That doesn't count. The great reformer's life hangs by a thread. Yuan Shikai wants his cronies to gain the leadership of the three northeastern provinces. He heard that his son, Zaijin, took a fancy to a famous prostitute in Tianjin, so he redeemed her with 12 thousand silver and gave it to Mr. Baylor, and gave another 120 silver to Wang Zhushou. The matter was leaked somehow. The opposition beat the old lady and queen mother and held high the banner of anti-corruption. Galeries Lafayette was furious and ordered that corruption must be resolutely opposed and sent to investigate as soon as possible. If it is verified, it must be dealt with strictly. In this way, Yuan Shikai's political life is at stake.
The Qing faction saw that victory was in sight. However, Yuan Shikai saved his life and turned the corner. Yuan Shikai did a good job. He was calm in a crisis, and sent Tracy back to her residence before the investigators took evidence. Investigators couldn't find the girl Tracy, so they didn't find any evidence, so they had to deny Yuan Shikai's accusation of bribing the United States to plot to take power in three northeastern provinces. Although it is true that Yuan Shikai bribed officials and expanded his power, he escaped. He took a deep breath, calmed down for a while and began to fight back crazily.
Yuan Shikai is not only a capable reformer, but also an excellent schemer. He began to fight back. He knew that Kang Youwei was the most annoying person to the Queen Mother. Her old man thinks that Kang Youwei instigated Emperor Guangxu, which caused discord between her mother and son and damaged her reputation. Her old man killed six husbands in the food market, and she knew that this was not her glorious history after all. She thinks all this is caused by Kang Youwei. When Kang Youwei later wrote to ask to return to China, he said that anyone could be pardoned except Kang Youwei. She tore Kang Youwei's letter to pieces to show that she and Kang Youwei were bitter. Master Yuan understands this kind of knot of women. He created evidence of collusion between Qu Hongji and Kang Liang, and bribed Li, the confidant of Empress Dowager Cixi, intentionally or unintentionally to let Empress Dowager Cixi know the evidence, which really angered Empress Dowager Cixi. She can't tell the truth from the false and believes it. She can't forgive her trusted minister for having anything to do with her old enemy Kang Youwei. So in a rage, she dismissed Qu Hongji. The queen mother will never listen to the excuses of liegeman when she treats her subordinates.
Yuan Shikai overthrew Qu Hongji and another powerful opponent, Cen Chunxuan, by conspiracy. This man was a diligent king when Cixi fled, and Empress Dowager Cixi was fooling around with an old rural woman. Cen protected the Empress Dowager, arranged for her to eat and live well, and restored her royal dignity. Empress Dowager Cixi was very grateful to him. He later became the Minister of Posts and Telecommunications. Yuan Shikai forged a photo in which Cen and Kang Liang were together. Cixi took a look at the photo and immediately decided to recall the favorite princess. She thinks the irrefutable evidence is mountain. Although Cixi is said to be a very wise empress dowager, she never thought that photos could be forged. She fired Tsen Xuanxuan. In this way, Yuan Shikai's political opponents were knocked down one by one. No one in the DPRK is available, and no one dares to be an enemy. As a result, Yuan Shikai was once again promoted to Minister of Military Affairs, in charge of state affairs.
A reform ended in chaos. In the reform, the struggle between court officials greatly weakened the power of the Qing court and affected its prestige. Its declining image is becoming more and more obvious.
The demise of the Qing Dynasty was due to the refusal to reform.
After the Opium War, the Qing Dynasty was terminally ill, its national strength was weak, and the crisis became increasingly apparent. The chaos of long hair, the destruction of Jiangnan, the country is like a serious illness; In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894- 1895, Beiyang Navy was wiped out by a small Japanese army and had to cede territory to pay reparations. After the Boxer Rebellion, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Cixi had to flee. The situation in the country is getting worse every day, and the disease is getting worse every day. If this continues, destruction seems inevitable, only in a short time.
Although the Qing Dynasty was ill, was it terminally ill? Has history given A Qing a chance? Is it possible for the Qing Dynasty to save the crisis and avoid the fate of collapse?
There are opportunities. There is a way. The way is to conform to the historical trend, get rid of disadvantages, reform and improve, especially the feudal autocratic political system of the Qing Dynasty, and embark on the road of democratic constitutionalism or * * *. After the fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Chinese and foreign people analyzed that China, a big country, was defeated by a small Japanese country, not because of other reasons, but because of the political system. Later, when Japan and Russia went to war, Japan's territory, population and strength were far inferior to those of Russia, but it still defeated Russia. Public opinion also believes that the advanced political system has defeated the backward political system. These two wars have given profound enlightenment to the people of China. Only by reforming the political system, implementing constitutionalism and reforming the political system in the Qing Dynasty can we avoid the disaster of overlapping nests.
It is possible to realize the transformation in Qing dynasty, and history has given him the opportunity. And gave it more than once. But I gave up.
The first time was the Kangliang Reform under the leadership of Emperor Guangxu. If this reform is successful, the Qing dynasty can realize historical transformation at a small cost, and a feudal dynasty can embark on the road of modernization through improvement. China's national strength may be enhanced, China's politics may progress, and China's legal system may be established. Japan's Meiji Restoration and Russia's Peter the Great reform both show that reform is also a method that can be tried. This way has little harm and vibration to the country, and can also realize social transformation and embark on the road of prosperity.
However, in the Reform Movement, both reformists and anti-reformists made serious mistakes. In terms of reform, Emperor Guangxu was young and frivolous, eager for success, and the scope was too large, which harmed the interests of too many powerful people. Kang Youwei is an immature politician. Most of his reforms were limited to relying on imperial edicts, lacking reasonable reform strategies and failing to achieve effective reform results. Reformists also made no efforts to unite and divide opposition members. Empress Dowager Cixi is actually a force that can be used, but reformers don't have to. But I hope to eliminate the resistance to reform through violent actions. In fact, even if Yuan Shikai really arrested Rong Lu and detained Cixi, it could not guarantee the smooth progress of the reform. On the other hand, those who oppose reform are corrupt and short-sighted, do not understand the general trend of the world, and only see their own self-interest. Those conservative Manchu old people lack world vision and historical vision. I only know that I oppose reform to protect my own interests, but I don't know that their suppression of reformists is a catalyst for brewing revolution. Finally, the conservatives suppressed the reformists, the six gentlemen, and the food market in wyndell dichinson. Although Tan Sitong died impassioned, the reform movement failed after all. The Qing government lost an opportunity to reform a powerful country.
The second opportunity is constitutional reform. Constitutionalists demand a constitution and parliament, and China can realize modernization through this road taken by the west. Empress Dowager Cixi is also partially aware of the world trend, the decay and danger of the Qing Dynasty, and even the danger of the rise of revolutionaries. She partially agrees with constitutionalism. She sent five ministers to study abroad and began to brew a constitution. If we follow this road, it is possible for China to realize democratic transformation and step into the advanced ranks of the world in a gradual way. However, the conservative forces are too strong and value their own rights and interests too much. They see small profits, but they don't see the country's big profits. They only see their own immediate interests, but they can't see the far interests of China in the future. They tried to make the constitution a copy of imperial power. As a result, constitutionalism is just another medicine. The members of the Manchu royal family accounted for the vast majority of the members of the National Assembly, and the imperial power was still above everything else. In this way, constitutionalism failed, the people were disappointed, and the failure of constitutionalism once again mobilized revolutionaries. China society finally had to embark on a road full of blood and fire, and the Chinese nation had to endure greater sacrifices and embark on another more costly and thorough modernization road. Japanese successfully embarked on the road of constitutionalism, while China
China finally broke the feudal catalpa.
Kang, et al. are an adventurous activity when carrying out political system reform. Ten years later, reform became a fashion. Even Yuan Shikai and Empress Dowager Cixi became reformists and actively called for reform. The moon has changed, and constitutional reform has become the general trend. Now they have become reformists and constitutionalists. 1905, Yuan Shikai took a train from Tianjin to Beijing. Early the next morning, he presented a letter to the court of the early dynasty, demanding that the Qing dynasty implement constitutionalism. His theme is that saving the country requires constitutionalism, and constitutionalism must be based on France's neighbors. In this way, one is an informer and the other is a butcher, which has become a new round of reformists in China. The two most powerful men and women in the Qing empire, one became the chief architect of the reform and opening up of the Qing empire, and the other became the most fashionable reform of the reform and opening up.